半导体氧化物光催化裂解水制氢

本文综述了半导体氧化物光催化裂解水制氢的反应机理,以及近年来半导体光催化裂解水制氢的研究进展.讨论了各种因素对材料光催化性能的影响以及改性方法,并对今后的研究方向提出了一些建议.     

半导体氧化物光催化裂解水制氢

本文综述了半导体氧化物光催化裂解水制氢的反应机理，以及近年来半导体光催化裂解水制氢的研究进展。讨论了各种因素对材料光催化性能的影响以及改性方法，并对今后的研究方向提出了一些建议。     

一维硫化镉/二维二硫化钨纳米异质结用于超高活性光催化制氢

基于半导体的太阳能光催化分解水制氢技术是一种环境友好、潜力巨大的绿色氢能制造方案.常用的块体半导体材料一般具有较弱的可见光吸收、快速的光生载流子复合以及较低的光催化制氢效率等缺点.因此,设计开发具有宽光谱光吸收、稳定性好、催化活性高的太阳能光催化材料是促进光催化制氢发展的关键,也是该研究方向的挑战之一.硫化镉纳米材料是...     

SiO2/曙红Y-Pt体系可见光催化分解水制氢研究

光催化分解水制氢是可再生能源的重要问题之一[1].现已发现,许多半导体都具有受光激发后还原水放氢的活性,如TiO2,SrTiO3,CdS等[1~4],一些复合氧化物也具有良好光催化分解水制氢活性[5~7].虽然光催化分解水制氢取得了巨大的进步,但是仍面临着一些亟待解决的问题,如通常稳定的半导体材料TiO2和Ta2O5,仅对占太阳光谱约5%的紫外光敏感;而对可见光敏感的半导体材料,如CdS又不稳定,在反应过程中会发生光腐蚀.掺杂和敏化稳定的宽禁带半导体使其对可见光敏感成为一个重要的努力方向.重大的突破出现在1991年,Gratzel等利用Ru染料敏化TiO2电池…     

d10和d0电子构型半导体光催化制氢研究进展

光催化分解水制氢是获得廉价氢源的最理想途径,光催化剂的研究是此项技术实施的关键。本文从光催化制氢的机理、光催化剂的种类,以及具有d0和d10电子构型的光催化剂的制氢性能三个方面,对目前光催化分解水制氢领域的研究进展进行了总结,提出了光催化分解水制氢存在的问题、所面临的挑战以及该领域未来发展的方向。     

中空纳米材料的构建原理及其在光催化制氢和二氧化碳还原反应中的应用

随着全球经济的快速发展,能源短缺与环境污染成为当今世界共同关注的热点问题,开发和利用洁净能源成为当务之急.近年,以半导体为基础的光催化技术引起了国内外的广泛关注,其中包括光催化分解水制氢、光催化还原CO2、光催化固氮以及光催化降解污染物等.尤其太阳能驱动的光催化分解水和光催化CO2还原均可将太阳能转化为可储存和运输的化...     

太阳能光催化制氢研究进展

随着人类社会的快速发展和传统能源的急剧消耗,能源紧缺和环境污染已经成为制约人类社会可持续发展的重要因素,构建清洁的环境友好的可再生新能源体系是当前各国高度关注的焦点和重大战略.在众多绿色环保、可持续新能源选项中,半导体光催化制氢因其可利用清洁可再生的太阳能制取高效清洁氢能,有望完全解决能源紧缺和环境污染问题,成为最有应用前景的技术之一. 本文通过概述半导体光催化制氢原理、半导体光电化学及光电稳定性、半导体光催化制氢效率,重点介绍半导体光催化剂、光生电荷分离及光催化制氢体系等方面若干新进展,并对太阳能光催化制氢技术的发展加以评述和展望.     

光催化分解水制氢用二元半导体光催化剂

光催化分解水制氢被认为是解决能源问题和环境问题的有效方法,但目前的光催化效率仍然较低,结合使用2种半导体物质是提高光催化活性的一种有效途径。本文分两种类型阐述了已报道的用于光催化分解水制氢反应的二元半导体体系。一种为将2种半导体复合于一体,另一种为将2种半导体分散加入到光催化反应液中的Z型体系。基于肖特基模型探讨了2种半导体复合于一体的二元体系的光催化作用机制,指出p型半导体和n型半导体复合制得的光催化剂更能很好地发挥各半导体的光催化氧化性能和光催化还原性能。分析了Z型体系的优点和缺点,指出对于Z型体系的放氢催化剂和放氧催化剂也可以分别再进行二元复合改性,以抑制光激发载流子的复合,提高整个体系的光催化效率。     

纳米异质结光催化剂制氢研究进展

随着世界经济的迅猛发展,人们生活水平飞速提高的同时,能源短缺和环境污染成为当前人类可持续发展过程中的两大严峻问题.氢作为一种能源载体,能量密度高,可储可运,且燃烧后唯一产物是水,不污染环境,被认为是今后理想的无污染可再生替代能源.20世纪60年代末,日本学者Fujishima和Honda发现光照n-型半导体TiO2电极可导致水分解,使人们认识到了利用半导体光催化分解水制氢可直接将太阳能转化为氢能的可行性,利用半导体光催化分解水制氢逐渐成为能源领域的研究热点之一.然而,单相光催化材料的光生电子和空穴复合仍然严重,光催化制氢效率低,无法满足实际生产需要;另外,单相光催化材料不能同时具备较窄的禁带、较负的导带和较正的价带.近年来,国内外学者在新型光催化材料的探索、合成和改性以及光催化理论等领域开展了大量研究工作.不断有不同种类的半导体材料被研究和发展为光催化分解水制氢催化材料.例如,具有可见光催化活性的阴、阳离子掺杂TiO2,具有可见光下光解纯水能力的In0.9Ni0.1TaO4,在256 nm紫外光辐照下量子效率达到56%的镧掺杂NaTaO3,CdS以及(AgIn)xZn2(1-x)S2等.在现有的光催化材料中,单相光催化材料可以通过掺杂、形貌控制合成、晶面控制合成、染料敏化和表面修饰等提高其光催化活性.复合型光催化材料则能通过组合不同电子结构的半导体材料并调控其光生载流子迁移获得优异的光催化制氢性能,大幅拓展了光催化制氢材料的研究范围和提升了光催化制氢性能.构建异质结能够有效提高光生电子-空穴分离效率,促使更多的光生电子参与光催化制氢反应,提高其氧化还原能力,从而提高其光催化制氢效率.在I-型纳米异质结中,半导体A的价带高于半导体B,而导带则是前者高于后者,光照时,光生电子-空穴对的迁移速率是不同的,延长了光生电子的寿命,从而提高了材料的光催化活性.但是在I-型异质结中,电子和空穴都集中在B半导体上,这样光生电子-空穴对的复合几率仍然很高.II-型异质结中电子和空穴的富集处各不相同,因此使用范围也更广泛一些.光辐照激发时,光生电子从半导体B的导带迁移到半导体A的导带上,而空穴则从半导体A的价带向半导体B的价带上转移,从而形成了载流子的空间隔离,有效抑制其复合.但是,在这个类型的异质结中,光生电子转移到了相对位置较低的导带,而空穴则转移到相对位置较高的价带,这样就降低了光生电子的还原能力和空穴的氧化能力.pn型异质结中,在两种半导体相互接触时,由于电子-空穴对的扩散作用,两种半导体的能带发生漂移,其中p型上移,n型下移.而且在两种半导体异质结的界面处会产生空间电荷层,在这个电荷层的作用下,在异质结界面上形成内建电场.在合适波长的光源辐照的条件下,两种半导体同时被激发,光生电子在内建电场的作用下,从p型半导体快速迁移到n型半导体上,而n型半导体中留在价带上的空穴则快速迁移到p型半导体上,这样光生电子-空穴对就得到了有效的分离.在以Z型载流子迁移为主导的异质结构材料中摈弃了中间媒介,通过控制界面的载流子迁移使低能量的光生电子与空穴直接复合保留高能量的光生电子-空穴,从而提高了材料的光催化效率.本文介绍了纳米异质结光催化剂在设计合成方面的研究进展,总结了几种纳米异质结(I-型、II-型、pn-型及Z-型)的光催化原理及其在制取氢气方面的研究进展,并展望了研究发展方向.期望本文能够加深研究者对该领域的理解,为今后高效光催化材料的设计提供帮助和指导.     

综述(215~229)基于石墨烯光催化剂研究进展

综述了新型二维碳材料石墨烯(Graphene)在光催化研究中的主要进展.重点讨论了以分解水制氢的研究体系发展和基于石墨烯为电子受体及传递介质的新型、高效的光敏化和半导体光催化制氢体系(催化剂)的构建,也对石墨烯在促进光诱导电荷分离和迁移过程中的作用机制进行了讨论.     

Photophysics and electrochemistry relevant to photocatalytic water splitting involved at solid–electrolyte interfaces

Direct photon to chemical energy conversion using semiconductor–electrocatalyst–electrolyte interfaces has been extensively investigated for more than a half century. Many studies have focused on screening materials for efficient photocatalysis. Photocatalytic efficiency has been improved during this period but is not sufficient for industrial commercialization. Detailed elucidation on the photocatalytic water splitting process leads to consecutive six reaction steps with the fundamental parameters involved: The photocatalysis is initiated involving photophysics derived from various semiconductor properties(1: photon absorption, 2: exciton separation). The generated charge carriers need to be transferred to surfaces effectively utilizing the interfaces(3: carrier diffusion, 4: carrier transport). Consequently, electrocatalysis finishes the process by producing products on the surface(5: catalytic efficiency, 6: mass transfer of reactants and products). Successful photocatalytic water splitting requires the enhancement of efficiency at each stage. Most critically, a fundamental understanding of the interfacial phenomena is highly desired for establishing "photocatalysis by design" concepts, where the kinetic bottleneck within a process is identified by further improving the specific properties of photocatalytic materials as opposed to blind material screening. Theoretical modeling using the identified quantitative parameters can effectively predict the theoretically attainable photon-conversion yields. This article provides an overview of the state-of-the-art theoretical understanding of interfacial problems mainly developed in our laboratory.Photocatalytic water splitting(especially hydrogen evolution on metal surfaces) was selected as a topic,and the photophysical and electrochemical processes that occur at semiconductor–metal, semiconductor–electrolyte and metal–electrolyte interfaces are discussed.     

Semiconductor Photocatalysis—Mechanistic and Synthetic Aspects

Preceding work on photoelectrochemistry at semiconductor single‐crystal electrodes has formed the basis for the tremendous growth in the three last decades in the field of photocatalysis at semiconductor powders. The reason for this is the unique ability of inorganic semiconductor surfaces to photocatalyze concerted reduction and oxidation reactions of a large variety of electron‐donor and ‐acceptor substrates. Whereas great attention was paid to water splitting and the exhaustive aerobic degradation of pollutants, only a small amount of research also explored synthetic aspects. After introducing the basic mechanistic principles, standard experiments for the preparation and characterization of visible light active photocatalysts as well as the investigation of reaction mechanisms are discussed. Novel atom‐economic C? C and C? N coupling reactions illustrate the relevance of semiconductor photocatalysis for organic synthesis, and demonstrate that the multidisciplinary field combines classical photochemistry with electrochemistry, solid‐state chemistry, and heterogeneous catalysis.     

Oxide semiconductor materials for solar light energy utilization

Two approaches for harvesting solar light energy effectively using oxide semiconductor materials are introduced. The one is water splitting using new types of oxide semiconductor photocatalyst systems. By Na₂CO₃ addition method, it was firstly demonstrated that water is decomposed to H₂ and O₂ steadily and stoichiometrically using NiO/TiO₂ photocatalyst under the solar light. A new two-step water splitting system using photocatalysis is also introduced. The other is dyesensitized oxide semiconductor solar cells in order to convert visible light energy to electricity. Combinations of various types of oxide semiconductors and organic dyes, such as Eosin-Y, suggests the appearance of promising and cheap solar cells.     

The Nature of Photocatalytic “Water Splitting” on Silicon Nanowires

Silicon should be an ideal semiconductor material if it can be proven usable for photocatalytic water splitting, given its high natural abundance. Thus it is imperative to explore the possibility of water splitting by running photocatalysis on a silicon surface and to decode the mechanism behind it. It is reported that hydrogen gas can indeed be produced from Si nanowires when illuminated in water, but the reactions are not a real water‐splitting process. Instead, the production of hydrogen gas on the Si nanowires occurs through the cleavage of Si? H bonds and the formation of Si? OH bonds, resulting in the low probability of generating oxygen. On the other hand, these two types of surface dangling bonds both extract photoexcited electrons, whose competition greatly impacts on carrier lifetime and reaction efficiency. Thus surface chemistry holds the key to achieving high efficiency in such a photocatalytic system.     

单原子与团簇光催化： 竞争与协同

光催化技术被认为是将太阳能转化为可存储化学能的有效策略. 通过在半导体光催化剂上负载高度分散的金属活性位点(如单原子、 团簇等), 能够显著促进光催化过程中物质和电荷的转移, 提高光催化反应的效率. 光催化过程中真正的活性位点是单原子还是团簇仍存在较大争议. 本文概述了单原子光催化的最新研究进展, 在此基础上对单原子和团簇作为活性位点的竞争与协同作用进行了分析与讨论, 并探论了用于鉴别单原子和团簇光催化活性位点的可靠方法. 最后, 对单原子与团簇协同的光催化在水分解和CO₂还原等太阳能-化学能转化领域的未来发展进行了展望.     

RuO2-loaded beta-Ge3N4 as a non-oxide photocatalyst for overall water splitting

Germanium nitride beta-Ge3N4 dispersed with RuO2 nanoparticles is presented as the first example of a non-oxide photocatalyst for the stoichiometric decomposition of H2O into H2 and O2. All of the successful photocatalysts developed for overall water splitting over the past 30 years have been based on oxides of metals. The discovery of a non-oxide photocatalyst, such as nitrides and oxynitrides, achieving the same function is therefore expected to stimulate research on non-oxide photocatalysts. New opportunities for progress in the development of visible light-driven photocatalysis can thus be expected, as the higher valence band positions of metal nitrides compared to the corresponding metal oxides provide narrower band gaps, which are suitable for visible light activity.     

Helical Graphitic Carbon Nitrides with Photocatalytic and Optical Activities

Graphitic carbon nitride can be imprinted with a twisted hexagonal rod‐like morphology by a nanocasting technique using chiral silicon dioxides as templates. The helical nanoarchitectures promote charge separation and mass transfer of carbon nitride semiconductors, enabling it to act as a more efficient photocatalyst for water splitting and CO₂ reduction than the pristine carbon nitride polymer. This is to our knowledge a unique example of chiral graphitic carbon nitride that features both left‐ and right‐handed helical nanostructures and exhibits unique optical activity to circularly polarized light at the semiconductor absorption edge as well as photoredox activity for solar‐to‐chemical conversion. Such helical nanostructured polymeric semiconductors are envisaged to hold great promise for a range of applications that rely on such semiconductor properties as well as chirality for photocatalysis, asymmetric catalysis, chiral recognition, nanotechnology, and chemical sensing.     

An overview of commonly used semiconductor nanoparticles in photocatalysis

The depletion of non-renewable resources and rise in global warming has caused great concern to humankind. With a view to use renewable source of energy and to eliminate hazardous chemical compounds from air, soil, and water, photocatalysis utilizing solar energy is becoming a rapidly expanding technology. Semiconductor nanoparticles have the ability to undergo photoinduced electron transfer to an adsorbed particle governed by the band energy positions of the semiconductor and the redox potential of the adsorbate. A brief overview of metal oxides and sulphides that can act as sensitizers for light-induced redox processes due to their electronic structure is presented here.     

表面反应在半导体光催化水分解过程中的重要性

利用光解水制氢将太阳能直接转化并储存为氢和氧的化学能是解决能源危机和环境污染的有效途径之一。光解水制氢过程中光生载流子在材料表面处发生的氧化还原反应尤为复杂,由于表面反应拥有较高的过电位以及缓慢的气体脱附速率而成为整个光解水过程中的速控步骤,因此得到了研究者的重点关注和研究。本文就催化剂表面反应过程调控的科学问题进行简要总结和展望。结合光催化水分解基本原理,(i)阐述了促进表面水分解反应速率的主要方法;(ii)介绍了表面助催化剂的作用和分类;(iii)讨论了材料表面态的钝化和保护层的包覆对表面水分解反应的影响。最后对光催化水分解表面反应研究的未来发展方向提出了若干设想。