Oxidation of benzene to phenol by dioxygen over vanadium oxide nano-plate

Direct oxidation of benzene to phenol with dioxygen is an attractive and challenging subject. V⁴⁺ vanadium species play an important role in the reaction. Nano vanadium oxide which consists mainly of the quadrivalence vanadium species was synthesized via hydrothermal method and used to catalyze the reaction without addition of reducing reagent. Investigations about performances of catalysts show that 3.7% conversion of benzene and nearly 100% selectivity of phenol are given over the fresh catalyst VO-N-A. Morphology observations display that the VO-N-A is made of nano-plate. Thermogravimetric curve illuminates that the catalyst is stable under the reaction temperature.     

SBA-15介孔分子筛担载的钒基氧化物催化剂对乙烷选择氧化性能

用等体积浸渍法制备了SBA-15担载的钒基(V/SBA-15)和钾修饰的钒基氧化物(K-V/SBA-15)催化剂, 使用氮气吸附、小角X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和紫外激光拉曼光谱对这些催化剂的结构进行表征, 并评价了这些催化剂对乙烷选择氧化的活性与选择性. 实验结果表明介孔结构SBA-15对乙烷选择氧化的活性优于常规的SiO2; 对于SBA-15担载的V/SBA-15和K-V/SBA-15催化剂, 极低钒担载量(nV:nSi≤0.1:100)时隔离的四配位钒氧化物是乙烷选择氧化生成醛类化合物的活性物种, 高钒担载量(nV:nSi≥2.5:100)时聚合的和微晶态的钒氧化物是乙烷氧化脱氢或深度氧化的活性物种.     

Fe,V取代SBA-15分子筛的合成及其对苯羟基化反应的催化

用水热法合成了铁、钒双金属取代的SBA-15分子筛(FVS). 通过XRD, TEM, N₂吸附-脱附等技术表征, 证实了该材料具有高度有序的二维六方结构. ESR、紫外可见光谱结果表明铁和钒以高度分散的四配位状态存在于分子筛的骨架中. 在以分子氧为氧化剂的苯羟基化反应中铁、钒双金属取代的SBA-15分子筛表现出很高的催化活性, 苯酚的产率达到了14.5%.     

The effect of catalysts on the thermal decomposition of sodium superoxide

Simultaneous differential thermal, thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analysis have been made on samples of sodium superoxide and sodium superoxide containing l% (w/w) copper(I) oxide. Decomposition of the superoxide involving oxygen production (weight loss) does not occur at a meaningful rate until temperatures approach 250°. The effects of 12 metallic oxide catalysts and one metalloorganic catalyst on the decomposition of sodium superoxide have been studied by differentialthermal analysis. Six metallic oxides had no effect while 3 oxides, (palladium oxide, titanium oxide and cadmium oxide) caused small but distinct changes in the DTA plots. A polymeric phthalocyanine, and the oxides of vanadium(III), vanadium(V) and manganese (IV) apparently reacted with the superoxide above 250°. Pretreatment of the superoxide by brief exposure to 100% humidity resulted in the formation of peroxyhydrates of sodium peroxide which upon dissociation produced water vapor in turn causing the release of oxygen from the superoxide and peroxide at lower temperatures than those experienced with untreated superoxide samples.     

Selective photocatalytic oxidation of light alkanes over alkali-ion-modified V2O5/SiO2; kinetic study and reaction mechanism

Alkali-ion-modified silica-supported vanadium oxides are photocatalysts available in the field of photooxidation of light alkanes using molecular oxygen. The photooxygenated reaction was promoted over the catalyst under irradiation at steady state. Acetone formation on the photooxidation of propane was investigated over a rubidium-ion-modified silica-supported vanadium oxide that is the most effective catalyst. The kinetic analysis demonstrated that the rate-determining step is the reaction of propane on the lattice oxygen of the photoexcited VO4Rb species to yield the vanadium isopropoxide species. It was suggested that the photocatalytic active sites are occupied by photogenerated acetone during photoreaction at 333 K. Heating the photocatalyst bed drastically enhanced not only product yield but also the selectivity to propionaldehyde that is a minor product in the photooxidation at 333 K. The product distribution of photoassisted oxidation of propane was described by Boltzmann's distribution of stabilization energy of the intermediates: an isopropoxide-like one for the precursor of acetone and an n-propoxide-like one for the precursor of propionaldehyde.     

A heterogenized vanadium oxo-aroylhydrazone catalyst for efficient and selective oxidation of hydrocarbons with hydrogen peroxide

A hydrazone Schiff base ligand derived from salicylaldehyde and benzhydrazide has been synthesized and reacted with vanadium(IV) leading to the corresponding vanadium(V) complex. The complex has been anchored on the surface of functionalized silica gel by N,O-coordination to the covalently Si–O bound modified salicylaldiminato ligand. The supported complex has been evaluated as a catalyst for hydrocarbon oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in acetonitrile. The heterogeneous system proved to be an efficient catalyst and was able to activate hydrogen peroxide toward the oxidation of alkenes, alkanes, benzene, and alkylaromatic compounds with more than 2,500 h⁻¹ activity.     

Simultaneous removal of ethanol, acetaldehyde and nitrogen oxides over V-Pd/γ-Al_2O_3-TiO_2 catalyst

V-Pd/γ-Al2O3-TiO2 catalysts with different vanadium contents were prepared by a combined sol-gel and impregnation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and catalytic removal of ethanol, acetaldehyde and nitrogen oxides at low temperature (<300 ?C) were used to assess the properties of the catalysts. The results showed that the sample with 1wt% vanadium exhibited an excellent catalytic performance for simultaneous removal of ethanol, acetaldehyde and nitrogen oxides. The conversions of ethanol, acetaldehyde and nitrogen oxides at 250 ?C were 100%, 74.4% and 98.7%, respectively. V-Pd/γ-Al2O3-TiO2 catalyst with 1 wt% vanadium showed the largest surface area and higher dispersion of vanadium oxide on the catalyst surface, and possessed a larger mole fraction of V4+ species and unique PdO species on the surface, which can be attributed to the strong synergistic effect among palladium, vanadium and the carriers. The higher activity of V-Pd/γ-Al2O3-TiO2 catalyst is related to the V4+ and Pd2+ species on the surface, which might be favorable for the formation of active sites.     

VOx/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂催化苯羟基化制苯酚

以硅溶胶为硅源、偏铝酸钠为铝源及环己胺合成SiO2-Al2O3复合氧化物,并采用水热合成法合成了VOx/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂。采用XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS、NH3-TPD、N2物理吸/脱附等手段对此催化剂和复合氧化物微观结构进行表征分析。由表征结果可知钒活性中心能够高分散于此复合氧化物表面,VOx/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂呈现层片积雪状;当钒的含量为4%时,催化剂中V4+含量最大且总酸量契合于此反应所需要的催化酸环境。探究了4%VOx/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂对苯羟基化制苯酚反应的催化性能,结果表明：基于高分散活性中心、V4+含量最大及载体酸性环境等优点而表现出良好的催化性能,苯转化率为48.1%,苯酚选择性为99.6%。     

Photocatalytic oxidation of propylene with molecular oxygen over highly dispersed titanium, vanadium, and chromium oxides on silica

Photocatalytic oxidation of propylene with molecular oxygen at room temperature was investigated over various silica-supported metal oxides with low loading. The photocatalytic active site is assumed to be the isolated tetrahedrally coordinated metal oxides in the ligand-to-metal charge-transferred state, such as (Mdelta- -OLdelta+). Photocatalytic epoxidation of propylene into propylene oxide was promoted over silica-supported V and Ti oxides at steady state. Over silica-supported Cr oxide, the propylene oxide formation rate was remarkably decreased with the time course in the reaction. The oxidation state and the coordination environment of the supported Ti, V, and Cr oxide species were determined by diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy (DRS) and electron spin resonance (ESR). During the photocatalytic oxidation, the oxidation state of the Ti4+ species was not varied. On the other hand, the V5+ species was partially reduced to V4+ and the Cr6+ species was successively reduced to Cr5+ and Cr3+. An isotopic tracer study of the C3H6-18O2 reaction suggests the difference of the active oxygen species between TiO2/SiO2 and V2O5/SiO2. The active oxygen species on TiO2/SiO2 is derived from molecular oxygen. On the other hand, the photogenerated products on V2O5/SiO2 incorporate the lattice oxygen of the surface metal oxide species. It is suggested that the kinds of terminal ligand (hydroxyl or oxo) of the tetrahedrally coordinated metal oxides on silica decide the active oxygen species in the photocatalytic oxidation. A photoinduced hole center on the monohydroxyl (SiO)3Ti-OH species activates molecular oxygen that reacts with propylene. In the case of the monooxo (SiO)3V=O and dioxo (SiO)2Cr=O2 species, the photoactivated lattice oxygen (OL-) directly reacts with propylene.     

Understanding the nature of vanadium species supported on activated carbon and its catalytic properties in the aerobic oxidation of aromatic alcohols

Vanadium oxide catalysts supported on activated carbon (V/AC) with V loadings ranging from 1 to 20 wt.% were prepared by a wet-impregnation method. Various physicochemical characterization techniques, including nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray absorption (XANES and EXAFS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron spin resonance (ESR), were employed to understand the nature of vanadium species on activated carbon. The results revealed that vanadium oxide mainly existed in a highly dispersed state for 10 wt.% or less vanadium loadings; a large amount of vanadium resulted in aggregated microcrystalline phase. Vanadium species on activated carbon surface showed a similar local coordination structure to that of NH₄VO₃ with a distorted tetrahedral symmetry at low vanadium loadings, whereas octahedral coordination was dominant at high vanadium loadings (>10 wt.%). All V/AC samples showed V⁵⁺ as the major oxidation state. Nevertheless, V⁴⁺ centered in a distorted tetrahedral symmetry could be detected at a vanadium loading greater than 4 wt.%. The catalytic activity for the benzyl alcohol oxidation largely depended on the dispersion, oxidation state, and local coordination of vanadium oxides on activated carbon. Highly dispersed vanadium (5+) species with a distorted tetrahedral coordination were postulated to account for the excellent catalytic performances of V/AC catalysts (TOF = 39.1 h^?1).     

钒改性六方介孔硅分子筛催化苯羟基化制苯酚

以偏钒酸铵为钒源,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了不同钒含量的六方介孔硅（V-HMS）分子筛,利用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附和程序升温还原(H2-TPR)对合成的催化剂进行了表征,考察了V-HMS对苯羟基化反应的影响。 结果表明,钒进入了分子筛骨架,并且在HMS分子筛上具有较好的分散性。 V-HMS对苯羟基化反应具有良好的催化活性;高分散的钒氧物种有利于提高苯的羟基化反应性能,溶剂乙腈对反应促进作用明显。 乙腈为溶剂,w(V(5.8)-HMS)=2%,60 ℃反应5 h,苯酚收率达到18.55%,选择性达到100%。     

Non-oxo 5-coordinate and 6-coordinate vanadium(IV) complexes with their precursor [LV(III)(CH3OH)](0), where L = a trianionic aminetris(phenolate)-[N,O,O,O] donor ligand: a magnetostructural and EPR study

Ligating properties of a tripodal, potentially tetradentate aminetris(phenol) ligand, tris(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)amine, H(3)L, containing [N,O,O,O] donor atoms toward the vanadium ions in +III and IV oxidation states have been studied. The structures of complexes 1 [LV(III)(CH(3)OH)](0), 2 [LV(IV)(OCH(3))](0) and 3 [LV(IV)(acac)](0) were determined by X-ray diffraction methods as having five-coordinate V(III), 1, five-coordinate non-oxo-vanadium(IV), 2, and six-coordinate non-oxo-vanadium(iv) 3, respectively. Compounds 1-3 were also studied with electrochemical methods, variable-temperature (2-295 K) magnetic susceptibility measurements and X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The electrochemical results of 2 and 3 suggest metal-centered oxidation, i.e. the generation of a V(V)-phenolate species. EPR investigations indicate a (d(xy))(1) ground state showing a considerable increase in the in-plane π-bonding, as is expected for a phenolate ligand.     

Increasing the number of oxygen vacancies on TiO2 by doping with iron increases the activity of supported gold for CO oxidation

The addition of iron to high-area TiO2 (Degussa P25, a mixture of anatase and rutile) increases the number of oxygen defect sites that react with O2 to form peroxide and superoxide species. In the presence of gold nanoclusters on the TiO2 surface, the superoxide species become highly reactive, and the activity of the supported gold catalyst for CO oxidation is approximately twice that of the most active comparable catalysts described in the literature. Images of the catalyst obtained by scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with spectra of the catalyst measured in the working state (Raman, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure) indicate strong interactions of gold with the support and the presence of iron near the interfaces between the gold clusters and the TiO2 support. The high activity of the catalysts is attributed to the presence of defects in these sites that activate oxygen.     

Structure and oxidation state of silica-supported manganese oxide catalysts and reactivity for acetone oxidation with ozone

Silica-supported manganese oxide catalysts with loadings of 3, 10, 15, and 20 wt % (as MnO2) were characterized with use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The edge positions in the X-ray absorption spectra indicated that the oxidation state for the manganese decreased with increasing metal oxide loading from a value close to that of Mn2O3 (+3) to a value close to that of Mn3O4 (+2(2)/3). The XRD was consistent with these results as the diffractograms for the supported catalysts of higher manganese oxide loading matched those of a Mn3O4 reference. The reactivity of the silica-supported manganese oxide catalysts in acetone oxidation with ozone as an oxidant was studied over the temperature range of 300 to 600 K. Both oxygen and ozone produced mainly CO2 as the product of oxidation, but in the case of ozone the reaction temperature and activation energy were significantly reduced. The effect of metal oxide loading was investigated, and the activity for acetone oxidation was greater for a 10 wt % MnOx/SiO2 catalyst sample compared to a 3 wt % MnOx/SiO2 sample.     

Singlet oxygen in the heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of benzene

The partial oxidation of benzene on vanadium and molybdenum oxides and the participation of singlet oxygen in this reaction were studied. A correlation between the activity of the catalysts in the partial oxidation of benzene and their ability to generate singlet oxygen was observed. The character of the initiation of oxidative benzene transformations under the action of molecular singlet oxygen was analyzed.     

金属掺杂Ce-M(M=Fe、Ni和Cu)催化剂的CO低温氧化性能研究

采用水热合成法制备了一系列不同金属掺杂的Ce-M（M=Fe、Ni和Cu）复合氧化物,运用低温N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、H₂-TPR、拉曼光谱和XPS等表征技术对Ce-M复合氧化物的结构与其CO低温氧化反应性能之间的关系进行了关联。结果表明,将Fe、Ni和Cu掺入CeO₂明显提高了其氧空位的含量,提升了晶格氧的流动性,从而使Ce-M催化剂的还原能力和催化活性高于纯CeO₂。其中,CeCu催化剂氧空位最多、还原能力最好,催化活性最高,130 ℃下即可将CO完全氧化;其次是CeNi催化剂,180 ℃时实现CO完全氧化;与之相比,CeFe催化剂的活性最差,200 ℃时的CO转化率仅为92%。     

磷钼钒杂多酸催化苯制苯酚的研究

将磷钼钒杂多酸应用于以过氧化氢作氧化剂,冰醋酸作溶剂的苯一步氧化制苯酚反应中,分别考察了杂多酸、过氧化氢和冰醋酸的用量,以及反应温度和反应时间等因素对苯制苯酚反应的影响,并通过单因素实验方法确定了较为适宜的工艺条件.     

Oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde on supported vanadium oxide catalysts compared to gas phase molecules

The oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde on silica supported vanadium oxide is studied by density functional theory. For isolated vanadium oxide species silsesquioxane-type models are adopted. The first step is dissociative adsorption of methanol yielding CH3O(O=)V(O-)2 surface complexes. This makes the O=V(OCH3)3 molecule a suited model system. The rate-limiting oxidation step involves hydrogen transfer from the methoxy group to the vanadyl oxygen atom. The transition state is biradicaloid and needs to be treated by the broken-symmetry approach. The activation energies for O=V(OCH3)3 and the silsesquioxane surface model are 147 and 154 kJ/mol. In addition, the (O=V(OCH3)3)(2) dimer (a model for polymeric vanadium oxide species) and the O=V(OCH3)3(*+) radical cation are studied. For the latter the barrier is only 80 kJ/mol, indicating a strong effect of the charge on the energy profile of the reaction and questioning the significance of gas-phase cluster studies for understanding the activity of supported oxide catalysts.     

铋钒钼复合氧化物催化剂结构与丙烷选择氧化催化性能

用X射线衍射（XRD）、激光拉曼光谱（LRS）、程序升温还原（TPR）和微型反 应测试等手段研究了Bi-V-Mo-O复合氧化物催化剂组成、结构与丙烷选择性氧化催 化性能。结果表明不同组成的Bi-V-Mo-O复合氧化物催化剂可形成白钨矿型晶体结 构,丙烷选择氧化催化性能与催化剂组成和结构密切相关。Mo组分的引入使催化剂 的丙烷安全氧化催化性能受到抑制,丙烯醛选择性增加且在Mo/（V+Mo）原子比为 0.45时达极大值。Mo含量进一步增加,催化剂的丙烯选择性增加而丙烯醛选择性下 降。LRS和TPR结果表明,不同组成的Bi-V-Mo-O复合氧化物催化剂的丙烷选择氧化 催化性能与催化剂的金属氧物种性质相关联。     

利用硫酸氧钒制备钒炭催化剂用于烟气脱硫

利用硫酸氧钒制备钒炭催化剂用于烟气脱硫。研究发现,负载在活性炭上的硫酸氧钒极易被氧化为五价钒硫酸盐,这些五价钒硫酸盐具有很高的氧化SO₂的活性,极大地促进了SO₂在活性炭上的脱除。而且,通过煅烧可以将五价钒硫酸盐分解为五价钒氧化物,最佳煅烧温度为500℃,由于煅烧后用于储存硫酸的微孔孔容增加,SO₂的吸附容量得到了进一步提高,由此表明,利用硫酸氧钒可以制备传统的V₂O₅/AC催化剂。为了获得完全氧化的钒物种,对煅烧后的催化剂进行了空气中预氧化,但由于含氧官能团的形成、炭载体的烧蚀以及钒的还原,预氧化不利于脱硫。此外,研究中得到初步证据证明脱硫过程中V₂O₅/AC催化剂中五价钒氧化物转变成了五价钒硫酸盐,结合五价钒硫酸盐所表现出的氧化SO₂的能力,推测SO₂在V₂O₅/AC上的脱除遵循以下机理:五价钒氧化物先转变为五价钒硫酸盐,后者催化氧化SO₂为硫酸。