脉冲Nd:YAG激光熔覆修复塑料模具工艺参数的优化

 激光器的电压、电流、脉冲宽度、脉冲频率与激光的扫描速度、光斑直径等工艺参数直接影响着脉冲Nd:YAG激光熔覆质量。为了简化工艺调整过程，提出了重叠率的概念，并进行了理论推导，建立了重叠率与脉冲频率、激光扫描速度、激光光斑直径相互关系的方程式。利用预置法在低碳钢基体上熔覆Ni基合金粉末,获得了2组最佳工艺参数，即单脉冲能量、重叠率分别为6.7 J,97.4%和21 J,69.4%。研究表明：在单脉冲能量和重叠率一定的条件下，改变电流、脉宽、脉冲频率及熔覆速度不会影响熔覆质量。     

电弧增材成形中熔积层表面形貌对电弧形态影响的仿真

电弧增材成形常采用单道多层或多道搭接的熔积方式,不同的熔积方式下对应的熔积层表面形貌不同,从而影响电弧的形态及其传热传质过程.本文建立了纯氩保护电弧增材成形的电弧磁流体动力学三维数值模型,以及不同表面形貌的熔积层模型,并在保持阳极与阴极之间距离和熔积电流不变的条件下,通过模拟计算获得增材成形特有的单道和多道搭接熔积条件下的不同表面形貌对应的电弧形态以及相应的温度场、流场、电流密度、电磁力、电弧压力分布.数值模拟结果表明:平面基板上起弧情况下电弧中心具有较高的温度、速度、电流密度以及压强;单道多层熔积情况下熔积层数对电弧的各个参量影响较小;多道搭接熔积情况下电弧呈非对称分布,电弧中心温度较前两者低,电流密度、电磁力和电弧压强的分布偏向熔积层一侧.     

激光冲击7075-T6铝合金焊缝的残余应力场数值模拟

针对激光冲击强化铝合金焊缝过程中存在多场耦合导致残余应力变化幅度大、实时表征难的问题,采用ABAQUS非线性有限元软件建立了激光冲击强化7075-T6铝合金板材焊接件的有限元模型,模拟计算焊缝在激光冲击强化前后的残余应力场分布,重点分析了激光冲击强化对焊缝的横、纵向残余应力场的影响规律,并对焊缝的激光冲击强化工艺参数进行优化。研究结果表明,焊缝表面为残余拉应力场并且分布不均,激光冲击强化使得焊缝的拉应力状态转变为高幅压应力状态;优化激光冲击强化工艺参数(如激光能量、激光光斑尺寸、搭接率),可以明显改善焊缝区域和热影响区的残余应力分布;当激光光斑搭接率为50%至70%时,残余应力分布趋于均匀,可以有效消除"残余应力洞"现象。     

金属面曝光选区激光熔化原理装置及试验研究

与点扫描方式相比,面曝光选区激光熔化因具有成形效率高、残余应力水平低等优势,而成为极具发展前景的新一代选区激光熔化增材制造技术的发展方向。利用波长为915 nm的二极管连续激光器作为光源,结合电寻址反射式纯相位液晶空间光调制器,搭建了新一代面曝光选区激光熔化增材制造原理装置平台。获得了“○”形样式的面光斑曝光,基于光敏纸和低熔点金属粉末材料进行面曝光熔化成形并获得了样品,实现了面曝光选区激光熔化的原理性实验验证。     

高功率LD阵列泵浦激光器小型化研究

为满足一些武器装备对激光系统小型化及输出激光光斑均匀性较高的要求,通过设计LD侧面对称半环状泵浦的泵浦方式,使得输出的激光光斑形状基本为圆形,激光光斑的均匀性有了较大提高.采用凹面全反射镜补偿热效应以及设计紧凑激光谐振腔型,在注入电流60 A、频率为20 Hz时,得到平均单脉冲能量为96 mJ (脉冲能量波动小于6%)、脉宽为10 ns、发散角为3 mrad的近似圆形激光输出,激光系统在高温50℃时工作稳定.     

大气湍流对空间激光通信跟踪系统的影响

基于大气信道内的空间激光通信演示验证实验,对系统光斑跟踪精度的影响因素进行了分析,研究了大气湍流对光斑跟踪精度的影响,建立了光斑质心检测模型,设计了一套信标光光斑粗精复合跟踪系统.搭建了室内测试实验系统,完成了大气湍流对光斑跟踪精度影响的测量,结果表明在中弱湍流时,跟踪精度随湍流增大有近似线性关系,系统整体跟踪精度在5~15μrad之间,可较好地完成光斑跟踪功能.在野外环境开展的飞机-飞机激光通信演示实验中,对伺服系统的跟踪性能及跟踪精度进行实际测量,整体跟踪精度不大于15μrad,与室内实验测试系统基本一致.     

纳秒激光抛光钛合金Ti6Al4V作用机理的实验研究

对钛合金进行抛光可以优化表面质量、提高耐磨损性能和使用寿命。运用纳秒脉冲光纤激光器进行钛合金Ti6Al4V抛光实验,通过光学轮廓仪测量不同激光光束形状、脉冲能量密度、光斑重叠率、脉冲宽度下的钛合金Ti6Al4V工件表面粗糙度变化规律。结果表明:平顶光束能够达到的粗糙度更小,激光脉冲能量密度增大,凸起消融越多,工件表面粗糙度减小;光斑重叠率增大,粗糙度减小,重叠率过大,受热应力的影响,凝固后的表面变得不平滑,粗糙度增大;一定范围内的脉冲宽度的增加,凸起消融越多,粗糙度减小。研究结果对提高钛合金抛光效率,优化钛合金性能有促进作用。     

停顿时间对多道熔覆镍基合金温度场的影响

根据激光熔覆的温度场理论,利用ANSYS有限元模拟软件,模拟了多道熔覆镍基合金上表面的温度场,重点研究了激光道次间的停顿时间对激光熔覆镍基合金温度场的影响。模拟在不同停顿时间条件下的激光熔覆镍基合金的温度场,得到每一道初始位置上表面的最高温度值,以及激光基底和熔覆层交界处不同位置的温度和温度梯度值。模拟结果表明,在多道熔覆的过程中,道次间停顿1.5s对比无停顿和停顿1s时熔覆效果好,并做了相应的实验。实验结果表明,道次间停顿1.5s时,熔池深度变小,熔覆的表面平整度较好,熔覆质量较高。数值模拟和实验一致性较好,模拟和实验结果都表明,停顿时间对多道熔覆镍基合金温度场的影响较大,研究成果对激光多道熔覆镍基合金选择合适的工艺参数、降低温度梯度、提高多道次激光熔覆质量具有重要意义。     

水下无线光传输系统中Fresnel透镜的聚光性能研究

基于大口径、短焦距Fresnel透镜作为水下无线光传输(UWOT)系统中天线的应用需求,搭建了一套用于测量Fresnel透镜聚光性能的实验装置。采用450 nm和532 nm激光作为测试光源,获得了通光口径为75 mm、焦距为25 mm的Fresnel透镜聚光性能与透镜表面、激光波长、入射角之间的关系曲线,测量了激光入射角对450 nm和532 nm激光聚焦光斑的影响。实验结果表明:在相同的实验条件下,激光通过Fresnel透镜锯齿面的聚光效率要比平滑面高10%～15%;Fresnel透镜对532 nm激光的聚光效率要比450 nm激光高5.4%。随着激光入射角的增加,Fresnel透镜的聚光效率逐渐降低,入射角为0°时的聚光效率比±30°大25%以上。当激光入射角为5°时,450 nm激光聚焦光斑开始发生彗差畸变;当激光入射角增加至15°时,532 nm激光聚焦光斑开始发生彗差畸变。     

散射成像法测量激光强度分布中的光斑畸变校正

在利用散射成像法测量激光强度分布中,CCD像面与散射屏平面存在较大角度时,光斑形状和强度分布都会产生严重畸变,给强度分布测量带来较大影响。分析了畸变产生的原因,给出了畸变坐标和理想坐标的数学模型,提出一种结合CCD像素合并的网格法来校正这种畸变。"网格法"利用自制标准网格成像,通过识别网格像边界来确定标准网格和畸变网格的对应关系,利用此对应关系在输出图像时恢复光斑;利用均匀光源成像来校正系统光强分布畸变。结果表明,该方法能够较好地校正光斑的形状畸变;能够实时恢复光斑的真实光强分布,单元强度畸变恢复误差小于1%。该校正方法在激光强度分布散射成像测量中非常实用。     

Change in the emitter surface during high-current-density field emission from the 〈111〉 trihedral angle of a reconstructed tungsten tip

Changes in the shape and emission characteristics of the atomically sharp trihedral 〈111〉 angle of a tungsten tip reconstructed in an electric field are studied by continuous-mode field desorption microscopy during high-current-density field emission. The main changes in the tip shape and the slope of the Fowler-Nordheim characteristic occur at an emission current of 1–5 μA. At a current of 50–100 μA taken from the angle, the tip shape and emission characteristics stabilize and remain unchanged in the range 0–150 μA. The new tip shape is characterized by the widening of the angle edges; the appearance of {112} and {001} plane steps in them; a decrease in the sizes of the {011} planes forming the angle faces; and the appearance of steplike transition regions between {011}, {001}, and {112} faces. These changes in the tip shape are related to the fact that the emission field is weaker than the electric field used for preliminary tip reconstruction, the weakening of the field by the space charge of emitted electrons, and a nonuniform temperature distribution in the tip.     

Investigation of positioning algorithm and method for increasing the linear measurement range for four-quadrant detector

The paper studied the relationship between the light spot position and the output voltage in the case of laser spot which is in the four-quadrant (4Q) detector whose shape is circle or elliptic, energy distribution uniform or Gaussian. The study is based on add–subtract algorithm, diagonal algorithm and difference over sum (Δ/∑) algorithm. By using methods of polynomial fitting it can get a simple polynomial expression to enhance measuring speed and the simulation error is given. A method of using Binary Optics Elements (BOE) to shape the laser beam in the 4Q detector to square light spot with uniform intensity distribution is proposed to expand linear measurement range. The simulation result is verified for a circular spot with Gaussian energy distribution.     

Laser forming of a bowl shaped surface with a stationary laser beam

Despite a lot of research done in the field of laser forming, generation of a symmetric bowl shaped surface by this process is still a challenge mainly because only a portion of the sheet is momentarily deformed in this process, unlike conventional sheet metal forming like deep drawing where the entire blank undergoes forming simultaneously reducing asymmetry to a minimum. The motion of laser beam also makes the process asymmetric. To counter these limitations this work proposes a new approach for laser forming of a bowl shaped surface by irradiating the centre of a flat circular blank with a stationary laser beam. With high power lasers, power density sufficient for laser forming, can be availed at reasonably large spot sizes. This advantage is exploited in this technique. Effects of duration of laser irradiation and beam spot diameter on the amount of bending and asymmetry in the formed surface were investigated. Laser power was kept constant while varying irradiation time. While varying laser spot diameter laser power was chosen so as to keep the surface temperature nearly constant at just below melting. Experimental conditions promoted almost uniform heating through sheet thickness. The amount of bending increased with irradiation time and spot diameter. It was interesting to observe that blanks bent towards the laser beam for smaller laser beam diameters and the reverse happened for larger spot diameters (~10 times of the sheet thickness). Effect of spot diameter variation has been explained with the help of coupled thermal-structural finite element simulations.     

对柱对称电流分布磁矢势问题的讨论

采用柱对称性和叠加原理讨论了均匀载流圆环、圆筒、圆盘的矢势问题．     

微透镜阵列误差对半导体激光匀化性能的影响

为了减小微透镜阵列误差对匀化光斑的影响,深入研究微透镜阵列光束匀化系统中微透镜阵列相对位置误差对光束匀化性能的影响,设计了一种微透镜阵列光束匀化系统。依据相对位置误差类型的不同,将双列微透镜阵列间六个自由度变化导致的误差分为距离误差、偏移误差以及转动误差进行分析,并对每种误差对光束匀化性能的影响进行了研究。采用6板条半导体激光器堆栈对上述匀化系统进行实验验证,实现了均匀性为90.75%的光斑,并对系统影响光斑性能的原因进行了分析。     

Using Pure-Phase Element Array to Generate Uniform Laser Focal Profiles

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增益导波垂直腔激光器注入电流空间分布及其对激光近场模式影响的理论分析和表征

依据导电介质的稳态电场理论建立了一种对增益导波型垂直腔半导体激光器注入电流矢量分析的三维解析模型. 计算研究了电流密度空间分布及其与顶面电注入环参量之间的相互关联性. 结果显示在两极之间存在一个载流子径向分布中心极大的区域. 由于激光功率与注入电流之间存在线性关系,因此,要使器件能够获得基模或中心均匀的光强输出以及尽可能低的阈值,应使激光有源层与载流子均匀分布的临界层重合. 计算结果对顶发射与底发射结构以及不同环参数下的载流子分布情况及对近场模式形成的影响进行了分析和讨论. 关键词： 垂直谐振腔激光器 注入电流 激光模式     

Active stabilization of a higher-order mode-locked fiber laser operating at a pulse-repetition rate of 154 GHz

We report stabilization of a higher-order mode-locked Er-fiber laser producing transform-limited 800-fs Gaussian pulses at a repetition rate of 154 GHz against variation of cavity length caused by ambient temperature fluctuation. We obtained an error signal suitable for active control of the cavity length and synchronization to a 38.4-GHz external clock by tailoring the chromatic dispersion of the ring laser cavity and using a feedback circuit based on balanced photodetection. The wavelength and the repetition rate of the stabilized laser could be tuned over ranges of 11 nm and ~100 MHz , respectively.