离子色谱紫外检测器联用技术同时分离测定乳制品中的碘离子和硫氰酸根

采用亲水性阴离子交换色谱柱,以碳酸钠-碳酸氢钠与乙腈的混合溶液作为淋洗液,实现了碘离子和硫氰酸根峰与样品中干扰峰的分离;选择紫外检测模式,获得了较高的灵敏度。在0.05～1mg/L范围内,碘离子、硫氰酸根的浓度X分别与对应的色谱峰面积Y呈良好的线性关系,碘离子的线性方程为Y=578.6X-2877,r=1.0;硫氰酸根的线性方程为Y=291.1X-3342,r=0.9998。碘离子、硫氰酸根的检出限分别为4.6μg/L和14.6μg/L,加标回收率为89.9%-106.9%。     

二维离子色谱法同时测定环境水样中的碘离子、硫氰酸根和高氯酸根

建立了二维离子色谱法同时测定环境水样中的碘离子、硫氰酸根离子和高氯酸根离子的方法。先采用常规阴离子色谱柱(IonPac AS16, 250 mm×4 mm)将水样中的碘离子、硫氰酸根离子和高氯酸根离子与干扰离子进行分离。样品溶液通过抑制器后,将含有碘离子、硫氰酸根离子和高氯酸根离子的淋洗液导入富集柱(MAC-200, 80 mm×0.75 mm),再通过毛细管阴离子色谱柱(IonPac AS20 Capillary, 250 mm×0.4 mm)进行分离和定量分析。方法的线性范围为0.05～100 μg/L,相关系数达到0.9999,检出限为0.02～0.05 μg/L。样品中碘离子、硫氰酸根离子和高氯酸根离子的加标回收率在85.1%～100.1%之间,回收率的相对标准偏差(RSD)(n=6)在1.7%～4.9%之间。该法试剂用量小,灵敏度比常规离子色谱提高30～40倍,同时去除了样液中的高浓度基体杂质,适用于水样中低含量碘离子、硫氰酸根离子和高氯酸根离子的检测。     

离子色谱-紫外检测法同时分析碘酸根、碘离子、溴酸根和溴离子

建立了同时分析碘酸根、碘离子、溴酸根和溴离子的离子色谱-紫外检测分析方法。用季铵型阴离子交换柱,以柠檬酸-乙腈为流动相,采用紫外检测器实现了4种离子的同时分离和检测。研究了检测波长和流动相种类、浓度、pH值等因素对4种离子分离和测定的影响,探讨了保留规律,优化了色谱分析条件。在检测波长为210 nm、流动相为1.0 mmol/L柠檬酸-乙腈（85：15,v/v;pH 5.0）、流速为0.9 mL/min、柱温为40 ℃条件下,4种离子完全分离,且系统峰不干扰测定。4种离子的检出限（S/N=3）为0.07~0.16 mg/L,连续5次进样测定的峰面积和保留时间的相对标准偏差均在1%以下。将此方法用于离子液体样品及地下水样品的分析,结果准确、可靠。     

离子液体的阴离子三氟乙酸根、硫氰酸根、四氟硼酸根和三氟甲磺酸根的离子对色谱-直接电导检测法分析

建立了同时测定离子液体的阴离子三氟乙酸根、硫氰酸根、四氟硼酸根和三氟甲磺酸根的反相离子对色谱-直接电导检测方法。采用Diamonsil C18分离柱,以离子对试剂-苹果酸-乙腈水溶液为流动相,从流动相组成和色谱柱温度两方面讨论并确定了优化的色谱条件,即以0.15 mmol/L氢氧化四丁铵-0.099 mmol/L苹果酸-20%(v/v)乙腈混合水溶液(pH 6.5)为流动相,柱温25 ℃。在此条件下,三氟乙酸根、硫氰酸根、四氟硼酸根和三氟甲磺酸根离子均达到基线分离,且不受其他常见阴离子氟离子、氯离子、溴离子、硝酸根、硫酸根的干扰。三氟乙酸根、硫氰酸根、四氟硼酸根和三氟甲磺酸根离子的检出限(信噪比为3)分别为0.21、0.07、0.36、0.12 mg/L。将方法应用于测定离子液体中三氟乙酸根、硫氰酸根、四氟硼酸根和三氟甲磺酸根离子,加标回收率为95.0%～104.6%。该法简便、快速、灵敏度较高,可满足离子液体样品的检测要求。     

离子色谱法同时测定离子液体中六氟磷酸根及痕量杂阴离子

建立了一种同时测定离子液体中六氟磷酸根(PF~6)和痕量杂阴离子氟、氯、溴(F~,Cl~,Br~)的离子色谱方法(IC)。样品经溶解、稀释、过滤后用Dionex IonPac AS22分离柱(250 mm×4 mm)分离,淋洗液为碳酸盐-乙腈体系(体积比为70:30),流速1.0 mL/min,采用Dionex DS6电导检测器检测,外标法定量。F~,Cl~,Br~和PF~6的线性范围分别为0.5～50 μg/L、10～200 μg/L、10～200 μg/L和0.9～45 mg/L,线性相关系数分别为0.9999,0.9998,0.9999和0.9998,加标回收率为94.5%～100.5%,相对标准偏差为0.63%～1.03%,检出限(以信噪比为3计)分别为0.5 μg/L、2.0 μg/L、5.0 μg/L和0.9 mg/L。该方法用于离子液体中六氟磷酸根和痕量杂阴离子的同时测定,结果令人满意。     

离子色谱法紫外检测器测定印染废水中的染料酸性红26

采用离子色谱法测定印染废水中的酸性红26,以100 mmol/L高氯酸钠–乙腈(体积比1∶1)为淋洗液,流速为1.0 mL/min,经IonPacAS16(250 mm×4 mm)分析柱分离,采用紫外–可见检测器于540 nm波长处检测,用外标法定量。酸性红26的线性范围为0.1～20 mg/L,相关系数为0.9999,加标回收率为98.4%～101.0%,以信噪比为3计算检出限,酸性红26的检出限为0.03 mg/L。色谱保留时间、色谱峰面积和色谱峰高测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为0.10%,0.50%,0.15%(n=10)。在淋洗液中添加乙腈以增强洗脱能力和改善峰形。使用紫外检测法可以避免印染废水中大量阴离子的干扰。     

紫外检测离子色谱法测定海水中的碘离子

建立了紫外检测离子色谱法测定海水中碘离子的分析方法。样品采用滤膜净化处理,选用TSKgel guard column SuperIC-A HR保护柱(4 mm×50 mm)和TSKgel SuperIC-HR高性能分析柱(4mm×250mm),Na_2CO_3(3.2mmol/L)-NaHCO_3(1.0mmol/L)为淋洗液。碘离子使用紫外法检测,以消除氯离子干扰。在优化条件下,整个分析过程8min内完成。碘离子的方法检出限3.6μg/L,相对标准偏差(n=8)为2.0%~8.9%。加标回收率为94.9%~106%。方法操作简便、快速,适合批量样品分析检测。     

固相萃取-离子色谱法测定地下水中痕量高氯酸根离子

建立了测定地下水中痕量高氯酸根（ClO~4）的固相萃取-离子色谱(SPE-IC)分析方法。0.7 L水样经预处理降低主要干扰离子Cl~、CO2~3和SO2~4的干扰后,使用Cleanert PWAX弱阴离子交换固相萃取小柱对地下水中痕量(μg/L级)的ClO~4进行富集,用6 mL 1%NaOH溶液洗脱,富集液经0.45 μm水膜过滤后,用IonPac AS20阴离子分离柱、50 μL进样环、40 mmol/L KOH溶液淋洗、抑制电导检测分离分析。结果表明,地下水样品中ClO~4的方法检出限和测定下限分别为0.15 μg/L和0.60 μg/L,进样质量浓度在1～15 μg/L范围内有很好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.9992,回收率为99.7%～100.5%;该方法经济有效,可用于地下水中痕量ClO~4的检测。利用该方法测定了哈尔滨周边部分地区地下水中ClO~4浓度,检测结果与离子色谱-质谱联用法的检测结果的相对误差为1.85%～9.24%。     

二维离子色谱法测定海水中的铵离子

研究了二维离子色谱测定海水中铵离子的方法。海水样品经10倍稀释,一维色谱采用高容量的CS–165 mm柱,以30 mmol/L甲磺酸溶液等度淋洗,流量为1 m L/min,进样25μL,CSRS–300 4 mm抑制电导分离Na+,NH4+;二维色谱采用CS–12A 4 mm柱,以8 mmol/L甲磺酸溶液等度淋洗,流量为1 m L/min,以1 300μL定量环进样,SC–CSRS–300盐转换器抑制电导检测NH4+。结果表明:色谱峰面积与NH4+质量浓度线性相关,相关系数为0.999 9。10μg/L标准溶液测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.7%(n=7),NH4+的方法检出限和仪器检出限分别为0.42,0.05μg/L,海水中NH4+加标回收率为80.8%~105.8%。     

反相离子对色谱-直接电导检测法分析六氟磷酸根离子液体阴离子

建立了反相离子对色谱-直接电导检测六氟磷酸根(PF6-)离子液体阴离子的分析方法。用DiamonsilC18反相色谱柱为分离柱,以离子对试剂-柠檬酸-乙腈混合水溶液为流动相,考察了离子对试剂、乙腈含量、pH值及色谱柱温度对六氟磷酸根保留的影响,并讨论了相关保留机理。在优化的色谱条件下,即流动相为0.05 mmol/L氢氧化四丁铵-0.038 mmol/L柠檬酸-35%乙腈(pH 5.5),流速1.0 mL/min,色谱柱温度40℃时,PF6-与其它常见阴离子(F-、Cl-、Br-、NO3-、SO24-、BF4-)达到基线分离且保留时间在15 min内。方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.25 mg/L,标准曲线的线性范围为0.5～100.0 mg/L,峰面积和保留时间的相对标准偏差(n=5)分别为0.17%和0.15%。该法用于1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和1-丙基-2,3-二甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐两种离子液体中PF6-的测定,加标回收率分别为99%和104%。该方法简单、准确、可靠,实用性好。     

Determination of Inorganic Anions by Capillary IC Using Hexadimethrine Bromide-Modified Silica Stationary Phases

A simple, rapid and highly sensitive capillary ion chromatographic method for direct determination of iodide and thiocyanate is reported. Separation was achieved on a laboratory-made capillary column (100 mm × 0.32 mm i.d.) packed with silica gel, followed by modification with 20 mM hexadimethrine bromide. Sodium perchlorate?Cmethanol (95:5, v/v) was used as the eluent and analyte anions were detected at 225 nm. Iodate, bromate, nitrate, iodide and thiocyanate were eluted within 8 min, with relative standard deviations of the retention time, peak area and peak height smaller than 2.4%. Effects of the eluent composition on the retention behavior were also investigated. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) of iodide was 6.5 ??g L^?1, whereas that of thiocyanate was 16.2 ??g L^?1. The method was successfully applied to the rapid and direct determination of iodide in powdered milk and thiocyanate in human saliva without any pre-concentration. The modified column could be used for about 1 month (8 h operation per day) without loss of hexadimethrine bromide.     

Kinetic determination of iodide in pharmaceutical and food samples

A kinetic method for the determination of iodide based on its inhibitory effect on the Pd(III) catalysed reaction between ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-Co(III) and the hypophosphite ion is described. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease in the absorbance at 540 nm. Under the optimum experimental conditions of 2.6 x 10(-3) mol dm(-3)Co(III)-EDTA, 0.4 mol dm(-3)H2PO2-, pH 3.2 (adjusted with Britton-Robinson buffer), 0.57 micrograms ml(-1) Pd(III) and 20 +/- 0.2 degrees C, iodide was determined in the range 2-28 ng ml(-1). The method was applied to the determination of iodide in pharmaceutical products, iodinated salts, cow's milk and infants' powdered milk.     

Ionic liquids as mobile phase additives for determination of thiocyanate and iodide by liquid chromatography

An analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of thiocyanate and iodide by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with UV detection using imidazolium ionic liquids as mobile phase additives. The chromatographic behaviors of the two anions on a C₁₈ column were studied and compared with four types of reagents including imidazolium ionic liquids, pyridinium ionic liquids, 4‐aminophenol hydrochloride and tetrabutylammonium as mobile phase additives. The effects of the concentrations of imidazolium ionic liquids, organic solvents and detection wavelength on separation and detection of the anions were investigated. The role of ionic liquids, retention rules and mechanisms were discussed. The separation of the anions was performed on the C₁₈ reserved‐phase column using acetonitrile‐0.3 mmol/L 1‐amyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (10:90, v/v) as mobile phase, with column temperature of 35°C, flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection wavelength of 210 nm. Under these conditions, the two anions can be completely separated within 6 min. The limits of detection were 0.05 mg/L. The method was applied for the determination of thiocyanate and iodide in ionic liquid samples and iodide drugs, and the spiked recoveries ranged from 97 to 101%. The method is simple, accurate and meets the requirements of quantitative analysis for thiocyanate and iodide.     

Determination of iodide in urine by ion-pair chromatography with electrochemical detection.

A variety of parameters affecting the determination of iodide in biological materials by ion-pair chromatography and electrochemical detection were examined in detail. It became apparent that the pH value, the ion-pair concentration, the proportion of organic solvent and of organic bases as a component of the buffer solution, as well as the salt concentration in the eluent system could effectively influence the retention characteristics of iodide in the chromatographic system, resulting in the separation of potential interfering substances. The presence of other anions in the sample matrix has to be taken into consideration, particularly thiocyanate because of its long retention time. Investigations of the electrochemical detection mechanism revealed that the reaction hitherto assumed to be responsible for detector signal generation (formation of AgI) is incorrect. In addition, a much more sensitive detection of iodide than that cited in the literature to date is possible if the detector potential is optimally selected and any anticipated interfering substances are removed by chromatography. Use of a gold electrode rather than a silver electrode also considerably enhances the reliability of the procedure.     

Detection of Melamine in Powdered Milk Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering with No Pretreatment

We detected a trace amount of melamine in powdered milk using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on gold surfaces at an excitation wavelength of 632.8 nm. A detection limit of ～100 ppm (μg/g) melamine in milk was attained within a few minutes by the gold nanoparticle substrate from chemical reduction; whereas, better sensitivity, as low as ～200 ppb (ng/g), was achieved by the roughened gold substrate. Our method has the advantage of fast and sensitive detection of melamine in powdered milk without pre-treating the samples.     

Development of a solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography with microelectron-capture detection method for a multiresidue analysis of pesticides in bovine milk

A simple and rapid method based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique followed by gas chromatography with microelectron-capture detection (GC-microECD) was developed for the simultaneous determination of more than 30 pesticides (pyrethroids and organochlorinated among others) in milk. To our knowledge, this is the first application of SPME for the determination of pyrethroid pesticides in milk. Negative matrix effects due to the complexity and lipophility of the studied matrix were reduced by diluting the sample with distilled water. A 2(5-1) fractional factorial design was performed to assess the influence of several factors (type of fiber coating, sampling mode, stirring, extraction temperature, and addition of sodium chloride) on the SPME procedure and to determine the optimal extraction conditions. After optimization of all the significant variables and interactions, the recommended procedure was established as follows: DSPME (using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/divinylbenzene (DVB) coating) of 1 mL of milk sample diluted with Milli-Q water (1:10 dilution ratio), at 100 degrees C, under stirring for 30 min. The proposed method showed good linearity and high sensitivity, with limits of detection (LOD) at the sub-ng mL(-1) level. Within a day and among days precisions were also evaluated (R.S.D.<15%). One of the most important attainments of this work was the use of external calibration with milk-matched standards to quantify the levels of the target analytes. The method was tested with liquid and powdered milk samples with different fat contents covering the whole commercial range. The efficiency of the extraction process was studied at several analyte concentration levels obtaining high recoveries (>80% in most cases) for different types of full-fat milks. The optimized procedure was validated with powdered milk certified reference material, which was quantified using external calibration and standard addition protocols. Finally, the DSPME-GC-microECD methodology was applied to the analysis of milk samples collected in farms of dairy cattle from NW Spain.     

Microchip-Based Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Determination of Sodium Thiocyanate in Milk

A simple integrated agarose microchip-based substrate is reported for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The substrate was evaluated for the determination of sodium thiocyanate in milk. The limit of detection was 5 × 10^?7 grams per milliliter. The microarray design allowed the synchronous processing of many samples. The reported procedure is green and practical for on-site determination of sodium thiocyanate in milk with potential for additional applications.     

离子色谱法测定乳品中硫氰酸钠含量

采用离子色谱法测定乳品中硫氰酸钠的含量。样品用5 mL乙腈沉淀蛋白质,上清液过C18柱净化,所得的产物采用离子色谱法测定,外标法定量。结果表明,通过流动相以及前处理方法的改进,硫氰酸钠质量浓度在0.10~4.00 mg/L范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性,相关系数r2=1,方法的检出限为0.01 mg/L。在牛奶样品中加入硫氰酸钠标准溶液进行回收试验,测得回收率为95.0%~101.0%,测定结果的相对标准准偏差为1.8%~2.8%(n=7)。该方法操作简便,能有效避免假阳性的发生,测定结果准确,适合于乳品中硫氰酸钠的检测。