唾液中苯丙胺类毒品的液相小体积萃取GC/MS-SIM检测

建立了一种便捷的唾液中4种毒品(苯丙胺(AM)、甲基苯丙胺(MAM)、3,4-(亚甲二氧基)苯丙胺(MDA)、3,4(亚甲二氧基)-甲基苯丙胺(MDMA))的液相小体积超声提取-气相色谱/质谱-选择离子检测分析方法并考察了小体积萃取溶剂和体积对萃取效果的影响.该方法用100μL环己烷对唾液中的毒品进行提取,直接抽取提取液用气相色谱/质谱-选择离子(GC/MS-SIM)检测,获得良好线性,相对标准偏差在15%内,准确性均在80%～120%之间,最小检测限可达0.1μg/mL.该方法灵敏、简便、快速,可用于缴获毒品及嫌疑吸毒者人体生物检材中苯丙胺类毒品的分析.     

中空纤维膜液相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱法检测尿液中的苯丙胺类兴奋剂

建立了尿液中痕量苯丙胺类毒品的中空纤维膜液相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱检测方法。采用中空纤维膜液相微萃取技术萃取尿液中4种苯丙胺类毒品,研究萃取剂类型、体积、溶液pH、萃取时间和温度等对萃取效果的影响。尿液中4种苯丙胺类毒品的最佳萃取条件为:样品溶液pH 13,甲苯为萃取剂,搅拌速度500 r/min,30℃条件下萃取15 min;此条件下苯丙胺(AM)、甲基苯丙胺(MAM)、3,4-亚甲二氧基苯丙胺(MDA)、3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)的检出限(S/N=3)分别为1.0,0.75,1.0,0.64 ng/mL,相对标准偏差分别为6.62%,3.98%,4.57%,2.35%,富集倍数分别为155,170,132,218倍。本方法可用于尿液中痕量苯丙胺类毒品的分析测定。     

动态液相微萃取GC/MS-SIM方法检验毛发中的苯丙胺类毒品

建立了动态液相微萃取GC/MS-SIM方法检测毛发中4种苯丙胺类毒品的方法.毛发样品首先用1 mol/L NaOH溶液消解,然后用50μL氯仿涡旋提取1min,离心后用注射器直接抽取有机相,提取液进行GC/MS-SIM方法检测.毛发样品的测出限(S/N=3)分别为苯丙胺1 ng/mg,甲基苯丙胺、3、4-(亚甲二氧基)苯丙胺、3、4(亚甲二氧基)-甲基苯丙胺500 pg/mg.在毛发中添加上述4种苯丙胺毒品的质量分数为5 ng/mg时,5次测定的RSD分别为苯丙胺8.3%,甲基苯丙胺8.2%,3、4-(亚甲二氧基)苯丙胺2.0%,3、4(亚甲二氧基)2.7%.该方法可用于毛发中低含量苯丙胺类毒品的分析.     

动态液相微萃取-微波衍生化-气相色谱/选择离子检测-质谱法测定毛发中的苯丙胺类毒品

建立了一种便捷的毛发中4种苯丙胺毒品的检测方法。采用动态液相微萃取法用氯仿提取毛发消解液中的苯丙胺类毒品,然后在微波加热的条件下用N-甲基-双三氟乙酰胺(MBTFA)进行衍生化处理,将反应液直接用气相色谱/选择离子检测-质谱法（GC/SIM-MS）检测。以2-甲基苯乙胺为内标,在空白毛发中添加标准品做标准曲线得到4种苯丙胺类毒品的线性相关系数均不小于0.996。衍生化后4种毒品在毛发中的最小检测限(S/N=3)均为50 pg/mg。4种苯丙胺类毒品在毛发中的添加浓度为5 ng/mg时,5次测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为苯丙胺6.0%,甲基苯丙胺13.9%,3,4-(亚甲二氧基)苯丙胺10.2%,3,4(亚甲二氧基)-甲基苯丙胺9.2%。应用所建立的方法对苯丙胺类毒品吸食者的毛发进行检测,检出了这4种毒品,毛发样品的最小用量为4.6 mg (约20 cm 长)。该方法灵敏、简便、快速,可用于毛发中低含量苯丙胺类毒品的分析。     

唾液中苯丙胺类毒品的毛细管区带电泳在线富集检测

采用毛细管区带电泳(CZE)中的场放大样品堆积(FASS)技术对唾液中的苯丙胺类毒品进行了检测.采用含30%(体积分数)甲醇的100mmol/L磷酸盐(pH3.0)为分离缓冲液,用水溶解样品,利用缓冲体系与样品溶液体系电导率的差异,在毛细管中浓缩样品组分,对苯丙胺(AM)、甲基苯丙胺(MAM)、3,4-(亚甲二氧基)苯丙胺(MDA)、3,4-(亚甲二氧基)甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)4种毒品进行了分离和定量测定.采用利多卡因为内标,对添加上述4种毒品的唾液进行液液提取并进行FASS-CZE检测,可检测到的上述毒品质量浓度为0.002mg/L,与常规毛细管区带电泳比较,灵敏度提高上千倍;相对标准偏差在1.4%～7.7%之间,回收率在74%～108%.该方法可用于生物检材中苯丙胺类毒品的检测.     

微波萃取-气相色谱法测定尿液中的苯丙胺类毒品

建立了人体尿液中甲基苯丙胺(MA)、3,4-亚甲二氧基苯丙胺(MDA)、3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)的微波萃取-气相色谱(GC)测定方法。分别考察了萃取溶剂种类、用量、pH值以及萃取温度、时间等因素对萃取率的影响。实验结果表明,尿液中MA,MDA,MDMA的最佳提取条件为:调节尿样pH为12,以环己烷为萃取溶剂,于40 ℃下微波提取10 min。在此条件下MA,MDA,MDMA的平均回收率分别为92.25%,85.94%和91.50%,相对标准偏差分别为5.5%,5.5%和6.1% (n=5),提取液经气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)检测,3种药物与基体得到了很好的分离,对尿液中MA,MDA,MDMA的最低检测限分别为10,20和20 ng/mL。该方法未对药物进行衍生化,是一种快速、准确、灵敏度高的同时测定尿液中MA,MDA,MDMA的方法。     

海洛因与甲基苯丙胺毒品滥用者毛发特征分析的比较

根据海洛因和甲基苯丙胺滥用者毛发中毒品及其代谢物的分布特点,通过实验比较了两类毒品滥用者毛发的分析特点。海洛因吸食者毛发采用甲醇超声释放待测物,而后直接调整pH值进行液相萃取,萃取物挥干后进行衍生化并进行GC/MS检测;甲基苯丙胺吸食者毛发在碱性条件下消解,然后采用小体积萃取,直接在提取液中衍生化,并进行GC/MS检测。通过空白毛发标准添加6-单乙酰吗啡、吗啡和可待因进行分析,3种鸦片类毒品最小检测限均小于3μg/g,RSD(n=5)为2.5%~9.6%;通过空白毛发标准添加苯丙胺、甲基苯丙胺、3,4-(亚甲二氧基)苯丙胺和3,4-(亚甲二氧基)-甲基苯丙胺进行分析,4种苯丙胺类毒品的最小检测限为0.05μg/g,RSD(n=5)为5%~14%。     

海洛因与甲基苯丙胺毒品滥用者毛发特征分析的比较

根据海洛因和甲基苯丙胺滥用者毛发中毒品及其代谢物的分布特点,通过实验比较了两类毒品滥用者毛发的分析特点。 海洛因吸食者毛发采用甲醇超声释放待测物,而后直接调整pH值进行液相萃取,萃取物挥干后进行衍生化并进行GC/MS检测;甲基苯丙胺吸食者毛发在碱性条件下消解,然后采用小体积萃取,直接在提取液中衍生化,并进行GC/MS检测。 通过空白毛发标准添加6-单乙酰吗啡、吗啡和可待因进行分析,3种鸦片类毒品最小检测限均小于 3 μg/g,RSD(n=5)为2.5%~9.6%;通过空白毛发标准添加苯丙胺、甲基苯丙胺、3,4-(亚甲二氧基)苯丙胺和3,4-(亚甲二氧基)-甲基苯丙胺进行分析,4种苯丙胺类毒品的最小检测限为0.05 μg/g,RSD(n=5)为5%~14%。     

场放大样品堆积毛细管区带电泳检测尿液中苯丙胺类毒品

建立了毛细管区带电泳(CZE)中场放大样品堆积(FASS)技术分析尿液中苯丙胺类毒品的方法。采用体积分数30%甲醇的100 mmol/L磷酸盐(pH 3)为分离缓冲液,利用缓冲体系与样品溶液体系电导率的差异,在毛细管中浓缩样品组分,对苯丙胺、甲基苯丙胺、3,4-(亚甲二氧基)苯丙胺(MDA)、3,4-(亚甲二氧基)甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)4种毒品进行了分离和定量测定,与常规毛细管区带电泳比较,检测灵敏度提高约2000倍。采用利多卡因为内标,对添加上述4种毒品的尿液进行提取和测定,分析的相对标准偏差在15%范围之内,可检测到的上述毒品质量浓度为0.002μg/mL,相对回收率在70%~120%内。该方法可用于生物检材中苯丙胺类毒品的检测。     

微波萃取-气相色谱法测定血液中的甲基苯丙胺

建立了人体血液中甲基苯丙胺的微波萃取-气相色谱测定方法。分别考察了萃取溶剂种类、用量、样品pH值以及萃取温度、时间等因素对萃取率的影响,并与液-液萃取法进行比较。结果表明,在相同条件下,微波萃取率高于液-液萃取。血液中甲基苯丙胺的最佳提取条件为:调节血样pH为13,以乙酸乙酯为萃取溶剂,于30 ℃下微波提取 8 min。在此条件下平均萃取率达到81.4%,相对标准偏差为6.4%(n=5)。提取液经气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器检测,甲基苯丙胺和基体之间得到了很好的分离,对血液中甲基苯丙胺的最低检测限为220 μg/L。该方法是一种快速、准确、灵敏的测定血液中甲基苯丙胺的方法。     

超声辅助液液萃取法提取烟用香精成分的研究

采用超声辅助液液萃取法(ULLE)提取某品牌烟用香精成分,GC-MS对其进行分析,研究了不同萃取剂、萃取时间和萃取温度对分析结果的影响,初步确定了最佳条件为:以二氯甲烷为萃取剂,饱和NaCl溶液作水相,室温下超声萃取5 min.又分别与同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)和传统的液液萃取法(LLE)作以比较,对ULLE法和SDE法鉴定出的化学成分、重现性和定量值进行了对比.结果表明:超声辅助液液萃取具有操作简便、快速、节能、萃取效率高、重现性好等特点,适合于烟用香精成分的提取.     

Dispersive Micro Solid‐phase Extraction Coupled with Ultrasound‐assisted Solvent Desorption for Determination of Synthetic Polycyclic and Nitro‐aromatic Musks in Aqueous Samples

An optimized method for the determination of five synthetic polycyclic: celestolide (ADBI), phantolide (AHMI), traseolide (ATII), galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), and two nitro‐aromatic musks: musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK), in water samples is described. The method involves a dispersive micro solid‐phase extraction (D‐μ‐SPE) plus ultrasound‐assisted solvent desorption (UASD) prior to their determination by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) using the selected ion storage (SIS) mode. Factors affecting the extraction efficiency of the target analytes from water samples and ultrasound‐assisted solvent desorption were optimized by a Box‐Behnken design method. The optimal extraction conditions involved immersing 10.1 mg of a typical octadecyl (C18) bonded silica adsorbent (i.e., ENVI‐18) in a 50 mL water sample. After 10.4 min of extraction by vigorously shaking, the adsorbent was collected and dried on a filter, and the target musks were desorbed by ultrasound‐assisted for 38 sec with n‐hexane (200 μL) as the desorption solvent. A 10 μL aliquot was then directly determined by large‐volume injection GC‐MS. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 1.2 to 5 ng/L. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations (RSDs), were less than 11% for both intra‐ and inter‐day analysis. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction recovery, was between 74% and 92%. A preliminary analysis of the effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP) and river water samples revealed that HHCB and AHTN were the two most commonly detected synthetic musks; their concentration were determined to range from 88 to 690 ng/L for effluent samples, and 5 to 320 ng/L for river water samples. This is a simple, low cost, effective, and eco‐friendly analytical method.     

Green and enhanced extraction of coumarins from Cortex Fraxini by ultrasound‐assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction

Green and enhanced extraction of bioactive ingredients from medicinal plants has become a hot research field, and deep eutectic solvents have been considered as a novel kind of sustainable solvents in the extraction process. In this study, hydrogen bond acceptor (choline chloride, etc.) and hydrogen bond donor (l ‐malic acid, etc.) were used to prepare different kinds of deep eutectic solvents to extract coumarins from Cortex Fraxini. The extraction conditions, including the composition and moisture content of deep eutectic solvents, extraction time, and liquid‐solid ratio, were systematically optimized basing on the extraction yield of coumarins. To further investigate the extraction mechanism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed, and the microstructures of Cortex Fraxini powders were observed before and after extraction using scanning electron microscope. Results showed that the novel ultrasound‐assisted extraction with conditions of deep eutectic solvent containing betaine/glycerin (1:3), aqueous solution (20%), solid‐liquid ratio (15 mg/mL), and extraction time (30 min) exhibited the best extraction yields for the four target coumarins and much better extraction efficiency than with conventional solvent extractions. This suggests that the new ultrasound‐assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction could be used as a green and high‐efficient approach for extraction of the main coumarins from Cortex Fraxini.     

Evaluation of solid‐phase extraction procedures for the quantitation of venlafaxine in human saliva by high‐performance liquid chromatography

In recent years, the use of human saliva for diagnostic purposes has evoked great interest. Thus, the aim of this study was to choose the optimal solid‐phase extraction cartridges and extraction solvents for the quantitation of venlafaxine in saliva. Blank saliva samples spiked with venlafaxine concentrations between 25 and 750 ng/mL were analyzed using five solid‐phase extraction columns (C18, C8, Strata‐X, Strata‐X‐C, and Strata‐X‐AW), washing solvents (deionized water, phosphate buffer at pH 5.5, and their mixtures with methanol), and elution solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, and their mixtures with 25% ammonia). A high‐performance liquid chromatography system was used to quantify venlafaxine in saliva. The results of this study revealed that nine of 25 procedures enabled quantitation of venlafaxine in the tested concentration range. The procedure that used a C18 cartridge, a mixture of methanol and deionized water as the washing solvent, and methanol as the elution solvent was the most effective and allowed quantitation of all venlafaxine concentrations with an acceptable recovery. In contrast, the Strata‐X‐C cartridge could not detect venlafaxine at the lowest concentration (25 ng/mL). The data acquired from the high‐performance liquid chromatography system were confirmed by a multivariate data analysis.     

Development of a focused ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment and mussel samples

Focused ultrasonic-assisted extraction (FUSE) is a new and particular technique based on the cavitation effect. In this work, the focused ultrasound assisted extraction was studied and developed for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from marine sediments and mussel tissues. The variables influencing the extraction (amplitude of the ultrasound pulse, the extraction time and the solvent) were studied by a full factorial design and a central composite design. As a result, flat response surfaces were obtained and the most convenient conditions were 45% of ultrasound amplitude, 120 s of extraction time and 5 mL of acetone. Both accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated by means of two certified reference materials (marine sediment and mussel tissue) and the results were also compared to those obtained by microwave assisted extraction.     

Comparison of green extraction methods with conventional extraction method for extract yield,L-DOPA concentration and antioxidant activity of Mucuna pruriens seed

ABSTRACT

Mucuna pruriens is a plant of Fabaceae family. Seed of M. pruriens is considered as a rich source of levo-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), a non-protein phenolic amino acid. In the present study, three different extraction methods were compared for extract yield, concentration of bioactive compounds such as total phenol, L-DOPA and antioxidant capacity. Extracts were prepared using water acidified with hydrochloric acid (0.1?N) by conventional method of refluxing as well as two green methods namely ultrasound and microwave assisted solvent extraction. A rapid and qualified high-performance liquid chromatography method was also developed for quantification of L-DOPA in different extracts. Among the three extraction methods, microwave assisted extraction provided the best results for yield and quality of M. pruriens extract in much shorter time in comparison to refluxing method of extraction.     

超声-微波协同萃取装置用于土壤中多环芳烃的分析

本研究将开放式微波和直接超声波振荡两种不同的能量方式相结合,研制出超声-微波协同萃取装置。通过萃取土壤中微量多环芳烃(PAHs),对方法和仪器的可行性进行了初步评价。结果表明,在60 mL二氯甲烷-正已烷(1∶1,V/V)的混合萃取剂,100 W微波辐射功率(超声振动功率固定为50 W),萃取9~10m in,土壤中多环芳烃回收率达86.6%,相对标准偏差约4.0%。与索氏抽提、高压密闭和开放式微波等萃取方法相比,本方法具有样品容量大,萃取时间短,萃取效率受样品中含水量和溶剂极性影响小等优点。     

pH-resistant titania hybrid organic-inorganic coating for stir bar sorptive extraction of drugs of abuse in urine samples followed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet visible detection

An organic-inorganic hybrid titania-hydroxy-terminated silicone oil (titania-OH-TSO) stir bar coating was prepared by sol-gel method. The extraction performance of titania-OH-TSO coated stir bar was evaluated and compared with poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS), poly(dimethysiloxane)-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB), poly(dimethysiloxane)-β-cyclodextrin (PDMS-β-CD) and C(18) coated stir bar with five polar drugs of abuse including amphetamine (PA), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine (Ke) as the model analytes. The experimental results revealed that the titania-OH-TSO coated stir bar exhibited highly pH-resistant ability, good preparation reproducibility, superior selectivity and high extraction efficiency for the target compounds. Based on this fact, a new method of titania-OH-TSO coated stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet visible (UV) detection was developed for the analysis of five drugs of abuse in urine samples. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency of SBSE such as sample pH, desorption solvent, sample volume, extraction time, desorption time, stirring rate and ionic strength were investigated and the optimal extraction conditions were established. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for titania-OH-TSO coated SBSE-HPLC-UV determination of five polar drugs of abuse were in the range of 2.3-9.1 μg/L with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 7.3 to 8.9% (c=300 μg/L, n=6), and all of the target compounds exhibited good linearity over a concentration range of 30-3000 μg/L. The developed method was applied to the determination of amphetamines and Ke in urine samples of drug abusers with satisfactory results.     

Determination of two antifouling booster biocides and their degradation products in marine sediments by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection

A method for the simultaneous determination of two antifouling booster biocides, diuron [1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethylurea] and irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine) and their degradation products, DCPMU [1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea], DCPU [1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea], DCA [3,4-dichloroaniline] and M1 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-s-triazine), in marine sediments by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed. The extraction of these compounds from sediment was achieved by means of methanolic ultrasonic extraction. The optimization of the extraction procedure included the variation of the volume of the extraction solvent, the amount of the extracted sediment, the duration and the temperature of sonication. C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were used for the cleaning of the extracts. The relative standard deviations (R.S.Ds) of the developed procedure was <10% for all the tested compounds, except for DCA, where R.S.Ds up to 15% were obtained. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained (higher than 80% for all substances), except for DCA, which gave a recovery in the range of 35-50%. The limits of detection (LODs) of the substances varied between 1.7 (DCPU) and 4.0 (DCPMU) ng g⁻¹ of dry sediment.