固体粉末在液体表面上的铺展性能研究

采用不同量的全氟烷基季胺碘化物(JF-111)对膨胀玻化微珠进行表面改性,利用Corel videostudio视频软件和IPP图像软件对改性膨胀玻化微珠在液体表面的铺展性能进行分析,通过测量铺展面积、铺展平均速度和铺展的均匀性研究了固体粉末粒径、固液接触角以及铺展液面性质对固体粉末在液面上铺展性能的影响。并与聚四氟乙烯作了对比研究,探讨粉末类型对粉末铺展性能的影响。研究结果表明:不同的固体粉末在同一液面上铺展,不能用铺展系数的大小对比二者的铺展情况。对于同一种基体粉末,铺展系数越大,即固液接触角越大,越容易铺展,而且铺展越均匀。就膨胀玻化微珠粉末而言,粒径越小,越容易铺展;液面相对于固体的表面能越高,固体粉末越容易在液面上铺展。     

聚酰亚胺纤维

聚酰亚胺纤维具有高强度模、耐高温、耐辐射等优越的性能。在多种纺制聚酰亚胺纤维的方法中,湿纺容易制得高强高模的样品。本文主要介绍了聚酰亚胺纤维的一步法湿纺、二步法湿纺和熔融纺丝方法,并对纤维的性能进行了概述。     

低热膨胀聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究进展与展望

聚酰亚胺是一种很有发展前途的高分子材料,热膨胀系数高的问题限制了聚酰亚胺的应用,降低热膨胀系数已成为聚酰亚胺研究热点之一。本文概述了国内外关于降低聚酰亚胺薄膜热膨胀系数的主要方法:分子结构设计法、共聚法、树脂共混法、添加纳米粒子法。阐述了工艺因素(如涂膜方式、牵伸条件等)对聚酰亚胺热膨胀系数的影响,并对未来低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺薄膜的发展方向进行了展望。     

热亚胺化过程中气氛和拉力对BPDA-PDA聚酰亚胺纤维结构与性能的影响

研究了3,3',4,4'-联苯四酸二酐-对苯二胺(BPDA-PDA)型聚酰胺酸(PAA)纤维热亚胺化过程中气氛和拉力对聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维结构和性能的影响. 热处理过程中, 恒温处理5 min时, 虽然不同气氛下纤维的表面形貌并无明显差异, 但N₂气下所得纤维的力学性能明显优于空气下的样品, N₂气保护作用下, 最高断裂强度和初始模量分别达到1.25和65.0 GPa. 恒温处理40 min时, N₂气对纤维表面形貌有明显的保护作用. 但对于力学性能, 气氛的影响仅在450 ℃时表现得非常明显. 低于450 ℃时, 长时间的热处理成为影响纤维力学性能的主要因素, 气氛的影响变得不明显. 高于450 ℃时, 在N₂气和空气中的纤维皆发生明显的降解, 从而严重影响其力学性能. 热亚胺化过程中施加的拉力会促进纤维热酰亚胺化过程中的膨胀. 随着拉力的增加PI纤维长度增加, 同时直径减小. PI纤维轴上(004)晶面的间距、 晶粒尺寸、 线性热膨胀系数(为负值)的绝对值及玻璃化转变温度都随热处理时拉力的增加而增大. 纤维的断裂强度随拉力的变化基本保持在0.90 GPa左右, 断裂伸长率随着拉力增加稍有下降, 纤维的初始模量随拉力的增大而增加.     

全固态锂金属电池多物理场耦合下的电化学过程仿真模拟

基于COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场仿真软件对氮氧化锂磷(LiPON)基全固态锂金属电池进行有限元模拟. 使用3次电流分布、 稀物质传递、 固体传热与固体力学等接口实现了多物理场在固态锂电池体系内部的耦合, 并完成了对于全固态锂金属电池本身在给定物理参数的情况下实际运行的电化学性能仿真. 在此模型中, 电池在运作时的热管理以及应力分布均得到有效的计算. 利用锂金属负极表面沉积的数据分析得到了锂枝晶生长的可能原因. 结果表明, 全固态锂电池的容量衰减以及枝晶生长等安全管理的失控并不只是单一因素控制的结果; 体系的浓度梯度、 应力预分布、 传热传质过程的控速步骤与充放电过程的体积变化等都会对电池的性能与安全管理产生不同的影响.     

激光刻蚀硅表面的形貌及其对浸润性的影响

利用脉冲激光在Si表面刻蚀具有不同宽度和深度的微槽形貌, 通过测量接触角的大小研究其浸润特性, 并分析了形貌与浸润性的关系. 结果表明, 在Si表面刻蚀微槽深度一定的条件下, 刻蚀微槽宽度越宽, 接触角越小; 在Si表面刻蚀微槽宽度一定的条件下, 刻蚀微槽越深, 接触角越大, 最高可达165°. 而且Si表面上刻蚀后产生的细微尖峰结构对其浸润特性有显著的影响. 因此, 利用激光刻蚀表面方法可以在一定程度上调控固体表面的润湿性能.     

微波辐射下秸秆纤维微观结构的变化

利用原子力显微镜(AFM)对微波处理前后秸秆纤维表面的变化进行了研究,并结合XRD和FTIR研究了处理前后其化学结构及结晶形态的变化情况。结果表明,未经微波处理的秸秆纤维表面比较光滑,平均粗糙度(Ra)为(86.7±6.335)nm,均方根粗糙度(Rq)为(141.1±9.055)nm;经微波处理的秸秆纤维表面比较粗糙,并出现许多细小孔洞,其Ra为(445.0±28.14)nm,Rq为(558.9±33.458)nm,微波辐射处理前后秸秆纤维的表面形态差异较大。经微波辐射处理后,秸秆纤维在2θ=22.3°处的衍射峰移至21.8°,且峰宽稍有增加,在38.1°、44.3°、64.6°、78.9°处出现的4个衍射峰,除强度稍有增强,其峰形和位置与未经处理秸秆纤维的衍射峰基本一致,表明微波处理没有改变纤维的结晶形态。FTIR光谱表明,微波处理样中未产生新的官能团,但分子间氢键及分子内氢键发生变化。微波作用未引起秸秆纤维化学结构的变化。     

双凝胶剂中第一凝胶剂对聚砜中空纤维膜结构的影响

采用双凝胶浴法研究了第一凝胶剂(水、甘油、乙醇、丙酮和正己烷)对聚砜中空纤维膜近外表面处结构的影响。结果表明,第一凝胶剂的延迟时间越长,所制得的膜的近外表面处越疏松,铸膜液溶剂与第一凝胶剂之间溶解度参数差值(△δm)越大,制得的皮层结构越致密;第一凝胶剂瞬时分相时,易产生大孔结构,但当第一凝胶剂为非水溶性的正己烷时,尽管第一凝胶剂延迟分相而第二凝胶剂瞬时分相也产生大孔膜结构。     

静电纺丝法制备抑菌性聚酰亚胺纳米纤维

采用静电纺丝技术,以联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)和4,4'-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)为单体,硝酸银为银源,通过两步法制备含银聚酰亚胺(PI/Ag)纳米纤维.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了PI/Ag纳米纤维的结构和微观形貌;通过浸渍培养法研究了聚酰亚胺(PI)及PI/Ag纳米纤维的抑菌性能.结果表明,聚酰亚胺基体中存在单质银的立方晶体结构,银粒子在聚酰亚胺基体表面均匀分散,平均粒径为10 nm;PI/Ag纳米纤维对大肠杆菌(E.coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)和枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)表现出良好的抑菌效果,最大抑菌率可达99.1%,为聚酰亚胺在耐高温抑菌生物医用材料等领域的应用提供了新的方向.     

辐射接枝苯乙烯和磺化对聚四氟乙烯强酸性纤维力学性能的影响

采用共辐射引发将苯乙烯接枝到聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)纤维上后,然后磺化可以制备出强酸性离子交换纤维PTFE-g-St-SO3H.辐射、磺化和氧气可以使纤维力学性能大幅度下降,当接枝率较低时,断裂强度高于原纤维,随着接枝率的增大,断裂强度呈下降趋势.轻度交联能够改善纤维的力学性能,但是对纤维力学性能的影响比接枝率小.断裂强度与磺化率关系不大,主要受磺化反应温度影响,反应温度越高,断裂强度越低,断裂伸长率也相应较低.磺化后模量大幅度降低,断裂伸长率和屈服伸长率显著增大,断裂强度明显降低,纤维韧性提高.采用氮气保护,控制适当接枝率和较低磺化反应温度可以得到力学性能较好的PTFE基强酸性离子交换纤维.     

Effect of take-up speed on physical properties and permeation performance of cellulose acetate hollow fibers

Cellulose acetate (CA) ultrafiltration hollow fibers were spun via the dry-jet wet spinning technique. The effect of the take-up speed on the mechanical properties, morphology, thermal properties, pure water permeation, retention, and surface characterization of hollow fiber membranes were investigated. Both the inner and outer diameters of the hollow fiber decreased with the increase of take-up speed. Macrovoids were observed on the inner surface of the drawn hollow fibers. The d-space decreased with the increase of the take-up speed. The ultimate tensile stress (UTS) increased and the breaking elongation decreased with the increase of take-up speed. The permeation performance was measured. The hydraulic permeability increased and the retention decreased slightly with the increase of the take-up speed. The surface roughness increased with the increase of the take-up speed. The thermal analysis results showed that the endothermic peak shifts to the higher temperature region and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) decrease for a higher take-up speed.     

Mechanical properties of BPDA-ODA polyimide fibers

An aromatic polyimide was synthesized via a one-step polycondensation reaction between biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) in p-chlorophenol. The polyimide (BPDA-ODA) solution dopes were spun into fibers by means of dry-jet wet spinning. The as-spun fibers were drawn and treated in heating tubes for improving the mechanical properties. The thermal treatment on the fibers resulted in a relatively high tensile strength and modulus. Thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) was employed to study the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) spectra showed that the BPDA-ODA fibers possessed an excellent property of thermo-oxidative degradation resistance. The sonic modulus E_s of the polyimide fibers was measured.     

Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber‐based heat shielding materials for solid rocket motor: Impact of Kevlar fiber reinforcement on the thermal and mechanical properties

This work scrutinizes the utilization of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber matrix (EPDM) with an embodiment of aramid fiber for the heat shielding applications in solid rocket motor (SRM). Aramid fibers are aromatic poly‐paraphenylene terephthalamide, here deployed are Kevlar fibers (KF). However, the literature that encompasses the thermal and mechanical behavior with the fiber loading is reported nowhere else. The effect of fiber addition on the surface morphology and density was thoroughly studied, and it revealed that the EHSMs were of lower density to act as an efficient payload for the SRM. In this regard, the thermal conductivity, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, fire behavior, and mechanical properties of the EPDM/KF‐based EHSMs were explored. The results revealed that the EHSMs are thermally insulating and thermally stable material with balanced mechanical properties that can engender the thermal and mechanical strains of the rocket motor. Furthermore, other analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy have been exploited to monitor the performance of the char residues of the EHSM to delineate its performance in the fire atmosphere.     

聚酰亚胺/二氧化硅纳米尺度复合材料的研究

通过正硅酸乙酯（ＴＥＯＳ）在聚酰胺酸（ＰＡＡ）的Ｎ，Ｎ’ 二甲基乙酰胺（ＤＭＡｃ），溶液中进行溶胶 凝胶反应，制备出不同二氧化硅含量的聚酰亚胺／二氧化硅（ＰＩ／ＳｉＯ２）复合薄膜材料．二氧化硅含量低于１０ｗｔ％的样品是透明浅黄色薄膜；二氧化硅含量高于１０ｗｔ％的样品是不透明棕黄色薄膜．利用红外光谱、扫描电镜、热失重分析、动态力学分析、热膨胀系数测试和应力 应变测试等方法研究了此类材料的结构与性能．结果表明，ＰＩ／ＳｉＯ２纳米复合材料具有较聚酰亚胺更高的热稳定性和更高的模量；线膨胀系数显著降低；拉伸强度和断裂伸长随二氧化硅含量而变化，分别在１０ｗｔ％和３０ｗｔ％附近出现最大值     

含苯并咪唑基团聚酰亚胺的合成与表征

使用一种含有苯并咪唑基团的二胺单体2-(3-氨基苯基)-5-氨基苯并咪唑与二酐单体进行缩聚反应, 得到一系列聚酰亚胺薄膜, 并对该类薄膜的热性能和机械性能进行表征.结果表明, 该类薄膜具有较高的耐热性和良好的机械性能.同时, 二胺单体中氨基的相对位置赋予分子链以较高的弯曲性, 使该类聚酰亚胺具有较好的热塑性和较高的热膨胀系数.     

单向纤维增强环氧复合材料的热膨胀系数

本文在123—413K的温度范围内,测量了单向玻璃纤维和碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料α_P~C(纤维方向),α_(T1)~C(横截面板厚度方向),α_(T2)~2(横截面板宽度方向)三个热膨胀系数.研究了纤维体积分数V_f和纤维表面处理对α_P~C和α_T~C的影响.结果表明,α_P~C在整个温度范围内不受纤维表面处理影响,随V_f的增加而减小,变化规律符合Schapery方程.对于横向热膨胀系数,在T<基体玻璃化温度T_g~m时,有α_(T1)~C α_(T2)~C=α_(T)~C,在V_f 0.3时,有α_T~C>α_m(基体的),而后随V_f的增加而减小,经分析也符合Schapery理论.在T>T_g~m时,α_(T1)~C和α_(T2)~C呈各向异性,特别在纤维表面未处理时更为显著.形态研究表明,其原因是在纤维铺层之间存在片状树脂层.     

Development and commercialization of ionic-type photosensitive polyimides

Toray's ionic-type photosensitive polyimide, “Photoneece”, is widely used as an interdielectric and as a protection layer for microelectronics, because of its properties, such as the removal of photoreactive groups at low temperature, excellent thermal, mechanical and electrical film properties and excellent adhesion to various substrates. Toray has developed a new type of “Photoneece”, UR-5100, which is a low-stress photosensitive polyimide. In addition to a low thermal expansion coefficient (25 ppm/°C), “Photoneece” UR-5100 also features high resolution with an aspect ratio of more than 2.0 in 40 μm imaged film, and excellent mechanical properties in the cured film such as high elongation (>20%) and tensile strength (>200 MPa), even after 60 hr heat treatment at 350°C. “Photoneece” UR-5100 can be applied in multichip modules (MCMs), hybrid circuits, ICs and LSIs. In this paper the characterization and processing of this “Photoneece” UR-5100 are described.     

Structure evolution and properties in a rigid polyimide prepared from its flexible poly(amic acid) precursor

Soluble poly(p-phenylene biphenyltetracarboxamic acid) precursor was converted to the polyimide by thermal imidization at various conditions. The structure evolution being occurred during its thermal imidization over 25–400°C was investigated as a function of imidization temperature and time by X-ray scattering with synchrotron radiation sources of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory in Korea and with conventional radiation sources. In addition, properties in the polyimide films were investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, stress-strain analysis, prism coupling, and residual stress analysis.     

The effect of thermal stress on the thermal expansion coefficient and glass transition temperature of glass fiber–polymer composites

The thermal expansion coefficients of glass fiber–polymer composites were calculated applying the solid cylindrical model taking into account the interaction effects among the glass fibers. The stress and displacement in the composite model were determined as functions of the thermal stress. It was found theoretically that the deviation of the thermal expansion coefficient from the linear mixture relationship based on volume additivity appeared at around T_g + 20 K upon cooling. The thermal expansion coefficient of the composite was also found to be markedly dependent on the dispersion state of the glass fibers. An expression for the difference in the T_g of the matrix resin in the composite from that in the unloaded resin was obtained on the assumption that the volume change of the matrix resin caused by mixing was compensated by free volume expansion. The experimental results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were found to agree well with the theoretically predicted ones.