Synthesis and characterization of novel polypropylene paper releasing anion

Polypropylene synthetic paper releasing anion was prepared from polypropylene resin,anion additives,titanium dioxide,etc.,by calendar forming method.The synthetic paper was tested by anion detector,SEM,AFM,etc.Tensile strength,elongation at break, right angle tear strength of the polypropylene synthetic paper reached the GB 13022 or QB/T1130 Standard.The synthetic paper was water and oil resistance,and released anions 10,530 cm~(-3).It was environment-friendly,and a kind of good material for human's heal...     

Synthesis and characterization of novel polypropylene paper releasing anlon

Polypropylene synthetic paper releasing anion was prepared from polypropylene resin,anion additives,titanium dioxide,etc.,by calendar forming method.The synthetic paper was tested by anion detector,SEM,AFM,etc.Tensile strength,elongation at break,right angle tear strength of the polypropylene synthetic paper reached the GB 13022 or QB,1r/T130 Standard.The synthetic paper was water and oil resistance.and released anions 10,530 cm-3.It Was environment-fendy.and a kind of good material for human'S health.     

一种苯并咪唑黄原酸酯的合成及其摩擦学性能

由于操作条件及环境保护的要求日益苛刻,环境友好型润滑油添加剂越来越受到人们的关注,润滑油添加剂向着低灰份、多功能、绿色环保方向发展。本文设计合成了三个环保型含氮硫化合物,采用质谱,红外光谱,元素分析对其结构进行了表征。考察了该类添加剂在菜籽油中的溶解性;采用热重分析对其热稳定性进行了评价;并在四球摩擦磨损试验机上考察了所合成的含氮硫化合物在菜籽油中的摩擦学性能。结果表明,该类添加剂在菜籽油中的溶解度都能达到2%,最低热分解温度为129℃,最高达532℃;在菜籽油中的极压值最高达1186N,是菜籽油的2倍,是ZDDP的1.3倍,抗磨性能最好的是B3,极压值最好的是B2。     

乳化汽轮机油分离水中的有机物组成分析

通过采用GDX树脂富集，气相色谱／质谱法定性分析，建立了乳化汽轮机油分离水中有机物分析程序．共检测出有机物成分28种，其中5种为汽轮机油的典型添加剂，表明水分对汽轮机油添加剂洗脱作用明显．     

Electrodeposition of manganese dioxide: effect of quaternary amines

The effect of quaternary ammonium salts (tetraethyl ammonium bromide, tetrapropyl ammonium bromide, and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide) on the structural, morphological, and electrochemical characteristics of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) obtained from acidic aqueous sulfate solution has been investigated. Physical characterization of the EMD was achieved by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The charge–discharge profile of the materials was determined to evaluate their potential for alkaline battery applications. The presence of these quaternary ammonium salts as organic additives in the solution increased the current efficiency while decreasing energy consumption during electrochemical deposition of manganese dioxide (MnO₂). All the additives influenced the discharge characteristics of the EMD samples significantly, producing a cathode material with increased cumulative discharge capacity relative to EMD prepared in the absence of additives. This is attributed to the ability of the additives to affect the particle size and morphology, and therefore electrochemical activity, of electrodeposited materials; the effects in the case of the additives investigated in this work were positive, producing a material with potential application to battery technology.     

Comparative study of the oxidative and thermal stability of vegetable oils to be used as lubricant bases

Demand for lubricating oils is increasing in the growing Brazilian economy. The use of vegetable bases in exchange of minerals can bring socio-economic and environmental benefits for Brazil. The purpose of this study is to compare the thermal and oxidative stability of vegetable oils related to the bases commonly used as lubricants. In this study, thermogravimetric analysis of castor oil, cotton oil, macauba’s almond oil, passion oil, paraffinic mineral oil, naphthenic oil (NH-140) and synthetic oil (Etro) was performed in inert and oxidative atmosphere to study the thermal and oxidative degradation of the vegetable oils related to the most common lubricants’ oils base. These oils’ oxidation stability were determined by standard procedures (ISO 6886). The use of mineral oil’s additives in these vegetable oils was tested to verify the viability of these additives to improve the oxidative stability of the vegetable oils. The castor oil and the cotton oil presented results of thermal analysis similar to the mineral and synthetic bases values. The castor oil was the only vegetable oil that showed a great oxidative stability. All other vegetable oils had their oxidative stability significantly increased by the additives.     

Effect of Glycine and Monoethanolamine on the Stability and Reductive Activity of Thiourea Dioxide in Aqueous Solutions

The effect of glycine and monoethanolamine on the stability and reductive activity of thiourea dioxide in the reaction with acid orange II dye was studied. It was found that, in contrast to glycine, introduction of additives of monoethanolamine into aqueous solution of thiourea dioxide substantially increases its reductive activity in alkaline solutions, although the stability of the thiourea dioxide monoethanol amine derivative in alkaline solutions is much lower than that of thiourea dioxide and the product of its reaction with glycine.     

Composite tribological materials based on molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles and polytetrafluoroethylene microgranules

Tribological materials based on molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles localized on the surface of ultradispersed polytetrafluoroethylene were prepared. The composition and properties of the new composite materials were studied. Introduction of ultradispersed additives based on polytetrafluoroethylene with MoS₂ and on polytetrafluoroethylene and nanodiamonds prepared by detonation synthesis (taken as reference samples) decreases the viscosity of MS-20 aviation oil. The dependence of the friction coefficient on the Sommerfeld number for the composites obtained was examined. Introduction of additives leads to a decrease in the friction coefficient with increasing linear sliding velocity, in contrast to the initial oil for which the trend is opposite. The dependence of the friction coefficient on the concentration of additives in the initial oil was demonstrated. Modification of polytetrafluoroethylene microgranules with 3 wt % MoS₂ nanoparticles allows the amount of additive to the oil to be considerably reduced.     

Direct sample injection in supercritical fluid chromatography with packed fused silica column

A direct sample injection technique was developed for supercritical fluid chromatography in a packed capillary column, with carbon dioxide as mobile phase and a flame ionization detector. The method allowed solutions, neat liquids, and even solids to be introduced as samples. Also, extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was combined with this method to separate polymer additives.     

A Simple Novel Method for the Analysis of Lubricating Oil Additives by the Use of Sep-Pak Cartridges

In combination with the use of SEP-PAK cartridges and computerized difference infrared spectroscopic technique, a simple novel method for analyzing lubricating oil additives was developed. The present method involves solvent extraction and the use of SEP-PAK C₁₈ for separating polar additives from residual base oil, followed by the use of SEP-PAK Silica for further elution. With the aid of infrared data station, components of the polar additives were identified. The present method is definitely much more rapid and efficient than the conventional column separation method, and the separation efficiency of this simple method is comparable to that of using flash chromatographic technique.     

Emulsification of Vegetable Oils using a Blend of Nonionic Surfactants for Cosmetic Applications

Sunflower oil and sesame oil contain fairly high percentage of tocopherols and tocotrienols. These oils were emulsified by using a combination of non‐ionic surface‐active agents viz. Span‐80 and Tween‐20 surfactants to get cosmetic emulsions. Stability of the emulsions was enhanced by using natural polymer additives. The effect of various parameters such as pH, oil content, emulsifier content, HLB of blend of emulsifier concentration of additives and temperature on the stability of cosmetic emulsion was studied. These emulsions are “skin compatible” being stable at neutral pH. Xanthan gum was found to be the most effective additive as compared to the other natural polymers. The emulsions showed a “pseudoplastic” flow behavior.     

Features of the propagation of laminar spherical flames initiated by a spark discharge in mixtures of methane,pentane, and hydrogen with air at atmospheric pressure

Using high-speed digital color cinematography, we studied the propagation of a laminar spherical flame in stoichiometric mixtures of hydrogen, methane, and pentane with air in the presence of additives at atmospheric pressure in constant-volume reactors, and derived quantitative data on the time of formation of a stable flame front. Cellular flames caused by gas-dynamic instability attributable to convective flows arising during the afterburning of gas were observed in hydrocarbon-air stoichiometric mixtures diluted with inert additives. It was found that the effect of additives of carbon dioxide and argon (>10%) and minor additives of CCl₄ on the combustion of hydrocarbons, and of propylene on the combustion of hydrogen-rich mixtures, lead to periods of delay in the development of a laminar spherical flame; in addition, additives of propylene promote the combustion of hydrogen poor mixtures.     

Effects of ITQ-21 and ITQ-24 as zeolite additives on the oil products obtained from the catalytic pyrolysis of waste tire

The effects of ITQ-21 and ITQ-24 as zeolite additives on the catalytic pyrolytic oil using HMOR were investigated. The research was started by studying the effect of HMOR and its amount represented by the catalyst-to-tire ratio, and then followed by the effects of addition of the two ITQ zeolites into HMOR. The results showed that, with increasing the catalyst-to-tire ratio, the gasoline and kerosene yield increased in accordance with the reduction of the heavier fractions, and the concentration of the saturated hydrocarbons in the pyrolytic oil was found to be higher. However, increasing the catalyst-to-tire ratio decreased the yield of liquid product. The two ITQ zeolite additives have strong effects on the pyrolytic oil. For example, as compared with the case of pure HMOR, adding ITQ-21 enhanced the production of kerosene whereas the introduction of ITQ-24 resulted in the higher concentration of aromatic compounds in the derived oil. In addition, the use of catalyst was found to enhance the selectivity of mono-aromatic in the light fraction, but adding ITQ zeolites caused a reduction in the selectivity of HMOR toward the production of mono-aromatics. The differences on the effects of the two ITQ zeolites were explained in relation with the catalyst characterization results. It was found that, the acid properties and topology played very important roles on the influences of these additives.     

两种无灰型含磷/硫润滑添加剂在菜籽油中的摩擦学性能及膜分析

以合成的两种无灰型含磷/硫化合物为润滑添加剂, 以可生物降解的菜籽油作为基础油, 用四球机研究了体系的抗磨减摩性能, 以X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和X射线吸收精细结构光谱(XANES)对所形成的摩擦膜和热膜进行了表面分析, 并初步探讨了其润滑机理. 摩擦学研究结果表明, 两种含磷/硫化合物作为菜籽油的润滑添加剂时, 具有良好的抗磨减摩性能. XPS和XANES分析结果显示, 摩擦膜和热膜主要由吸附层和反应层组成; 在表面膜中, 磷主要以磷酸盐或焦磷酸盐等形式存在, 而硫主要以硫酸盐的形式存在. 研究结果还表明, 摩擦热在两种不同添加剂的摩擦膜形成过程中发挥着不同的作用.     

A Possibility of Improving Lead Dioxide Electrode of Lead Battery

The influence exerted by a reinforcing additive, an aqueous suspension of 4D fluoroplastic (Teflon), on the structural, physicochemical, and service characteristics of the positive electrode of the lead battery was studied. A paste with polymer and carbon additives, extending the service life of the lead dioxide electrode, was developed for industrial use.     

Properties of Langmuir Surface and Interfacial Films Built up by Asphaltenes and Resins: Influence of Chemical Demulsifiers

The influence of chemical additives on asphaltene films on water surface and at oil/water interface is studied by means of the Langmuir technique. It was found that some demulsifiers of high molecular weight alter the asphaltene film on water surface in the same way as the resin fraction, i.e., increasing the compressibility of the film which results in a reduced film rigidity. The films that build up at the oil/water interface in model oil systems, containing naturally occurring surfactants, are studied during compression. In this system chemical additives of high molecular weight totally prevent formation of a rigid film at the interface. Adding resins to the bulk phase together with asphaltenes hamper the adsorption of the heavy fraction.     

Experimental Investigation of the Rheological Behavior of an Oil-Based Drilling Fluid with Rheology Modifier and Oil Wetter Additives

Drilling issues such as shale hydration, high-temperature tolerance, torque and drag are often resolved by applying an appropriate drilling fluid formulation. Oil-based drilling fluid (OBDF) formulations are usually composed of emulsifiers, lime, brine, viscosifier, fluid loss controller and weighting agent. These additives sometimes outperform in extended exposure to high pressure high temperature (HPHT) conditions encountered in deep wells, resulting in weighting material segregation, high fluid loss, poor rheology and poor emulsion stability. In this study, two additives, oil wetter and rheology modifier were incorporated into the OBDF and their performance was investigated by conducting rheology, fluid loss, zeta potential and emulsion stability tests before and after hot rolling at 16 h and 32 h. Extending the hot rolling period beyond what is commonly used in this type of experiment is necessary to ensure the fluid’s stability. It was found that HPHT hot rolling affected the properties of drilling fluids by decreasing the rheology parameters and emulsion stability with the increase in the hot rolling time to 32 h. Also, the fluid loss additive’s performance degraded as rolling temperature and time increased. Adding oil wetter and rheology modifier additives resulted in a slight loss of rheological profile after 32 h and maintained flat rheology profile. The emulsion stability was slightly decreased and stayed close to the recommended value (400 V). The fluid loss was controlled by optimizing the concentration of fluid loss additive and oil wetter. The presence of oil wetter improved the carrying capacity of drilling fluids and prevented the barite sag problem. The zeta potential test confirmed that the oil wetter converted the surface of barite from water to oil and improved its dispersion in the oil.     

Extraction of various additives from polystyrene and their subsequent analysis

Summary The extraction of fifteen polymer additives which are used as antioxidants, uv stabilizers, process lubes, flame retardants, and antistats from eight formulations of polystyrene is demonstrated with supercritical carbon dioxide and compared to traditional dissolution/precipitation extractions. The purpose of the study was two fold: 1) the development of a high performance liquid chromatography method(s) for the additives and 2) the determination of the viability of supercritical fluids for extraction of the additives from polystyrene. Nine of the additives were assayed via reversed phase liquid chromatography while, the remaining six additives could not be assayed in this manner. In order to develop an extraction method for the additives, the effects of static extraction time, CO₂ density, and temperature were first investigated. These preliminary extractions revealed that a static period which afforded an opportunity for the polymer to swell combined with a high CO₂ density and temperature above the polymer glass transition yielded quantitative recoveries of the additives. Triplicate extractions of the various polystyrene formulations matched additive recoveries obtained by the traditional dissolution/precipitation method but the former method was faster and used less organic solvent.     

碳质颗粒添加物对渣油热反应生焦的影响

在高压反应釜中研究了三种不同碳质颗粒添加物对克拉玛依常压渣油420℃氮气气氛下热反应生焦的影响。实验结果表明，反应初期碳质颗粒在一定程度上抑制渣油的热反应生焦。碳质颗粒抑制生焦的能力与其表面对极性组分的润湿吸附能力有直接关系，表面易被极性组分润湿的颗粒吸附沥青质的能力强，其抑制渣油生焦的能力也强。碳质颗粒对沥青质的吸附能力和抑制生焦的能力与其比表面积没有直接关系。生焦量随反应时间的变化表明，碳质颗粒在生焦的初期有抑制生焦的作用，后期有促进作用。对甲苯不溶物（TI）的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和热重（TG）分析表明，和不含添加物的TI相比，含添加物的TI中，小球状甲苯不溶物的数量少、直径小。沥青质和生焦前驱相在碳质颗粒添加物表面的吸附和铺展作用是抑制渣油生焦的主要原因，该作用可以限制生焦前驱相的融并长大，在反应的初始阶段减少生焦量。     

Modifier effects on packed and capillary columns in supercritical fluid chromatography

Summary The separation of polar thermally labile solutes is one of the potentially most rewarding fields of SFC application. A presupposition for such applications is, however, mobile phases having relatively high solvent strengths. A promising approach to achieve this is the use of mobile phases consisting of carbon dioxide with a polar additive. In this work, the chromatographic effects of different concentrations of an additive, isopropanol, in carbon dioxide have been studied on capillary and packed columns. A series of antibiotics was used as test substances. Best results were obtained with carbon dioxide/8% isopropanol as mobile phase on a capillary column coated with a cyanopropyl-substituted polysiloxane stationary phase.