Use of Higher-Order Frequency Response Functions for Identification of Nonlinear Adsorption Kinetics: Single Mechanisms under Isothermal Conditions

The concept of higher-order frequency response functions(FRFs), which is based on Volterra series expansion of nonlinearfunctions, is used for analysis of kinetics of nonlinear adsorptionsystems. Four different kinetic mechanisms: Langmuir kinetics, filmresistance control, micropore diffusion control and pore-surfacediffusion control were analyzed and the results were compared. It wasshown that, contrary to the linear frequency response characteristicfunctions, the higher-order FRFs corresponding to different mechanismsdiffer in shape. This result offers great potential for theidentification of the adsorption-diffusion mechanism governing theprocess. It is shown that the second order FRFs give sufficientinformation for distinguishing different mechanisms.     

线黏弹性球面发散应力波的频率响应特性

基于线黏弹性球面波Laplace域的理论解, 得到了不同传播距离处粒子速度、粒子位移、应力、应变等力学量的传递函数。以标准线性固体模型为例, 重点讨论了粒子速度频率响应函数的传播特征, 指出随着传播距离的增加, 粒子速度幅频响应函数的高频响应会低于低频响应, 而在理想弹性条件下, 粒子速度幅频响应函数的高频响应一直高于低频响应。以弹性半径为0.025 m的空腔爆炸为例, 采用Laplace数值逆变换方法对粒子速度波形的演化进行了分析, 给出了粒子速度强间断幅值及粒子速度峰值随传播距离变化的衰减规律曲线, 指出黏弹性介质中粒子速度幅值的衰减曲线介于理想弹性介质中粒子速度幅值衰减曲线和黏弹性介质中粒子速度强间断幅值衰减曲线之间。     

基于子结构解耦的连接特性识别新方法

连接部件动态特性的准确辨识对预测装配式机械结构的动力学行为有重要意义. 针对传统基于子结构解耦的连接结构动力学特性识别方法难以直接利用可测量数据进行辨识及辨识结果受噪声影响显著等问题, 本文提出了一种新方法. 首先, 提取子结构解耦基本方程在测试自由度上的分量, 并经矩阵变换得到显含连接动刚度矩阵的形式, 而后由真实连接动刚度矩阵分解为已知的初始矩阵与待求的增量矩阵, 推导了具有收敛性质的增量型方程以增强界面自由度较多时辨识的数值稳定性, 并采用多项式拟合动刚度将其转化为了拟合系数的频域估计方程, 按给定准则选取合适的频率点联立方程后, 得到了只需装配体测试自由度上的频响函数来辨识连接特性的迭代公式. 最后, 以若干算例说明了算法的具体流程. 对10自由度弹簧?质量块系统进行了数值仿真, 验证了所提方法的正确性及抗噪性; 对包含一处胶接连接的T形梁结构和包含两处螺栓连接的L形梁结构进行了试验, 所辨识连接结构与残余结构重组的装配体有限元模型计算的频响函数与测量值在较宽频带内吻合较好, 表明了该方法能有效识别实际装配体结构中的连接特性.      

Identification of Weakly Nonlinear Systems Using Describing Function Inversion

In this paper describing functions inversion is used and the restoring force of a nonlinear element in a MDOF system is characterized. The describing functions can be obtained using linearized frequency response functions (FRFs). The response of the system to harmonic excitation forces at distinct frequencies close to the resonant frequency results in linearized FRFs. The nonlinear system can be approximated at each excitation frequency by an equivalent linear system. This approximation leads to calculation of the first-order describing functions. By having the experimental describing functions calculated and the system’s responses corresponding to the nonlinear element (measured or interpolated), nonlinear parameter identification can be performed. Two numerical and experimental case studies are provided to show the applicability of this method.     

Fatigue cracking and its influence on dynamic response characteristics of spot welded specimens

X-ray imaging has been used to determine the fatigue crack growth behavior and failure mechanisms of spot welded specimens. Cracks critical to final failure of the tensileshear specimens studied are through-thickness plate cracks, which are usually initiated about 0.2–1.0 mm away from the edge of the nugget. In addition, frequency response functions (FRFs), obtained by impact hammer-accelerometer experiments throughout the fatigue process, show that the natural frequencies of these joints nonlinearly decrease with the growth of fatigue cracks. The three-dimensional finite-element analysis results for FRFs of uncracked and cracked spot welded joints are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data. It is also shown that the fatigue cracks have different degrees of influence on different natural frequencies because of the location of cracks and vibrating modes. The results by both experiment and finite element analysis indicate that analysis of the variation of natural frequencies and vibrating modes may be used to study the fatigue crack propagating shape and the location of the fatigue crack.     

Structural damping identification method using normal FRFs

All structures exhibit some form of damping, but despite a large literature on the damping, it still remains one of the least well-understood aspects of general vibration analysis. The synthesis of damping in structural systems and machines is extremely important if a model is to be used in predicting vibration levels, transient responses, transmissibility, decay times or other characteristics in design and analysis that are dominated by energy dissipation. In this paper, new structural damping identification method using normal frequency response functions (NFRFs) which are obtained experimentally is proposed and tested with the objective that the damped finite element model is able to predict the measured FRFs accurately. The proposed structural damping identification is a direct method. In the proposed method, normal FRFs are estimated from the complex FRFs, which are obtained experimentally of the structure. The estimated normal FRFs are subsequently used for identification of general structural damping. The effectiveness of the proposed structural damping identification method is demonstrated by two numerical simulated examples and one real experimental data. Firstly, a study is performed using a lumped mass system. The lumped mass system study is followed by case involving numerical simulation of fixed–fixed beam. The effect of coordinate incompleteness and robustness of method under presence of noise is investigated. The performance of the proposed structural damping identification method is investigated for cases of light, medium, heavily and non-proportional damped structures. The numerical studies are followed by a case involving actual measured data for the case of a cantilever beam structure. The results have shown that the proposed damping identification method can be used to derive an accurate general structural damping model of the system. This is illustrated by matching the damped identified FRFs with the experimentally obtained FRFs.     

一维格子结构动力分析的传递矩阵法

本文将传递矩阵法推广应用于分析一维格子结构的波传播和动力响应特性。一个格子结构的元件可分为主元件和次元件,传递矩阵沿主元件形成并考虑次元件的作用。文中通过例子说明形成一个周期单元传递矩阵的方法,指出利用传递矩阵计算无限或半无限长格子结构波传播的传播常数及有限长格子结构固有频率和频率响应函数的方法。作为数例,文中计算了一维平面格子结构的传播常数和频率响应函数。     

Investigation of non-equilibrium adsorption character in solid adsorption refrigeration cycle

The adsorber is the key element in an adsorption refrigeration system. Its characteristic coupled with heat and mass transfer and adsorption dominats the cycle performance. In general, the velocity of adsorption in adsorber is not faster than that of heat transfer, that is, the adsorption rate does not reach the equilibrium value at each status point in real operation. The feature of non-equilibrium adsorption results of apparent different characteristic on adsorption refrigeration performance comparing with the case of equilibrium adsorption model. Based on numerical simulation, both models with equilibrium and non-equilibrium adsorption are compared with each other. The simulations condition includes various surface diffusing velocity coefficients. This paper shows the characteristic of temperature and adsorbed mass rate distribution in adsorber and some thermodynamic analysis on adsorption refrigeration cycle. It could be observed that non-equilibrium adsorption should be taken into account in adsorption refrigeration particularly for short cycle time and vacuum system.     

基于频响函数提升小波总能量的桁架结构随机模型修正

为了解决模型修正问题中的随机性,构建了一种基于提升小波总能量的随机模型修正方法.首先,将结 构的加速度频响函数进行提升小波变换,并提取提升小波总能量来代替加速度频响函数;然后,以待修正参数作为输入,提升小波总能量为输出构建响应面代理模型代替原来的有限元模型;接着,运用蒙特卡洛抽样抽取响应样本,并设定阈值筛选响应样本;最后,以代理模型预测得到的响应和抽样所得真实响应之间的差值最小为 目标函数,通过布谷鸟优化算法寻优求解待修正参数的均值.算例表明,所提方法修正后参数的最大误差小于3.3％,相应的频响函数曲线重合度高.     

Nonlinear magneto-electric response of a giant magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composite cylinder

In this study,we investigate the nonlinear coupling magneto-electric(ME) effect of a giant magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composite cylinder.The nonlinear constitutive relations of the ME material are taken into account,and the influences of the nonlinear material properties on the ME effect are investigated for the static and dynamic cases,respectively.The influences of different constraint conditions on the ME effect are discussed.In the dynamic case considering nonlinear material properties,the double frequency ME response(The response frequency is twice the applied magnetic frequency) is obtained and discussed,which can be used to explain the experiment phenomenon in which the input signal with frequency f is converted to the output signal with 2 f in ME laminated structures.Some calculations on nonlinear ME effect are conducted.The obtained results indicate that the nonlinear material properties affect not only the magnitude of the ME effect in the static case but also the ME response frequency in the dynamic case.     

数字闭环光纤陀螺频率特性分析与测试

系统的闭环带宽严重影响光纤陀螺在振动、急转弯等环境条件下的测试精度,闭环光纤陀螺的实际带宽高达几kHz,无法采用一般的角振动台进行全频带频率特性测试,因此,频率特性的分析与测试成为了闭环光纤陀螺研究的一项重要内容。针对这种需求,根据系统的结构框图及工作原理,建立了数字闭环光纤陀螺的动态模型,推导出了系统的传递函数;在此基础上对数字闭环光纤陀螺的频率特性进行了分析,指出了改善系统动态特性的方法;最后,利用数字闭环光纤陀螺的闭环工作原理,通过在反馈阶梯波上直接叠加激励信号,实现了光纤陀螺阶跃响应和频率响应的测试,得出了系统闭环带宽高达9kHz的结论。     

Combined neural network and reduced FRF techniques for slight damage detection using measured response data

Summary  This paper deals with structural damage detection using measured frequency response functions (FRF) as input data to artificial neural networks (ANN). A major obstacle, the impracticality of using full-size FRF data with ANNs, was circumvented by applying a data-reduction technique based on principal component analysis (PCA). The compressed FRFs, represented by their projection onto the most significant principal components, were used as the ANN input variables instead of the raw FRF data. The output is a prediction of the actual state of the specimen, i.e. healthy or damaged. A further advantage of this particular approach is its ability to deal with relatively high measurement noise, which is a common occurrence when dealing with industrial structures. The methodology was applied to detect three different states of a space antenna: reference, slight mass damage and slight stiffness damage. About 600 FRF measurements, each with 1024 spectral points, were included in the analysis. Six 2-hidden layer networks, each with an individually-optimised architecture for a specific FRF reduction level, were used for damage detection. The results showed that it was possible to distinguish between the three states of the antenna with good accuracy, subject to using an adequate number of principal components together with a suitable neural network configuration. It was also found that the quality of the raw FRF data remained a major consideration, though the method was able to filter out some of the measurement noise. The convergence and detection properties of the networks were improved significantly by removing those FRFs associated with measurement errors. Received 9 March 2000; accepted for publication 12 December 2000     

吸振器在浮筏上减振应用的有限元分析

浮筏隔振系统是一种广泛应用的减振降噪装置,但它在低频减振方面还存在较大不足。研究表明通过安装吸振器可以改善原系统的隔振性能。本文针对吸振器在浮筏系统中减振应用的问题,采用有限元方法,通过分析比较安装吸振器前后浮筏系统频响特性的变化情况,对吸振器在实际浮筏上的减振效果进行了模拟计算;同时采用自行研制的磁流变弹性体半主动吸振器进行了吸振器在浮筏上的减振实验。通过计算结果与实验测试值的对比,验证了用该方法对吸振器在实际浮筏上的减振效果进行预报的可行性。     

关于复杂管系气柱固有频率计算的若干问题

本文论述了复杂管道系统气柱固有频率计算中存在的若干问题，在模型简化、计算方法等方面提出一个基于频响函数改进措施，并增加了验根过程。通过和实验数据、以往传递矩阵法计算结果的比较和实际管系的应用计算，证明本文方法是令人满意和有效的。     

广义概率密度演化方程的再生核质点加密算法

采用一般质点近似和再生核质点近似表示系统响应量,给出了动力系统响应量的一般表达式。在此基础上,发展了一类求解广义概率密度演化方程的再生核质点加密算法,给出了详细求解步骤。以单自由度系统为例,从响应概率密度的角度考察了再生核质点加密算法的精度。以多自由度框架结构为例,验证了再生核质点加密算法求取非线性随机动力系统响应概率密度的正确性。     

TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF TRUSS STRUCTURE WITH FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN DYNAMIC RESPONSE CONSTRAINTS

In this paper, adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) is applied to topology optimization of truss structure with frequency domain excitations. The optimization constraints include fundamental frequency, displacement responses under force excitations and acceleration responses under foundation acceleration excitations. The roulette wheel selection operator, adaptive crossover and mutation operators are used as genetic operators. Some heuristic strategies are put forward to direct the deletion of the extra bars and nodes on truss structures. Three examples demonstrate that the proposed method can yield the optimum structure form and the lightest weight of the given ground structure while satisfying dynamic response constraints.     

PVDF压电计在动态应力测量中的应用

ＰＶＤＦ是一种新型的高分子压电型传感器材料，有较敏感的压电效应。文中讨论了ＰＶＤＦ在冲击实验中的动态标定、频响特性及压电特性。实验结果与应变片的结果进行了比较，说明ＰＶＤＦ具有噪音信号小、频响宽、瞬态响应时间短等特点，具有广泛的应用前景。文中还给出了ＰＶＤＦ用在铝试件及岩石试件中压应力波测量的试验结果。     

基于界面主从位移控制的频响子结构方法

在复杂工程结构频响子结构分析中,各个子结构的频响函数往往是由不同的部门获得,各个子结构的频响函数可能是在不同的坐标系下得到,亦或有些子结构具有某种对称性,这需要对相应的子结构频响函数进行旋转和镜像变换后才能进行整体拼接。此外,子结构拼接时交界面的连接点有时可能存在不一致,为了满足位移协调和力平衡条件,本文基于界面主从位移控制原理,提出一种改进的频响子结构方法,该方法既能考虑子结构的旋转和镜像变换,也能考虑子结构界面间的柔性连接,并可大幅提高计算效率。当界面位移控制阵为单位阵时,改进的方法退化为传统的频响子结构方法。数值算例验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

复杂高耸结构风振响应研究

本文提出了基于高频动态测力天平试验的风振响应的频域分析方法,采用该方法可以用来求解复杂高耸结构的三维耦联风振响应,并给出了利用高频动态测力天平试验来确定广义模态力谱的计算方法.该方法利用高频动态测力天平试验得到的基底剪力自谱、基底弯矩自谱以及基底剪力与弯矩的互谱与脉动风荷载的自谱密度的相互关系并通过引入振型修正系数来求得广义模态力谱,求解结构的三维耦联风振响应.然后,采用本文方法对在建的河南省广播电视发射塔的风振响应进行了研究,结果表明横风向的位移和加速度响应的均方根值要大于顺风向,因此在计算中必须考虑横风向风振的影响.最后本文对计算振型数目和模态耦联项对结构风振响应的影响进行了分析.本文的方法对于求解复杂高耸结构的风振响应具有重要的借鉴意义.     

局部结构动力修改的频率响应函数方法

本文提出一种计算结构修改后振动特性的频率响应函数方法。此法考虑结构修改时振动系统的物理参数矩阵(质量、刚度、阻尼)的同时变化,利用位置矩阵,将局部修改时产生的物理参数矩阵的增量部分分解表示。推导出修改后振动系统的频率响应函数矩阵,进而拟合出模态参数。此法对物理参数的改变量的大小可以任意,且计算过程简单。