高性能陶瓷聚合物前驱体研究新进展

含硅聚合物是制备高性能陶瓷的重要前驱体。聚合物前驱体热解转化法在非氧化物陶瓷及其复合材料制备方面具有特别优势。本文主要介绍了含不饱和基团聚硅碳烷、线性和超支化聚硼硅氮烷、含过渡金属聚合物等几类前驱体的结构设计和合成新方法,以及其在电磁波吸收材料、锂电池负极材料、特种陶瓷结构3D打印成型方面应用的新进展。     

胺源对“一锅法”合成聚硼硅氮烷结构及性能的影响

以六甲基二硅氮烷(MM^N)、四甲基二乙烯基二硅氮烷(MM^NVi)和四甲基二硅氮烷(MM^NH) 3种不同结构的二硅氮烷为胺源,通过与氯硅烷和三氯化硼反应,制备出具有不同封端结构的聚硼硅氮烷.其中,以MM^N、MM^NVi为胺源可获得液态产物;以MM^NH为胺源时,因合成过程中发生活性基团间的过度交联导致产物凝胶.采用核磁共振波谱仪、红外光谱仪对液态前驱体聚合物及其热解产物的结构进行了表征.研究结果表明：通过“一锅法”制备的液态聚硼硅氮烷主链具有较多的支化和环状结构,随着封端结构中乙烯基含量的增加,所得前驱体的固化温度降低,固化反应活化能降低.与以MM^N为胺源和封端剂合成的聚硼硅氮烷相比,以MM^NVi为胺源所得前驱体固化前后陶瓷产率分别提高了14.9%及8.1%.并且,通过改变胺源的种类和比例可以调节热解产物的元素组成,合成的液态前驱体聚合物热解所得SiBCN陶瓷结晶温度高于1700℃.     

氮化硅陶瓷前驱体研究进展

聚硅氮烷可用作高温裂解法制备氮化硅陶瓷的前驱体。本文概括了近年来聚硅氮烷前驱体的研究及发展状况,总结了聚氮烷前驱体在合成,应用用以及裂解转化为陶瓷机理方面的研究进展。     

基于环硼氮烷的高陶瓷产率SiBCN先驱体的合成与性能

聚合物先驱体转化法作为制备SiBCN陶瓷及其复合材料的重要途径,具有成型温度低、产物结构和组成可控等优点.设计合成合适的聚合物先驱体是提高陶瓷产率和性能的关键因素之一,本文采用三氯环硼氮烷(TCB)与乙炔基氯化镁进行反应,合成了乙炔基环硼氮烷,进而与二氯硅烷和二氯甲基乙烯基硅烷进行共氨解反应,制备了聚硼硅氮烷先驱体(PBSZ)并进行了高温裂解.采用综合热分析(TG-DSG)对其陶瓷化过程进行了分析,并采用XRD和SEM对陶瓷化产物的结构进行了表征.PBSZ在室温下是液态,易溶于二氯甲烷和氯仿等溶剂,可加工性优良.基于PBSZ先驱体的SiBCN陶瓷产率超过80%;陶瓷化产物在1400℃以下为无定形状态,在1500℃可形成由α-Si3N4,β-Si3N4,h-BN和SiO2晶体结构组成的陶瓷;陶瓷产物表面致密平整且具有优异的热稳定性和氧化性能,表明聚硼硅氮烷(PBSZ)有望成为高陶瓷产率和高性能陶瓷的重要先驱体.     

聚硼硅氮烷前驱体的合成及性能研究

以三氯化硼和甲基氢二氯硅烷为原料,采用共氨解的方式合成了聚硼硅氮烷前驱体,并采用核磁共振波谱仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、差式扫描量热仪、热重分析仪、光电子能谱、网络矢量分析仪等仪器对前驱体及其热解产物进行了表征。前驱体在1000 oC、氮气气氛下热解的陶瓷产率为71.1 %。在氨气气氛下热解可以有效降低热解产物中的碳含量,聚硼硅氮烷在900 oC氨气气氛下热解产物的碳含量低于1 %,并且该热解产物具有高的结晶温度、良好的抗氧化性能和介电性能,有望用于耐高温陶瓷基透波复合材料。     

硅氮烷的合成与应用研究进展

硅氮烷根据原料以及合成方法的不同可分为链硅氮烷、环硅氮烷、聚硅氮烷等. 有机硅氮化合物由于其含有的硅氮键、氮氢键的独特性质, 在陶瓷前驱体制备、耐热材料的制备、辉光放电反应、高效液相色谱等方面有了越来越重要的应用.介绍了硅氮烷的一些最新合成与应用研究进展.     

新型氮化硼陶瓷纤维先驱体——含硅聚硼氮烷的合成与表征

以三氯化硼、六甲基二硅氮烷为起始原料, 采用一步法合成了一种新型含硅氮化硼陶瓷纤维先驱体——含硅聚硼氮烷. 该法合成工艺简单, 且合成收率约为87%(质量分数). 采用元素分析、傅立叶红外光谱、核磁共振波谱、热机械分析、动态流变分析等对含硅聚硼氮烷的组成、结构和性能进行了表征. 结果表明, N—B为含硅聚硼氮烷先驱体的骨架结构, 其中, B, N主要以硼氮六环形式存在, 而Si则以Si—CH₃, Si—N形式存在. 该先驱体软化点为110 ℃, 具有优良的成型性, 在190 ℃的N₂气氛中可纺丝得到20～25 μm的有机纤维.     

聚硼硅氮烷的表征及其流变性能

以二氯甲基硅烷、三氯化硼、六甲基二硅氮烷为起始原料,采用缩聚法合成了新型SiBNC陶瓷前驱体--聚硼硅氮烷(PBSZ),其产率达90%. 通过调节二氯甲基硅烷的用量可获得不同软化点的前驱体. 采用改进的毛细管流变仪,首次对熔融纺丝状态时PBSZ的流变特性进行了研究. 结果表明,PBSZ熔融纺丝时,剪切速率在10～110 s~(-1)范围内时,为切力变稀流体,非牛顿指数为0.83～0.90,表观粘度为440～2 460 Pa·s,粘流活化能约为142 kJ/mol. PBSZ纺丝性能良好,纤维连续无断头长度＞1 600 m,纤维直径＜20 μm.     

ZrB2/SiC前驱体的制备、表征及裂解行为

以聚锆氧烷为锆源,聚硼硅氮烷兼作硼源、硅源和碳源,通过共混得到ZrB2/SiC液相前驱体,该前驱体经高温裂解得到ZrB2/SiC复相陶瓷.对ZrB2/SiC前驱体的裂解行为、陶瓷产物结构及微观形貌进行了表征.结果表明,ZrB2/SiC前驱体经1400℃裂解后保持无定形状态,1500℃处理后析出t-ZrO2晶体,1600℃时体系发生碳热还原反应生成ZrC,同时析出SiC晶体,1700℃时生成ZrB2,最终陶瓷产物晶相组成为ZrB2/SiC.在1500~2000℃范围内,随着处理温度的升高,陶瓷由致密结构变为多孔结构,最终陶瓷产物由尺寸为100~300 nm的纳米颗粒堆积而成,各元素分布均匀.     

聚硼硅氮烷的合成及其流变性能研究

以二氯甲基硅烷、三氯化硼、六甲基二硅氮烷为起始原料,采用缩聚法合成了一种新型SiBNC陶瓷先驱体-聚硼硅氮烷(PBSZ)。通过调节原料二氯甲基硅烷的用量可获得不同软化点的先驱体。通过改进的毛细管流变仪,首次对熔融纺丝状态时聚硼硅氮烷(PBSZ)的流变特性展开了研究。结果表明：PBSZ熔融纺丝时,剪切速率在10～110s-1时,为切力变稀流体。非牛顿指数为0.83～0.90,粘流活化能约为142KJ/mol,表观粘度440～2460Pa·s,PBSZ对温度变化的敏感性较聚碳硅烷小,可纺温区较宽。PBSZ纺丝性能良好,纤维连续无断头长度﹥1600m,纤维直径﹤20μm。     

Chemical composition and porous structure of polymer-derived silicoboron carbonitride ceramics prepared via a monomer route

Polymer-derived silicoboron carbonitride (SiBCN) ceramics were facilely prepared using organosilicon monomers tris(dichloromethylsilylethyl)borane and bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide as the starting materials. The polymer precursors were obtained either without adding styrene or by adding an appropriate amount of styrene into the mixture of the organosilicon monomers, followed by heat treatment and purifying. The chemical composition and pore structure of the polymer-derived SiBCN ceramics were studied. It was found that styrene diluted the monomers and hindered their chemical reaction from forming the polymeric network. The polymer precursor prepared with styrene was composed of boron-modified polysilylcarbodiimide as the matrix and dispersed polystyrene mainly of sizes 20–50 μm. Accordingly, a polymer-derived SiBCN ceramic with a three-dimensional continuous macroporous structure containing pores mainly of 20.9–58.1 μm with a total porosity of 74% was achieved. The B/N atomic ratio reached 0.58 with low oxygen content of 2.81 wt%, which satisfied the requirement for high-temperature application.     

Designed synthesis of nanostructured siloxane-organic hybrids from amphiphilic silicon-based precursors

This paper reports on recent progress in the synthesis of nanostructured siloxane-organic hybrids based on the self-assembly of amphiphilic silicon-based precursors. A variety of ordered hybrid materials have been obtained by molecular design of the precursors. Alkoxysilanes and chlorosilanes with covalently attached hydrophobic organic tails are hydrolyzed to form amphiphilic molecules containing silanol groups, leading to the formation of layered (lamellar) structures. Transparent and oriented thin films of lamellar hybrids were prepared by the reaction in the presence of tetraalkoxysilane. In addition, the design of molecules having alkyl chains and large oligosiloxane heads led to the formation of mesophases consisting of cylindrical assemblies, providing a direct pathway to ordered porous silica. The synthesis, structural features, and formation processes of these hybrid mesostructures are discussed.     

Ceramics and Nanostructures from Molecular Precursors

The elaboration of solids from the molecular scale by a kinetically controlled methodology is one of the main challenges of molecular chemistry. In the long term, this should permit the design of solids with desired properties. Here, some examples are given which show a few methods that have been used for the preparation of solids from molecular precursors. The one-pot synthesis of rheologically controlled SiC is described. Access to a new kind of ceramic is obtained by the same methodology using molecular precursors. Mixed ceramics with interpenetrating networks are not accessible by the chemical thermodynamic route. The chemistry of hybrid materials obtained from molecular precursors through inorganic polymerization is presented. This class of materials offers wide perspectives because of 1) the large possibilities opened by the organic unit, 2) the kinetic control, which permits any kind of texture for the solid, and 3) the aptitude of these solids to become nanostructured.     

Modified Ion-Conducting Ceramics Based on Lanthanum Gallate: Synthesis,Structure, and Properties

A review is presented of the synthesis and complex investigation of modified ion-conducting ceramics based on heterosubstituted lanthanum gallate as a promising electrolyte material for solid oxide fuel cells. The effect the composition of multicomponent complex oxides has on the structure, microstructure, and electrophysical properties of ceramics is examined. Samples of ceramics with new compositions are produced via solid-state synthesis and modified with lithium fluoride. A drop is observed in the sintering temperature of the ceramics, caused by the liquid phase mechanism of sintering as a result of the low-melting superstoichiometric quantities of the additive. The effect lithium fluoride has on the process of phase formation, microstructure, and conductivity of the ceramics is investigated. It is found that samples modified with lithium fluoride display high density, dense grain packing, and high values of electrical conductivity at high temperatures.     

Production of Dihydrogen Using Ammonia Borane as Reagent and Pyrazole as Catalyst

Theoretical chemistry (DLPNO-CCSD(T)/def2-TZVP//M06-2x/aug-cc-pVDZ) was used to design a system based on ammonia boranes catalyzed by pyrazoles with the aim of producing dihydrogen, nowadays of high interest as clean fuel. The reactivity of ammonia borane and cyclotriborazane were investigated, including catalytic activation through 1H-pyrazole, 4-methoxy-1H-pyrazole, and 4-nitro-1H-pyrazole. The results point toward a catalytic cycle by which, at the same time, ammonia borane can initially store and then, through catalysis, produce dihydrogen and amino borane. Subsequently, amino borane can trimerize to form cyclotriborazane that, in presence of the same catalyst, can also produce dihydrogen. This study proposes therefore a consistent progress in using environmentally sustainable (metal free) catalysts to efficiently extract dihydrogen from small B−N bonded molecules.     

生物模板法制备木材陶瓷*

生物模板法是一种制备具有生物形貌特点的结构和功能材料的新方法。由于木材组织结构方面的独特性,制备其多级孔结构的木材生态陶瓷在探索特殊微观结构和性能之间的关系方面有着重大的意义。本文总结了生物模板法制备陶瓷材料技术的发展现状,并且指出了各种工艺的优缺点,着重介绍了木材陶瓷的发展历史、制备方法、机理和性能,概述了木材陶瓷在骨移植材料和催化材料方面的应用和发展前景。     

Radical reductions of alkyl halides bearing electron withdrawing groups with N-heterocyclic carbene boranes

1,3-Dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene borane and 2,4-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylidene borane are found to be useful reagents for the reduction of alkyl iodides and bromides bearing nearby electron withdrawing substituents. Signatures of radical chain reactions are seen in many cases, but ionic reductions may also be occurring with some substrates. The reagents are attractive because of their low molecular weight, their availability from inexpensive precursors, and their stability. Separation of the borane products from the target products is readily accomplished either with or without prior regeneration of the borane for later reuse. 2,4-Dimethyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylidene borane is versatile because both starting borane and its derived products can be removed by extraction with water.     

光学活性沙丁胺醇的不对称合成研究进展

综述了不对称反应合成光学活性沙丁胺醇的研究进展。其中包括手性辅基诱导、不对称硼氢化、不对称催化氢化、不对称转移氢化、不对称双羟基化反应、酶催化的不对称氰醇化反应等。     

三(五氟苯基)硼烷掺杂有机/高分子半导体的研究进展

有机/高分子共轭聚合物的结构设计是制备高性能有机半导体的有效策略,但该过程存在着设计合成周期长、制备步骤复杂和产率偏低等问题。为了克服这些问题,近年来人们越来越关注对有机/高分子半导体的掺杂。然而,传统电荷转移掺杂剂(如卤族单质I₂、金属氧化物Fe₃O₄、小分子F4TCNQ等)存在掺杂效率低、溶解度差和掺杂条件苛刻等问题。相比之下,三(五氟苯基)硼烷具有溶解度高、掺杂效率高、广泛适应性等优点。本文结合相关文献综述了三(五氟苯基)硼烷掺杂有机半导体的物理机制,并探讨了掺杂有机半导体的性质;此外,还总结了三(五氟苯基)硼烷掺杂在不同光电功能器件中的应用并明确了今后的研究方向。