非金属催化剂在催化环氧化物和CO_2合成环状碳酸酯中的研究进展（英文）

随着科学技术的进步和工业化的发展,大量化石燃料被消耗,大气中二氧化碳浓度急剧增加,导致温室效应加剧,严重威胁到人类的生存和发展.基于可持续发展的思想,利用储量丰富且廉价的二氧化碳作为C1资源替代有毒的气体(如一氧化碳和光气等)制备具有广泛应用的环状碳酸酯,不仅满足"绿色化学"的要求,而且符合"原子经济性"的原则.迄今为止,大量用于催化二氧化碳和环氧化物环加成反应合成环状碳酸酯的催化剂,包括均相催化剂(如金属卤化物、有机碱、离子液体和金属配合物),多相催化剂(如金属氧化物、负载型催化剂、有机聚合物、金属有机框架材料和碳材料等)被报道.其中金属催化剂占主导地位,大多表现出优异的催化活性.然而,目前可供开采的金属矿越来越少,大多数金属的回收再利用率较低,重金属污染日趋严重.因此,开发新型、廉价、绿色、高效、循环性和稳定性好的非金属催化剂具有重要意义.本文主要介绍了近3年以来用于催化二氧化碳和环氧化物环加成反应合成环状碳酸酯的非金属催化剂,主要包括有机碱、离子液体、固载型催化剂、有机聚合物和碳材料等.概括了不同种类催化剂的设计思想及其催化反应机理,重点阐述了分子内以及分子间各种功能基团的协同作用对环加成反应的影响.通过比较发现,具有"C–N=C"结构的有机碱活性相对较高,氢键给体和亲核物质都能与有机碱协同作用提高其催化活性;传统离子液体的活性一般不理想,氢键给体如羟基和羧基的引入有利于促进环加成反应,且多阳离子和多氢键给体功能化的离子液体表现出更高的催化活性;负载型催化剂中,载体和活性组分之间的协同作用有利于加速环加成反应的进行,多种功能基团负载和以共价键方式多层固载能更好地提高催化剂稳定性和催化活性;利用非烯烃化合物制得的活性组分位于主链的多孔有机聚合物,催化活性和稳定性大多高于活性组分位于侧链的烯烃聚合物;碳材料催化剂中,引入不饱和的N物种(如伯胺和吡啶氮),有利于CO_2的吸附和活化,能促进环加成反应.此外,利用密度泛函的方法,计算模拟催化反应过程,能更好地揭示反应机理,并为设计和制备高效的催化剂提供理论指导.该领域目前面临的重要挑战是研发可以同时实现二氧化碳捕获和转化的新型、环保和高效非金属催化剂,终极目标是利用多孔催化材料在常温和常压下直接捕获工业废气中的二氧化碳,并利用捕获的二氧化碳实现环状碳酸酯的连续生产.基于协同催化的设计思想,利用多种基团功能化的策略合成高效吸附和活化二氧化碳以及开环活化环氧化物的非金属催化剂,有望实现上述目标.     

离子液体催化CO2与环氧化物合成环状碳酸酯

综述了离子液体催化CO2与环氧化物的环加成反应制备环状碳酸酯的研究进展。目前报道的离子液体主要包括咪唑盐、季铵盐、季鏻盐等。对比了传统离子液体与功能化离子液体对CO2环加成反应的催化活性、选择性以及催化作用机制。与传统的离子液体相比,功能化离子液体的羟基或羧基等官能团与卤素离子等Lewis碱之间存在协同效应,使得其对CO2与环氧化物的环加成反应具有更好的催化活性;将功能化离子液体固载于无机材料(SiO2,SBA-15,MCM-41等)或聚合物所得的多相催化剂不仅保持了官能团与阴离子之间的协同效应,而且载体与离子液体活性组分之间也显示出协同效应,使得该类催化剂具有很好的催化活性,稳定性好,可以多次重复使用,具有较好的工业化前景,是值得深入研发的一类催化材料。此外,离子液体对于手性环状碳酸酯的合成也具有较好的催化活性和立体选择性。     

超临界二氧化碳中组氨酸催化合成环状碳酸酯

研究了超临界二氧化碳中α-氨基酸催化二氧化碳与环氧化物环加成反应合成环状碳酸酯,发现组氨酸的催化活性最高.在二氧化碳压力为8MPa、反应温度130℃、反应时间48h、组氨酸加入量为0.8mol%的条件下,二氧化物可以顺利的与各种环氧化物反应,以高的选择性和产率生成相应的环状碳酸酯.     

非均相离子液体催化CO2环加成反应研究进展

二氧化碳（CO2）是一种来源丰富的C1资源,在温和条件下实现CO2的资源化利用是当前研究的热点之一。CO2环加成反应制备环状碳酸酯是CO2资源化利用的重要途径之一。环状碳酸酯是电池电解液的优良介质,可承受较恶劣的光、热及化学变化;同时也是聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯等精细化工中间体,广泛应用于医药、化工、纺织、印染等领域。非均相离子液体催化剂具有化学和热稳定性好、合成过程简单和可重复使用等优势。本文重点总结了近年来非均相离子液体催化剂在CO2和环氧化物环加成反应中的应用,并对非均相离子液体催化CO2环加成反应的发展进行展望。     

超临界二氧化碳中马来酸锌催化合成环状碳酸酯

在超临界二氧化碳中, 利用马来酸锌催化二氧化碳与环氧化物反应合成环状碳酸酯. 单独使用马来酸锌作为催化剂时, 对二氧化碳与环氧丙烷反应的催化活性较低, 而在DBU、DMAP、三乙胺、吡啶、咪唑或4-氨基吡啶等有机碱的存在下, 反应活性较高, 产物的收率得到明显提高. 有机碱作用的强弱顺序为DBU>Et3N>咪唑>4-氨基吡啶>DMAP>吡啶. 在压力为8 MPa, 温度110 ℃, 反应时间48 h条件下, 马来酸锌与DBU组成的二元催化系统可以催化二氧化碳与环氧丙烷反应, 得到83.4%产率的碳酸丙烯酯. 该二元系统也能催化其它环氧化物高产率地转化为相应的环状碳酸酯.     

含钴介孔分子筛Co-MCM-41耦合溴化四丁基铵协同催化苯乙烯直接氧化碳酰化制备苯乙烯环状碳酸酯

以苯乙烯为起始物,经催化环氧化然后环氧化物与二氧化碳环加成反应"串联一锅"制备苯乙烯环状碳酸酯,反应工艺简单(避免了中间体环氧化物的事先合成与分离)且绿色经济(原料苯乙烯比苯乙烯环氧化物价格低廉且毒性小),工艺具有潜在的工业应用前景。探讨了掺杂不同金属(Co,Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Ti)的MCM-41介孔分子筛催化剂对苯乙烯环氧化的转化率和选择性,研究表明以含钴介孔分子筛Co-MCM-41为最佳,并以Co-MCM-41耦合溴化四丁基铵(TBAB)为催化剂,考察了苯乙烯直接氧化碳酰化制苯乙烯环状碳酸酯反应。从影响反应活性和产物选择性的因素来优化反应,在80℃、4 MPa、CO2压力下,反应7 h,碳酸酯的收率达到46.1%。Co-MCM-41催化第一步苯乙烯环氧化反应,溴化四丁基铵催化第二步环加成反应。     

固载型季铵盐离子液体催化合成环状碳酸酯:烷基链长及羟基的影响

CO2是造成温室效应的主要原因,同时又是地球上储量最为丰富的可再生C1能源.因此,CO2资源化受到了广泛关注.CO2与环氧化物反应可合成环状碳酸酯,后者广泛用作极性溶剂、锂离子电池的电解液和聚碳酸酯中间体等.但是,由于CO2的化学惰性,其反应需要高活性的催化剂.近年来,碱性金属、金属配合物及离子液体等均相催化剂被用于催化CO2与环氧化物加成反应.其中,离子液体具有高热稳定性、低挥发性和结构可调性,得到了广泛研究.季铵盐、咪唑盐和季鏻盐等离子液体已经被证实具有较高的催化活性.然而,均相催化剂回收困难,而且产物需要进一步纯化.将离子液体固载化制备成非均相催化剂,可以实现简单的固/液分离.聚合物、SiO2、SBA-15、氧化石墨烯和羧甲基纤维素等固载化催化剂已经广泛用于CO2和环氧化物的环加成反应.虽然非均相催化剂显示了潜在的优势,但是催化活性较低的问题仍然亟待解决,尤其是在较温和的反应条件下.因此,通过催化剂分子结构设计以提高催化性能,成为目前的研究热点.本文提出在催化活性基团和载体之间引入长烷基链,增加催化活性位点与反应物的接触面积,同时引入助催化的羟基,通过长链与羟基的协同作用,提高非均相催化剂活性.本文合成了羟基功能化长柔性链季铵化聚苯乙烯微球非均相催化剂([AHTAPC-PS]X,X=Cl,Br,I),用于催化CO2与环氧化物的环加成反应,并与不含羟基的长烷基链季铵盐离子液体非均相催化剂([TAPB-PS]Br)及短烷基链季铵盐离子液体非均相催化剂([TMA-PS]X)的催化性能进行了对比.考察了固载后的离子液体烷基链长及侧链羟基对催化性能的影响,并通过实验和密度泛函理论计算研究了催化机理.红外光谱、扫描电镜和能量散射谱结果充分证明了季铵盐非均相催化剂的成功合成;热重测试表明,此类催化剂具有可以满足反应需求的热稳定性.密度泛函理论计算结果显示,与短烷基链非均相催化剂相比,长烷基链非均相催化剂的阴离子负电性更强,同时羟基与环氧化合物的氧原子之间存在强的氢键作用.羟基形成的氢键可以增加环氧化物的C–O键长,同时强负电的阴离子更加容易攻击β-碳原子,促进环氧化物开环.另外,长烷基链结构使得卤素阴离子具有与反应物更大的接触范围,因此提高了反应活性.当采用短烷基链季铵盐非均相催化剂时,环氧丙烷(PO)与CO2环加成反应生成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)的产率仅为70.9%,而采用长烷基链季铵盐非均相催化剂时产率可达91.4%(135°C,1.5MPa,3h),进一步加入助催化的羟基,则PC产率可提高到98.5%.此外,含羟基的长烷基季铵盐非均相催化剂在温和条件下也具有较高的催化活性(100°C,1.5 MPa,3 h,PC产率78.4%),该催化剂同时具有较高的循环稳定性(10次循环后,PC产率≥96%,选择性≥99%).综上所述,该催化剂具有优异的综合性能,展现了良好的工业应用前景.     

固载型季铵盐离子液体催化合成环状碳酸酯:烷基链长及羟基的影响（英文）

CO_2是造成温室效应的主要原因,同时又是地球上储量最为丰富的可再生C1能源.因此,CO_2资源化受到了广泛关注.CO_2与环氧化物反应可合成环状碳酸酯,后者广泛用作极性溶剂、锂离子电池的电解液和聚碳酸酯中间体等.但是,由于CO_2的化学惰性,其反应需要高活性的催化剂.近年来,碱性金属、金属配合物及离子液体等均相催化剂被用于催化CO_2与环氧化物加成反应.其中,离子液体具有高热稳定性、低挥发性和结构可调性,得到了广泛研究.季铵盐、咪唑盐和季鏻盐等离子液体已经被证实具有较高的催化活性.然而,均相催化剂回收困难,而且产物需要进一步纯化.将离子液体固载化制备成非均相催化剂,可以实现简单的固/液分离.聚合物、SiO_2、SBA-15、氧化石墨烯和羧甲基纤维素等固载化催化剂已经广泛用于CO_2和环氧化物的环加成反应.虽然非均相催化剂显示了潜在的优势,但是催化活性较低的问题仍然亟待解决,尤其是在较温和的反应条件下.因此,通过催化剂分子结构设计以提高催化性能,成为目前的研究热点.本文提出在催化活性基团和载体之间引入长烷基链,增加催化活性位点与反应物的接触面积,同时引入助催化的羟基,通过长链与羟基的协同作用,提高非均相催化剂活性.本文合成了羟基功能化长柔性链季铵化聚苯乙烯微球非均相催化剂([AHTAPC-PS]X,X=Cl,Br,I),用于催化CO_2与环氧化物的环加成反应,并与不含羟基的长烷基链季铵盐离子液体非均相催化剂([TAPB-PS]Br)及短烷基链季铵盐离子液体非均相催化剂([TMA-PS]X)的催化性能进行了对比.考察了固载后的离子液体烷基链长及侧链羟基对催化性能的影响,并通过实验和密度泛函理论计算研究了催化机理.红外光谱、扫描电镜和能量散射谱结果充分证明了季铵盐非均相催化剂的成功合成;热重测试表明,此类催化剂具有可以满足反应需求的热稳定性.密度泛函理论计算结果显示,与短烷基链非均相催化剂相比,长烷基链非均相催化剂的阴离子负电性更强,同时羟基与环氧化合物的氧原子之间存在强的氢键作用.羟基形成的氢键可以增加环氧化物的C–O键长,同时强负电的阴离子更加容易攻击β-碳原子,促进环氧化物开环.另外,长烷基链结构使得卤素阴离子具有与反应物更大的接触范围,因此提高了反应活性.当采用短烷基链季铵盐非均相催化剂时,环氧丙烷(PO)与CO_2环加成反应生成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)的产率仅为70.9%,而采用长烷基链季铵盐非均相催化剂时产率可达91.4%(135°C,1.5 MPa,3 h),进一步加入助催化的羟基,则PC产率可提高到98.5%.此外,含羟基的长烷基季铵盐非均相催化剂在温和条件下也具有较高的催化活性(100°C,1.5 MPa,3 h,PC产率78.4%),该催化剂同时具有较高的循环稳定性(10次循环后,PC产率≥96%,选择性≥99%).综上所述,该催化剂具有优异的综合性能,展现了良好的工业应用前景.     

离子液体催化CO_2和环氧化合物的研究进展

离子液体是一类新型的催化CO_2环加成反应的催化剂,因其具有结构可设计性、催化活性高、绿色高效等优点而被广泛应用于催化合成环状碳酸酯.本文主要综述了近几年来各种常规型离子液体及功能化离子液体对CO_2和环氧化合物反应的催化性能的研究进展,其中常规型离子液体主要有咪唑类、季铵盐、季鏻盐、吡啶类等离子液体,而功能化离子液体包括氨基功能化、羟基功能化、羧基功能化、氨基酸类等离子液体.同时对各类离子液体催化CO_2与环氧化合物合成环状碳酸酯的研究中存在的问题进行了分析,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

金属有机骨架材料应用于二氧化碳环加成反应的研究进展

化石燃料的燃烧产生大量二氧化碳,引起了包括温室效应在内的诸多生态环境问题。二氧化碳作为一种重要的碳资源,也可用于制备多种重要的化工原料。环氧化合物与二氧化碳环加成是二氧化碳资源化利用的重要方向,并且产物环状碳酸酯在工业上能得到广泛利用。但二氧化碳具有惰性,不易被活化,因此寻求高效且稳定的催化剂成为实现二氧化碳快速转化的关键。金属有机骨架(MOFs)因具有不饱和金属位点、多孔性等优点而被应用到各类催化反应中。又因其具有路易斯酸碱位点,对二氧化碳与环氧化物环加成反应有着突出的催化效果,所以在该反应体系中也有着出色的表现,但其反应条件比较苛刻。环氧化物的活化是在环加成反应中的重要环节,卤化物对环氧化物的活化有很好的效果,但是存在难回收的问题;卤化物阴离子还会引起含铁金属的腐蚀,在一定程度上限制了大规模工业使用。很多研究人员致力于寻找减少使用该类助剂的方法,改进催化体系,于是催生出了关于MOFs改性的各类方法。本文列举了在催化二氧化碳与环氧化物环加成反应过程中关于MOFs的利用以及改性方法,并展望了MOFs材料在催化领域的发展前景。     

Bifunctional Onium and Potassium Iodides as Nucleophilic Catalysts for the Solvent-Free Syntheses of Carbonates,Thiocarbonates, and Oxazolidinones from Epoxides

The catalytic potential of organo-onium iodides as nucleophilic catalysts is aptly demonstrated in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide (CO₂), as a representative CO₂ utilization reaction. Although organo-onium iodide nucleophilic catalysts are metal-free environmentally benign catalysts, harsh reaction conditions are generally required to efficiently promote the coupling reactions of epoxides and CO₂. To solve this problem and accomplish efficient CO₂ utilization reactions under mild conditions, bifunctional onium iodide nucleophilic catalysts bearing a hydrogen bond donor moiety were developed by our research group. Based on the successful bifunctional design of the onium iodide catalysts, nucleophilic catalysis using a potassium iodide (KI)-tetraethylene glycol complex was also investigated in coupling reactions of epoxides and CO₂ under mild reaction conditions. These effective bifunctional onium and potassium iodide nucleophilic catalysts were applied to the solvent-free syntheses of 2-oxazolidinones and cyclic thiocarbonates from epoxides.     

A Recyclable Trinuclear Bifunctional Catalyst Derived from a Tetraoxo Bis‐Zn(salphen) Metalloligand

A tetraoxo bis‐Zn(salphen) supramolecular host can bind various divalent metal salts, thereby providing access to trinuclear bifunctional systems that incorporate both Lewis acid sites and dynamically bound nucleophilic anions. The formation of these trinuclear species was investigated and their stability features were also determined. The application of these trinuclear complexes as bifunctional catalysts was evaluated in the formation of cyclic organic carbonates from epoxides and CO₂. The catalytic data, in combination with control experiments, clearly demonstrate that these trinuclear compounds show much higher recycling potential compared to various control compounds and they can be used in up to five cycles without an observable loss in activity. Furthermore, this new recyclable catalytic system does not require any additives and can be applied under solvent‐free conditions.     

Co‐Catalyst‐Free Chemical Fixation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates by using Metal‐Organic Frameworks as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts

The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere is increasing at an alarming rate resulting in undesirable environmental issues. To mitigate this growing concentration of CO₂, selective carbon capture and storage/sequestration (CCS) are being investigated intensively. However, CCS technology is considered as an expensive and energy‐intensive process. In this context, selective carbon capture and utilization (CCU) as a C1 feedstock to synthesize value‐added chemicals and fuels is a promising step towards lowering the concentration of the atmospheric CO₂ and for the production of high‐value chemicals. Towards this direction, several strategies have been developed to convert CO₂, a Greenhouse gas (GHG) into useful chemicals by forming C?N, C?O, C?C, and C?H bonds. Among the various CO₂ functionalization processes known, the cycloaddition of CO₂ to epoxides has gained considerable interest owing to its 100% atom‐economic nature producing cyclic carbonates or polycarbonates in high yield and selectivity. Among the various classes of catalysts studied for cycloaddition of CO₂ to cyclic carbonates, porous metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained a special interest due to their modular nature facilitating the introduction of a high density of Lewis acidic (LA) and CO₂‐philic Lewis basic (LB) functionalities. However, most of the MOF‐based catalysts reported for cycloaddition of CO₂ to respective cyclic carbonates in high yields require additional co‐catalyst, say tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBAB). On the contrary, the co‐catalyst‐free conversion of CO₂ using rationally designed MOFs composed of both LA and LB sites is relatively less studied. In this review, we provide a comprehensive account of the research progress in the design of MOF based catalysts for environment‐friendly, co‐catalyst‐free fixation of CO₂ into cyclic carbonates.     

Lewis base catalysis in organic synthesis

The legacy of Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875–1946) pervades the lexicon of chemical bonding and reactivity. The power of his concept of donor–acceptor bonding is evident in the eponymous foundations of electron‐pair acceptors (Lewis acids) and donors (Lewis bases). Lewis recognized that acids are not restricted to those substances that contain hydrogen (Brønsted acids), and helped overthrow the “modern cult of the proton”. His discovery ushered in the use of Lewis acids as reagents and catalysts for organic reactions. However, in recent years, the recognition that Lewis bases can also serve in this capacity has grown enormously. Most importantly, it has become increasingly apparent that the behavior of Lewis bases as agents for promoting chemical reactions is not merely as an electronic complement of the cognate Lewis acids: in fact Lewis bases are capable of enhancing both the electrophilic and nucleophilic character of molecules to which they are bound. This diversity of behavior leads to a remarkable versatility for the catalysis of reactions by Lewis bases.     

Solvent Impedes CO2 Cycloaddition on Metal–Organic Frameworks

The catalytic performance of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide and epoxides has been explored under solvent and solvent‐free conditions, respectively. It was found that MOF catalysts have significantly improved catalytic activities in solvent‐free CO₂ cycloaddition reactions than those in solvent. The mechanism was discussed with regard to the competition of solvent with substrate to adhere MOF catalysts during the reaction process.     

Current advances in heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide

The novel heterogeneous catalysts are highly demanded to perform the cycloaddition reaction of carbon dioxide with epoxide to synthesize the cyclic carbonates. The heterogeneous catalysts are more preferred than homogeneous catalysts due to the easy post reaction separation, easy to recycle, high stability and cost effective nature. In this review, we have summarized the current research progress in heterogeneous catalysis for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to synthesis of cyclic carbonates. Recent advances in the design of the heterogeneous catalysts and the understanding to the role of catalysts in reaction process are summarized and discussed.     

Metal Amides as the Simplest Acid/Base Catalysts for Stereoselective Carbon–Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions

In this paper, new possibilities for metal amides are described. Although typical metal amides are recognized as strong stoichiometric bases for deprotonation of inert or less acidic hydrogen atoms, transition‐metal amides, namely silver and copper amides, show interesting abilities as one of the simplest acid/base catalysts in stereoselective carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions.     

Activating a Peroxo Ligand for C−O Bond Formation

Dioxygen activation for effective C?O bond formation in the coordination sphere of a metal is a long‐standing challenge in chemistry for which the design of catalysts for oxygenations is slowed down by the complicated, and sometimes poorly understood, mechanistic panorama. In this context, olefin–peroxide complexes could be valuable models for the study of such reactions. Herein, we showcase the isolation of rare “Ir(cod)(peroxide)” complexes (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) from reactions with oxygen, and then the activation of the peroxide ligand for O?O bond cleavage and C?O bond formation by transfer of a hydrogen atom through proton transfer/electron transfer reactions to give 2‐iradaoxetane complexes and water. 2,4,6‐Trimethylphenol, 1,4‐hydroquinone, and 1,4‐cyclohexadiene were used as hydrogen atom donors. These reactions can be key steps in the oxy‐functionalization of olefins with oxygen, and they constitute a novel mechanistic pathway for iridium, whose full reaction profile is supported by DFT calculations.     

Coupling reactions of CO2 with neat epoxides catalyzed by PPN salts to yield cyclic carbonates

The off-the-shelf reagent PPN+Cl- and PPN-manganese carbonylates [PPN]+[Mn(CO)4L]- (L = CO, PPh3) are good catalysts for the coupling reactions of CO2 with neat epoxides without the use of organic solvents to afford cyclic carbonates. PPN salts with weak nucleophilic anions such as PPN+BF4- and PPN+OTf- are, however, inactive for the coupling reactions.     

Cyclic amidine hydroiodide for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates and cyclic dithiocarbonates from carbon dioxide or carbon disulfide under mild conditions

Hydroiodides of amidines can catalyze the reaction of carbon dioxide and epoxides under mild conditions such as ordinary pressure and ambient temperature, and the corresponding five-membered cyclic carbonates were obtained in high yields. The reaction of epoxide with carbon disulfide was also examined under the same conditions. Detailed investigation showed that the catalytic activity was highly affected by the counter anions of the amidine salts; the iodides were effective catalysts for both of the reaction of epoxide with carbon dioxide and carbon disulfide, whereas the bromide, chloride and fluoride counterparts exhibited almost no catalysis.