基于遗传算法的自由曲面优化设计EI北大核心CSCD

为解决传统点光源近似设计方法难以满足实际应用需求的问题,基于遗传算法提出了一种面向扩展光源的自由曲面优化设计方法.该方法以虚拟点光源的辐射分布函数、原点位置偏移量及目标面尺寸因子等参数作为优化对象,首先对种群中任意个体根据能量守恒定律及Snell定律建立并求解偏微分方程,得到对应于该组虚拟参数的自由曲面,然后以实际扩展光源进行光线追迹,并综合考虑目标面照度均匀度和系统传输效率得到个体适应度,据此对种群进行选择、交叉和变异,直至优化结果满足设计要求.设计了发散半角为10°的均匀照明系统,光源采用直径为30mm的圆盘朗伯源,在Trace/pro环境下与传统设计方法进行对比,结果表明:系统均匀度从58.3%提高到93.5%,辐射传输效率从61.8%提高到72.9%,且光束质量对目标面距离的变化具有很好的稳定性.该设计方法能较好地实现对扩展光源辐射在空间分布的调控,对扩展光源系统设计具有重要指导意义.     

基于遗传算法的自由曲面优化设计

为解决传统点光源近似设计方法难以满足实际应用需求的问题,基于遗传算法提出了一种面向扩展光源的自由曲面优化设计方法.该方法以虚拟点光源的辐射分布函数、原点位置偏移量及目标面尺寸因子等参数作为优化对象,首先对种群中任意个体根据能量守恒定律及Snell定律建立并求解偏微分方程,得到对应于该组虚拟参数的自由曲面,然后以实际扩展光源进行光线追迹,并综合考虑目标面照度均匀度和系统传输效率得到个体适应度,据此对种群进行选择、交叉和变异,直至优化结果满足设计要求.设计了发散半角为10°的均匀照明系统,光源采用直径为30mm的圆盘朗伯源,在Trace/pro环境下与传统设计方法进行对比,结果表明:系统均匀度从58.3%提高到93.5%,辐射传输效率从61.8%提高到72.9%,且光束质量对目标面距离的变化具有很好的稳定性.该设计方法能较好地实现对扩展光源辐射在空间分布的调控,对扩展光源系统设计具有重要指导意义.     

基于微分几何的矩形照度分布自由曲面反射器设计

在LED照明应用中为实现矩形均匀照度分布要求,提出了一种基于一阶线性偏微分方程的自由曲面反射器设计方法。基于微分几何理论和折射定律描述了光线与自由曲面的相互作用。根据LED光源特性建立了朗伯光源与矩形被照面之间的能量拓扑关系,推导了自由曲面反射器的一阶线性偏微分方程和边界条件。分别使用Runge-Kutta法和有限差分法对边界条件和偏微分方程进行数值计算,并对计算结果进行光线追迹仿真。仿真结果表明自由曲面反射器光通利用率达到了94%,矩形被照面横向照度均匀度达到了0.9,纵向照度均匀度达到了0.8。程序计算时间少于1s。     

基于微分方程数值解的自由曲面透镜的设计

为满足目标面上均匀照明的需求,设计了一款自由曲面透镜。根据LED光源的发光特点,结合光学成像的特性,非成像光学原理和能量守恒定理,推导出实现光能量在目标面上均匀分布的自由曲面面形的微分方程,采用matlab的ode算法求出面形上的离散坐标点,对离散坐标点拟合后得到透镜模型,通过光学模拟仿真软件对透镜模型进行光线追迹。结果表明,配光角度为80°的透镜,透镜的口径与光源发光面宽度之比大于等于9时,目标面上的照度均匀性大于0.9,光能利用率约为85%。该设计方法可以快速精确地设计出所需的透镜,而且透镜结构紧凑,单颗就能实现均匀照明,有利于LED光源照明系统的小型化。     

基于同步多曲面法的发光二极管机器视觉照明设计

提出一种无需特殊封装结构光源,采用封装类型为表面贴装型,或板上芯片封装型的普通照明用发光二极管光源的照明子系统.为了使新照明系统在切换具有不同光色普通照明用发光二极管光源时使用同一个匀光系统(可保证被照面照度均匀度),根据非成像理论中的边缘光线原理,使用同步多曲面法设计了通用型匀光光学系统。该系统可以在保持光学系统固定的前提下进行多种照明光源的替换,无需经过匀光设计的特殊结构光源,保证了目标面照度均匀度,并扩展了照明子系统的光色范围.多组蒙特卡罗光线追击仿真对比表明,新系统所使用光源只要满足透镜设计针对光源尺寸的需求,满足尺寸要求的普通照明用光源即可集成入系统使用,不会因为被照面照度不均匀导致的辨别度下降,因而适用于对能量利用率要求不太高,但对目标面照度均与度有较高要求的机器视觉照明系统.     

自由曲面匀光透镜的建模误差分析及补偿设计

自由曲面匀光透镜被广泛应用于发光二极管(LED)照明中。传统的基于几何近似的自由曲面求解方法,由于存在建模误差,导致求解的面型不够精确,照明面均匀性下降。提出了一种误差分析及补偿方法,通过建立面型误差和出射角度误差之间的联系,结合光线追迹,实现了面型误差的准确量化和修正。采用该方法,针对1000 mm工作距离,直径200 mm照明范围的景观照明透镜进行了补偿设计,并用Lighttools软件进行了仿真。结果表明:点光源模拟情况下,相对于传统几何近似求解方法,照明均匀性(最小照度/平均照度)由68.0%提升到98.5%;1 mm×1 mm尺寸LED光源模拟情况下,在直径160 mm的照明范围内,均匀性达到91.8%,具有良好的实用性。     

太阳模拟器用自由曲面聚光镜设计

针对积分器入射面的辐照不均匀度高导致的太阳模拟器辐照均匀性较差的问题,设计了一种自由曲面聚光镜。基于点光源模型,根据能量守恒定律和非成像光学中的边光理论,建立光源出射角度与目标面对应点的映射关系;依据菲涅耳定律结合映射关系推导出微分方程,通过龙格-库塔法求解微分方程,计算出离散点数据;拟合离散点数据得到自由曲面聚光镜的母线,旋转母线获得自由曲面聚光镜的初始结构。使用贝塞尔曲线表征自由曲面母线,利用模拟退火算法对引入扩展光源的自由曲面进行反馈优化,从而得到连续的自由曲面面形。采用LightTools软件仿真太阳模拟器光学系统,结果表明：自由曲面聚光镜的辐照均匀性较椭球聚光镜的辐照均匀性显著提升,辐照面?50 mm内辐照不均匀度优于±0.32%,辐照面?100 mm内辐照不均匀度优于±0.53%;通过误差仿真分析,依据现有自由曲面加工与检测水平,验证了所设计自由曲面聚光镜加工、检测与装调的可行性。     

实现近场均匀照明的双自由曲面大角度透镜设计

针对LED单自由曲面透镜近场大角度照明均匀性不足和出光效率低等问题,基于边缘光线理论和网格划分法,设计了内曲面为椭圆型,外曲面为自由曲面的LED双自由曲面大角度透镜.透镜内曲面对LED入射光线进行发散,外曲面对出射光线方向进行控制,实现大角度均匀照明,并减少全反射损失,提高出光效率.采用扩展光源文件对透镜模型进行光学仿真,并利用反馈优化法对外曲面进行优化,提高近场的照度均匀性.研究表明:在相同近场距离条件下,出光角度为143°、151.8°时,单自由曲面透镜照度均匀性为0.55和0.40,出光效率为92.0%和80%,而所设计的双自由曲面透镜照度均匀性为0.84和0.85,出光效率为98.8%和95.0%,照明效果明显改善.     

基于Skew-Ray追迹法的均匀准直照明TIR透镜设计

依据LED点光源模型发光特性,以特定尺寸圆目标屏获得均匀准直照明为目标,采用Skew-Ray追迹法描述光线和设计TIR透镜,其中将透镜全反射区域进行简化处理,主要通过折射区域的双自由曲面相互配合控制光线实现照明目标。经过对透镜设计结果与1mm×1mm的LED扩展光源模型的组合进行非序列光线追迹模拟,模拟结果表明在距离光源2m范围内特定尺寸目标屏所获得光能利用率至少可达到79.6%,同时目标屏在近场和远场处照明均匀度可分别达到95.9%和83.9%,若以±1°作为光线准直半角标准,目标屏准直光线百分比可分别达到88.6%和73.8%。     

基于序列光线追迹原理的快速优化照明设计

为解决LED扩展光源照明系统设计时,优化时间较长且多软件数据传输繁琐等问题,提出了一种仅用Matlab软件进行快速优化设计的方法。该方法将成像设计中的序列光线追迹原理应用于照明设计中,并利用菲涅尔公式与照度补偿理论,提高了照度拟合速度。同时,通过该方法可将光线追迹与反馈优化紧密相连,实现对照明系统的一站式优化设计。以一紧凑型（h/d=2.5:1）匀光透镜设计为例进行试验,结果表明:给定光源和目标面的参数后,获得匀光透镜数值解的优化时间仅为8 min,优化时间缩短近一个数量级;经SolidWorks成型和TracePro仿真测试,目标面上的均匀度和光效分别达到86.75%和88.42%,照明效果提高明显。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.