磷系阻燃剂阻燃聚碳酸酯研究进展*

磷系阻燃剂具有阻燃效率高、低烟、低毒、与基质材料相容性好等优点,在阻燃高分子材料领域得到广泛应用。本文介绍了磷系阻燃剂的分类及阻燃机理,综述了近年来磷酸酯阻燃剂、膦酸酯阻燃剂、DOPO磷杂菲类阻燃剂、磷腈类阻燃剂和无机磷阻燃剂在阻燃聚碳酸酯领域的研究进展,为新型磷系阻燃剂的研发提供参考。     

阻燃改性尼龙研究进展

综述了近年来阻燃改性尼龙材料的研究成果,尤其是现今适用于尼龙阻燃的各类阻燃体系的研究现状,包括溴系阻燃剂、磷系阻燃剂、氮系阻燃剂、磷-氮协效膨胀型阻燃剂、无机阻燃剂以及纳米阻燃协效剂等,并展望了未来阻燃尼龙的发展趋势.卤系阻燃剂将逐渐被替代,无卤环境友好型阻燃剂和膨胀型阻燃体系是未来重点的发展方向,综合改性、复配技术的应用也是未来研究和应用的热点.     

添加型磷腈类阻燃剂在高分子材料中的应用

添加型磷腈类阻燃剂具有热稳定性好、耐候性好、低烟、低毒、低添加量和吸潮性低等优点,在阻燃高分子材料领域得到广泛应用。综述了近些年来国内外添加型磷腈类阻燃剂在高分子材料中的应用研究进展,分析了磷腈阻燃剂阻燃高分子材料的研究现状,为新型磷腈类阻燃剂的研发提供参考。     

咔唑-磷酸酯阻燃剂的合成及阻燃聚碳酸酯应用

聚碳酸酯作为一种重要的有机高分子材料,被广泛应用于汽车装饰、电子电器和生活日用品生产中,由于聚碳酸酯自身阻燃性能级别低,因此在实际应用中必须进行阻燃处理。本文针对聚碳酸酯的阻燃需求,设计合成了结构新颖的咔唑-磷酸酯阻燃剂,测试结果显示该阻燃剂具有良好的阻燃性能,能够作为聚碳酸酯阻燃材料使用。     

原位聚合法制备聚磷酸铵微胶囊及其应用的研究进展

以聚磷酸铵微胶囊阻燃剂的包覆壳材料为重点,综述了聚磷酸铵微胶囊阻燃剂的无机材料包覆、有机材料包覆、双层或多层包覆以及纳米材料包覆,总结了国内外关于原位聚合法制备聚磷酸铵微胶囊的最新研究进展。介绍了聚磷酸铵微胶囊形成过程中,包覆壳材料与聚磷酸铵的原位聚合方法及机理。并且提出了聚磷酸铵阻燃剂在材料燃烧过程中存在的协同效应。最后,结合聚磷酸铵微胶囊阻燃剂在阻燃过程中存在的问题,展望了原位聚合在微胶囊阻燃领域中的未来发展方向。     

水滑石阻燃剂的离子改性研究进展

由于水滑石具有层板阳离子可调控、层间阴离子可交换、酸碱性等独特的性能,在医药、离子交换、催化、材料阻燃等领域备受研究者关注。特别是水滑石用作阻燃材料时,具有无卤、无毒、不产生有毒和腐蚀性气体、阻燃和抑烟性能优良等突出优点,已成为当前材料阻燃领域研究的热点。然而,水滑石也存在热稳定性较差、容易聚集、分散性较差等缺点,故国内外学者开展了一些水滑石阻燃剂改性的系列研究。本文阐述了近年来国内外学者利用Ca2+、Mg2+、Al3+等阳离子对水滑石阻燃剂进行改性,以及应用BO33-、SiO32-等阴离子对水滑石阻燃剂进行改性等方面的研究进展,并对水滑石在生物质材料阻燃、低成本水滑石阻燃剂的合成、水滑石协效阻燃剂的研究、水滑石阻燃剂工业化生产新工艺与设备、洁净化制备技术等方面的研究与应用前景进行了展望。     

聚苯基膦酸二苯偶氮酯阻燃剂的合成与表征

为了解决高分子材料的耐燃性问题,阻燃剂的研究越来越受到广泛重视．聚膦酸酯类化合物是一类重要的膦系阻燃剂［１～４］,与传统的非聚合型阻燃剂相比,这种阻燃剂具有阻燃效果好、低烟低毒、与聚合物基材相容性好、耐迁移、耐挥发、阻燃效果持久等优点,成为阻燃剂研究...     

膨胀型环状类磷酸酯蜜胺盐阻燃剂的合成及阻燃聚丙烯的结构与性能

以双季戊四醇、三季戊四醇、多聚磷酸、五氧化二磷和三聚氰胺为原料,合成了膨胀型环状类磷酸酯蜜胺盐阻燃剂,并与聚丙烯共混制成阻燃聚丙烯.红外分析表明该阻燃剂具有环状结构.通过扫描电镜和X射线衍射对阻燃聚丙烯进行了结构分析和表面纹理的表征.实验结果表明：该阻燃剂阻燃性能良好,但在聚丙烯中的分散性较差;用甲基纤维素对该阻燃剂进行表面化学修饰以后,该阻燃剂在聚丙烯中的分散性及阻燃材料的机械性能得到了明显的改善.     

阻燃有机玻璃研究进展

有机玻璃属于易燃材料,存在严重的火灾隐患,其阻燃配方设计需要同时对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯进行耐热改性和阻燃设计,并兼顾热变形性和机械性能等方面.改善耐热性主要通过在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯上增加链段刚性、主价交联和副价交联,从而减缓甲基丙烯酸甲酯的分解,减少阻燃配方设计时阻燃剂用量.为了设计高玻璃化转变温度的材料,提高阻燃有机玻璃的力学性能,应尽可能降低添加型和可聚合型磷酸酯类阻燃剂的用量,其中可聚合磷酸酯类阻燃剂是今后阻燃有机玻璃技术发展的重要方向.在透明度要求不高的领域,采用二氧化硅纳米粉、氧化锌纳米棒、磷酸铝和石墨烯片状纳米材料与阻燃剂复配也可以得到良好的阻燃效果.     

水滑石阻燃剂的离子改性研究进展

由于水滑石具有层板阳离子可调控、层间阴离子可交换、酸碱性等独特的性能,在医药、离子交换、催化、材料阻燃等领域备受研究者关注。特别是水滑石用作阻燃材料时,具有无卤、无毒、不产生有毒和腐蚀性气体、阻燃和抑烟性能优良等突出优点,已成为当前材料阻燃领域研究的热点。然而,水滑石也存在热稳定性较差、容易聚集、分散性较差等缺点,故国内外学者开展了水滑石阻燃剂改性的系列研究。本文阐述了近年来利用Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Al~(3+)等阳离子以及BO_3~(3-)、SiO_3~(2-)等阴离子对水滑石阻燃剂进行改性等方面的研究进展,并对水滑石在生物质材料阻燃、低成本水滑石阻燃剂的合成、水滑石协效阻燃剂的研究、水滑石阻燃剂工业化生产新工艺与设备、洁净化制备技术等方面的研究与应用前景进行了展望。     

绿色环保型氢氧化镁阻燃剂

介绍了阻燃剂的种类和发展趋势,并重点介绍了氢氧化镁阻燃剂的阻燃机理、特点、应用和发展。指出氢氧化镁阻燃剂是一种新型的、对环境友好的无机阻燃剂。     

Molecular Firefighting—How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Challenge of Flame Retardancy

The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an increased fire risk, and sustained research into efficient flame retardants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus, a versatile and effective element for use in flame retardants, has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today: current formulations employ a variety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as additives or as reactants, to solve the task of developing flame‐retarding polymeric materials. Phosphorus‐based flame retardants can act in both the gas and condensed phase during a fire. This Review investigates how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addresses the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus‐based flame‐retardants from renewable sources.     

Fire retardant action of mineral fillers

Endothermically decomposing mineral fillers, such as aluminium or magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, or mixed magnesium/calcium carbonates and hydroxides, such as naturally occurring mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite are in heavy demand as sustainable, environmentally benign fire retardants. They are more difficult to deploy than the halogenated flame retardants they are replacing, as their modes of action are more complex, and are not equally effective in different polymers. In addition to their presence (at levels up to 70%), reducing the flammable content of the material, they have three quantifiable fire retardant effects: heat absorption through endothermic decomposition; increased heat capacity of the polymer residue; increased heat capacity of the gas phase through the presence of water or carbon dioxide. These three contributions have been quantified for eight of the most common fire retardant mineral fillers, and the effects on standard fire tests such as the LOI, UL 94 and cone calorimeter discussed. By quantifying these estimable contributions, more subtle effects, which they might otherwise mask, may be identified.     

Fire retardant synergism between melamine and triphenyl phosphate in poly(butylene terephthalate)

The fire retardant efficiency of melamine (MA) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) was studied by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the UL94 test. On adding 10 wt. % MA and 20 wt. % TPP, LOI increased from 20.9 to 26.6 and the UL94 V-0 rating was achieved. SEM and DSC analyses show that the fire retardants are compatible with PBT and facilitate crystallization of PBT. The occurrence of an interaction between MA + TPP and PBT was elucidated by TGA, dynamic FTIR, and pyrolysis/GC/MS. MA + TPP changes the degradation path of PBT and modifies the compositions of the gas and condensed-phase products.     

阻燃剂对5Ah锂离子软包电池倍率性能和安全性能的影响研究

在电解液中加入不同含量(5 %,10 %,20 %)的阻燃剂,研究了其对LiNi _0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4 O₂三元材料作为正极材料组装的5 Ah锂离子软包电池的倍率性能、过充性能和短路性能的影响. 实验结果表明,电解液中5 %体积含量的阻燃剂使软包电池在1C和2C放电时,具有最好的倍率性能;当阻燃剂的体积含量提升到20 %,在过充时,电池表面温度升高的最少;在短路实验时,电池不起火、不爆炸.     

阻燃聚丙烯酸酯胶的合成

通过溶液聚合法制得了阻燃性丙烯酸酯胶。研究了甲基丙烯酸2,4,6-三溴苯酯及引发剂用量,交联单体及反应温度、反应时间等对剥离强度的影响。研究了多元共聚丙烯酸酯胶的单体组成、合成工艺及其产品性能。结果表明,制得的胶粘剂在室温下剥离强度为19．5N／cm。     

A review of candidate fire retardants for polyisoprene

Polyisoprene elastomer, as natural rubber (NR) or manufactured synthetically (IR), is used in rubber compounds for applications such as tyres, dampers and suspension elements. NR/IR compounds without fire retardants have a low resistance to burning, and emit large quantities of dense smoke. This is because polyisoprene readily decomposes upon heating, by random chain scission, vaporising into a mixture of small aromatic chemical species, which ignite readily and form smoke particles with negligible char residue formation. The effects of commonly used additives on the thermal decomposition and burning of polyisoprene are reviewed; whilst cross-linking agents have significant effects on physical and ageing properties, they have little effect on thermal decomposition and burning. Fillers such as carbon black and silicas reduce the fuel content by dilution of the polymer and the formation of a stabilising residue.Potential approaches for fire retarding IR are reviewed, identifying two main approaches; halogenated additives, or high loadings of aluminium hydroxide (ATH), neither of which are satisfactory. Other potential approaches are identified, including the use of phosphorus and nitrogen based additives as intumescent char formers, and with zeolites as char catalysts. Alternative inorganic fire retardants to ATH are identified for use, and zinc hydroxystannate and zinc borate are considered as synergists with ATH. Expandable graphite (EG) is identified for use in other elastomers and has potential for polyisoprene. Nano-scale fire retardants such as montmorillonite clay and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are reported typically as a secondary additive to hydrated fillers, but have yet to make a successful transition to industrial processing.     

加强消防安全教育 提高紧急应对能力

加强中学生的消防安全教育,提高学生的紧急应对能力,是学校素质教育的内容,也是中学化学教师的责任.介绍了火灾的分类、灭火的方法、灭火剂的性能与应用以及紧急逃生技巧等消防安全常识,旨在充实消防安全教育的内容.     

A review on flammability of epoxy polymer,cellulosic and non‐cellulosic fiber reinforced epoxy composites

Natural fiber is well‐known reinforcement filler in polymer‐matrix composites. Composite components like organic polymers and natural fibers are natural fire conductors as the natural fiber consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and hence are as highly flammable as wood. Natural fiber reinforced composite materials are progressively being used in a variety of applications where their fire response is a hazardous consideration, for example, in the automotive (transportation) and building‐construction industries. As a result, an awareness of their performance or response during a fire and the use of conventional fire retardants are of great importance, as they are subject to thermal decomposition when exposed to intensive high heat or fire sources. In this review paper, fire flammability is the main concern for cellulosic and non‐cellulosic fiber‐reinforced polymer composites, especially epoxy composites. This paper reviews the literature on the recent developments in flammability studies concerning polymers, epoxy polymers, cellulosic‐fibers, and non‐cellulosic fiber‐reinforced epoxy bio‐composites. The prime objective of this review is to expand the reach of “fire retardants for polymer materials and composites” to the science community, including physicists, chemists, and engineers in order to broaden the range of their applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent Progress in Two-dimensional Nanomaterials Following Graphene for Improving Fire Safety of Polymer (Nano)composites

The high fire safety of polymer nanocomposites is being pursued by research institutions around the world. In addition to intrinsic flame retardancy strategy, the additive-type flame retardants have attracted increasing attention due to low commercial cost and easy fabrication craft. However, traditional additive-type flame retardants usually need high addition amount to achieve a desirable effect, which causes many side-effects on the overall performance of polymer materials, such as deteriorated mechanical property and processability. At present, two-dimensional(2 D) nanomaterials have also been applied to reduce the fire hazards of polymer(nano)composites with the coupling of barrier function and catalysis as well as carbonization effect. Even though most research work mainly focus on graphene-based flame retardants, more emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials are taking away research attention, due to their complementary and unique properties, mainly including hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN), molybdenum disulfide(MoS_2), metal organic frameworks(MOF), carbon nitride(CN),titanium carbide(MXene) and black phosphorene(BP). In this review, except for graphene, the flame retardant mechanism involving different layered nanomaterials are also reviewed. Meanwhile, the functionalization method and flame retardancy effect of different layered nanomaterials are emphatically discussed for offering an effective reference to solve the fire hazards of polymer materials. Moreover, this work objectively evaluates the practical significance of polymer/layered nanomaterials composites for industrial application.