基于概念密度泛函理论磷酸酯类反应性物质毒性预测

磷酸酯类反应性物质是乙酰胆碱酯酶不可逆抑制剂。本文应用概念密度泛函理论(CDFT),采用四组条件(B3LYP/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/gas,B3LYP/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/CPCM/water,MP2/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/gas,MP2/6-311++ G(2d, 3p)/CPCM/water),对20多个磷酸酯反应性物质进行反应性描述指数计算,包括分子的化学势μ,绝对硬度η、亲电性指数ω、分子的前线轨道能量等分子整体描述参数,以及原子福井函数、自然键轨道(NBO)电荷、Wiberg键级、NBO键级等分子局域描述参数。通过对反应性描述指数以及定量构性关系(QSPR)方程预测结果的比较分析,得出结论：大多数化合物亲电进攻的反应中心发生在磷原子上;磷酸酯类化合物侧链乙胺基叔氮的质子化,将显著增强反应中心磷原子的亲电进攻能力;B3LYP/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/gas为最合理的计算条件;应用反应性描述指数建立的QSPR模型明显优于常规的2D-QSPR模型,能够用于乙酰胆碱酯酶不可逆抑制剂的精确毒性预测。     

CH3CH2O+HCHO反应机理及主通道速率常数

采用CCSD(T)/cc-pVDZ//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)双水平计算方法研究了CH₃CH₂O+HCHO反应的微观反应机理. 结果表明, 标题反应主要存在5个抽氢和3个氢迁移异构化反应通道, 其中抽氢通道R→ IMa(CH₃CH₂O…CH₂O)→TS1→ IM1b→P1(CH₃CH₂OH+CHO)为优势通道, 其表观活化能为14.65 kJ/mol. 利用变分过渡态理论(CVT)并结合小曲率隧道效应模型计算了主通道R1在275~1000 K温度范围内的速率常数k^TST, k^CVT和k^CVT/SCT, 在此温度区间内表观反应速率常数三参数表达式为k^CVT/SCT=2.26×10^-17 T^0.57 exp(-1004/T), 显示具有正温度系数效应.     

己烷催化异构化反应中氢溢流机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)在B3LYP/6-311++ G**//B3LYP/6-311G*水平下, 对正己烷(C6H14)催化异构化反应中的氢溢流机理进行了理论探讨. 通过对振动模式分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算确认了各可能反应的过渡态. 同时在MP2/6-311++G**水平上对各驻点做了单点能计算和零点能校正, 计算出各反应通道的活化能, 进而确定了该反应的主反应通道, 其活化能为42.52 kJ/mol.     

FOX-12制备过程的反应机理及动力学

采用量子化学计算方法, 在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)水平上研究了N-脒基脲二硝基酰胺盐(FOX-12)制备过程的反应机理. 优化得到了反应势能面上各稳定点的几何构型, 通过内禀反应坐标(IRC)确认了反应物、 中间体、 过渡态及产物之间的相关性. 为了得到更可靠的反应能量和势能面信息, 进一步在MP2/6-311++G(3df,3pd)水平上对得到的构型进行能量校正, 结果表明, 先取代磺酸基通道(A1)和先取代氢通道(B)都能生成二硝基酰胺酸(HDN), 其中通道A为主反应通道; HDN可以通过HDN→FOX-12与HDN→ADN→FOX-12 两种途径转化为目标产物FOX-12, 而第2种途径为较优途径. 应用经典过渡态理论(TST)与变分过渡态理论(CVT)以及小曲率隧道效应模型校正的变分过渡态理论(CVT/SCT)计算了在200~400 K范围内各反应通道相关基元反应的速率常数, 提供了在上述温度区间内的三参数Arrhenius关系式.     

3,6-二羟基哒嗪质子转移过程的理论研究

为了探索3,6-二羟基哒嗪分子醇式和酮式结构互变异构化的反应机理,本研究组采用DFT B3LYP/6-311+G(d)方法对标题化合物异构化反应的势能面进行了研究,在探讨各种可能的反应途径中,发现至少有34种异构体和43种过渡态.结果表明,6-羟基-3(2H)-哒嗪酮不论是单体,与水形成配合物,还是二聚体,比其相对应的异构体能量低,表明在通常情况下是以6-羟基-3(2H)-哒嗪酮形式稳定存在的,这与前人通过实验数据对互变异构体的比率进行预测的结果是一致的;在考察的可能反应途径中,直接进行的分子内质子转移过程需要的活化能为142.2 kJ·mol^-1,水助催化时,反应活化能为41.3 kJ·mol^-1,考虑溶剂效应后,其活化能为59.2 kJ·mol^-1,二聚体双质子转移的活化能为16.8 kJ·mol^-1,二聚体双质子转移所需活化能最低,在室温下就可以进行.由此可见氢键在降低反应活化能方面起着重要的作用.     

5-醛基-1,2,3-三唑互变异构的理论研究

用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311++G**方法,对气相和水相中的5-醛基-1,2,3-三唑互变异构体进行了几何构型全自由度优化,获得了它们在气相和水相中的几何结构和电子结构.讨论了不同的取代基团和溶剂化效应对互变异构体的几何结构、能量以及互变异构反应活化能的影响.并进一步研究了N1-H、N2-H和N3-H型三唑之间的互变异构机理:(a)分子内质子转移;(b)水助质子转移.计算结果表明,途径(b)所需要的活化能较小,平均为101.31kJ/mol,途径(a)为211.70kJ/mol.     

EMIM离子液体离子簇模型的量子化学计算

以1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑(EMIM)卤化物、氟硼酸盐、三溴化物和二碘溴酸盐、氯铝酸和溴铝酸盐等不同种类EMIM离子液体为研究对象,对多阳离子、多阴离子的离子簇模型进行了量子化学计算研究.首先在B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p)水平上(I使用6-311G(d, p)基组)对{[EMIM]X_n}^(n-1)- (X = Cl, Br, I, BF₄, AlCl₄, AlBr₄, Br₃, IBrI, FHF; n = 2, 3)和{[EMIM]₂X_n'}^(n'-2)- (n' = 3, 4, 5)离子簇进行构型优化,并对卤化物和氟硼酸盐进行了振动光谱计算.结果表明所采用理论模型在键长、键角等结构参数及红外振动光谱方面均与实验结果符合较好.同时对不同离子簇模型中阴、阳离子间相互作用能与实验熔点之间的关系进行了研究,发现采用{[EMIM]₂X_n'}^(n'-2)--模型时EMIM离子液体实验熔点与阴、阳离子间相互作用能之间呈现近线性关系.     

n‐Butane Monomolecular Cracking on Acidic Zeolites: A Density Functional Study

采用5T簇模型,利用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下研究正丁烷在酸性分子筛上的单分子催化裂解反应。本文重点详细研究了正丁烷在分子筛表面不同C位的脱氢反应。在B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下计算所得第一和第二位C-C键裂解的活化能垒分别为 238、217 kJ/mol。而第一第二序位脱氢反应能垒分别为296、242 kJ/mol。正丁烷不同序位脱氢反应的活化能垒相差54 kJ/mol。从计算结果可以看出,正丁烷在分子筛上催化裂解脱氢反应优先发生在第二位C原子上。此外,本文还讨论了簇模型结构与酸性的关系,结果显示改变封端Si-H键的键长的方法可以用来模拟分子筛酸性变化。最后研究了分子筛酸性变化与正丁烷催化裂解反应能垒的关系。     

直线型l-CnH(n=5,6)自由基与氧气反应机理的理论研究

为了探索更长的碳链自由基l-C_nH与O₂反应的机理, 在CCSD(T)/CC-PVTZ+ZPVE//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)的计算水平下, 讨论了当n=5,6时, l-C_nH+O₂的各个异构化反应通道. 当n=5时, 主要反应通道为碳迁移过程, 生成主要产物为P2(CO₂+C₄H); 当n=6时, 碳-氧交换[产物为P1(CO+HC₅O)]和氧迁移过程[产物为P3(³O+HC₆O)]均为主要通道, 并具有很高的竞争性. 将所得结构与l-C_nH(n≤4)+O₂的反应机理进行了对比.     

5-氯尿嘧啶质子转移异构化的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311+G**方法,对5-氯尿嘧啶分子内质子转移及水助催化质子转移引起的互变异构反应机理进行了计算研究,获得了互变异构过程的反应焓、活化能、活化吉布斯自由能和质子转移反应的速率常数等参数。计算结果表明,5-氯尿嘧啶无论是孤立分子还是一水合物,其双酮式CU1是最稳定异构体,由双酮式向烯醇式异构化找到3条通道(P1,P2,P3),各通道速控步骤的活化能分别为177.85、177.05和197.58kJ/mol。当水分子参与反应以双质子转移机理异构化时,活化能显著降低,各通道速控步骤的活化能依次降为66.24、69.36和77.85kJ/mol,有利于双酮式向烯醇式或酮醇式转变。计算结果还表明,氢键作用在增大5-氯尿嘧啶一水复合物稳定性、降低质子转移异构化反应活化能等方面起着重要作用。     

An ab initio and density functional theory study of the dimethylzinc-hydrogen selenide adduct: (CH3)2Zn:SeH2

The molecular structure (equilibrium geometry) and binding energy of the dimethylzinc (DMZn)-hydrogen selenide (H₂Se) adduct, (CH₃)₂Zn:SeH₂, have been computed with ab initio molecular orbital and density functional theory (DFT) methods and, where possible, compared with experimental results. The structure of the precursors DMZn and H₂Se are perturbed to only a small extent upon adduct formation. (CH₃)₂Zn:SeH₂ was found to be 3 kcal mol⁻¹ less stable than the precursors at the B3LYP/6-311 + G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-311 + G(2d,p) level of computation, indicating that the (CH₃)₂Zn:SeH₂ adduct is unlikely to be a stable gas-phase species under chemical vapour deposition conditions. Further calculations at the B3LYP/6-311 + G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-311 + G(2d,p) level of computation suggest that the 1:2 adduct species, (CH₃)₂Zn:(SeH₂)₂, is much less stable than the 1:1 adduct and consequently the precursors by 19 kcal mol⁻¹.     

丁酸甲酯单分子解离的非谐振效应

使用MP2/6-311++G（2d,2p）方法和基组,计算了丁酸甲酯单分子解离反应体系详细的势能面。应用RRKM理论,计算了在1000-5000 K的温度范围内的正则系综的速率常数。与此同时,在微正则系综下,我们计算了温度为1000-5000 K对应的能量从451.92到1519.52 kJ·mol^-1的速率常数。计算结果表明反应通道2、4和5的非谐振效应比较明显。因此对于丁酸甲酯单分子解离反应体系来说其非谐振效应是不能忽视的。     

Proton affinity of uracil. A computational study of protonation sites

Relative stabilities of uracil tautomers and cations formed by gas-phase protonation were studied computationally with the B3LYP, MP2, QCISD, and QCISD(T) methods and with basis sets expanding from 6-31G(d,p) to 6-311+G(3df,2p). In accordance with a previous density functional theory study, the dioxo tautomer 1a was the most stable uracil isomer in the gas phase. Gibbs free energy calculations using effective QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) energies suggested >99.9% of 1a at equilibrium at 523 K. The most stable ion isomer corresponded to N-1 protonated 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine, which however is not formed by direct protonation of 1a. The topical proton affinities in 1a followed the order O-8 > O-7 > C-5 > N-3 > N-1. The thermodynamic proton affinity of 1a was calculated as 858 kJ mol⁻¹ at 298 K. A revision is suggested for the current estimate included in the ion thermochemistry database.     

Equilibrium structure of the carbon dioxide-water complex in the gas phase: an ab initio and density functional study

High-level ab initio (MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) geometry, Gaussian-2, MP4(SDTQ) and QCISD(T) binding energies) and density-functional (Becke3LYP/6-311++G(2df,2pd)) calculations have been performed on the charge-transfer complex between water and carbon dioxide. The complex appears to have two equivalent non-planar minima of C_s symmetry. Minima are separated by transition states with C₁ symmetry, whereas the totally planar structure with C_2v symmetry is a second-order transition state. All the critical points lie at approximately the same energy (less than 0.05 Kj mol⁻¹ difference). Therefore, the experimentally observable structure should be planar. The best equilibrium intermolecular distance for this complex calculated at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level is 2.800 Å. Our best estimate of the observable intermolecular distance (corrected for anharmonicity) is 2.84 Å, in agreement with the experimentally derived value of 2.836 Å. Our best estimate of the binding energy at the QCISD(T) level, taking into account the variation of the distance owing to anharmonicity and the use of more sophisticated theoretical treatments, is −12.0 ± 0.2 kJ mol⁻¹. Our best estimate of the barrier to internal rotation, also at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level, is 4.0 kJ mol⁻¹, outside the error limits of the experimental determination (3.64 ± 0.04 kJ mol⁻¹). Density functional theory at the level employed here gives an equilibrium intermolecular distance that is too large (2.857 Å), a binding energy that is too small (8.1 kJ mol⁻¹), attributable neither to geometry nor to the basis set, and also a barrier to internal rotation that is slightly too small (3.39 kJ mol⁻¹). The overall picture is, however, reasonably good.     

CuI/BtH催化苯硫酚与对甲氧基溴苯C–S偶联合成(4-甲氧基)(苯基)硫醚反应机理理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的B3LYP方法对CuI/BtH催化苯硫酚与对甲氧基溴苯C–S偶联合成(4-甲氧基)(苯基)硫醚反应机理进行了理论研究.在6-31+G(d)基组水平上,全参数优化了气相条件和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶剂化条件下反应机理中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物构型,对优化后各化合物的构型在B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)基组下进行了单点能计算和零点能矫正,通过能量和振动频率分析以及内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算证实了中间体和过渡态的合理性.并且在优化计算相同基组水平上,应用自然键轨道(NBO)理论和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了复合物的成键特征和轨道间相互作用.在CuI单独催化此反应的机理中,计算得到一条反应路径,控制步骤所需活化能是180.49 kJ/mol(sol).而当CuI/BtH共同催化反应时,计算得到两条反应通道IA和IB,其中IA为最优反应通道,控制步骤所需活化能为101.77kJ/mol(sol);IB反应通道控制步骤活化能为143.78 kJ/mol(sol).配体苯并三唑(BtH)加入反应有效地降低了反应控制步骤所需活化能,同时有利于产物和催化剂的分离,这与实验所得结论一致.     

F原子与瞬态自由基CH_2SH反应的理论研究

用量子化学从头算和密度泛函理论（DFT）对F原子与自由基CH_2SH在势能面上 的反应进行了研究。在B3LYP/6-311G水平上计算出了各物种的优化构型、振动频率 和零点振动能(ZPVE);各物种的总能量由B3LYP/6-311 + G(2df, pd)//B3LYP/6- 311G计算,另外对反应物和产物还计算了其G3能量。结果表明：首先F通过与C或S 结合的两种途径与CH_2SH相配位,再通过H（4）原子转移形成甲基,然后甲基再旋 转,甲基中H（4）原子最终与F结合,反应产物为HF和CH_2S。反应为放热反应,分 别为ΔH_r = -370.7 kJ/mol (DFT)和-396.94 kJ/mol (G3)。此外依据计算出的反 应热,可得自由基·CH_2SH的生成热Δ_fH°_(298.15) = 146.44 kJ/mol (DFT), 而Δ_fH°_0 = 167.36 kJ/mol (G3)。它们与以前的实验和理论值是一致的。     

Theoretical Study on Gas—phase Pyrolytic Reactions of N—Ethyl,Isopropyl and N—t—Butyl Substituted 2—Aminopyrazine

Density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio methods were used to study gas‐phase pyrolytic reaction mechanisms of iV‐ethyl, N‐isopropyl and N‐t‐butyl substituted 2‐aminopyrazine at B3LYP/6–31G* and MP2/6–31G*, respectively. Single‐point energies of all optimized molecular geometries were calculated at B3LYP/6–311 + G(2d,p) level. Results show that the pyrolytic reactions were carried out through a unimolecular first‐order mechanism which were caused by the migration of atom H(17) via a six‐member ring transition state. The activation energies which were verified by vibrational analysis and correlated with zero‐point energies along the reaction channel at B3LYP/6–311 + G(2d,p) level were 252.02 kJ. mo^?1 (N‐ethyl substituted), 235.92 kJ‐mol^?1 (N‐t‐isopropyl substituted) and 234.27 kJ‐mol^?1 (N‐t‐butyl substituted), respectively. The results were in good agreement with available experimental data.     

DFT study on the isomerization in vitamin B6

Isomerization and tautomerism reactions of the active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate, are studied at B3LYP level of theory using 6-311++G(2df,p) basis set in gas and aqueous phases. Twenty-three transition state (TS) structures for vitamin B6 isomerization are optimized, including 13 TS structures for O–H and C–C rotations, 8 TS structures for imine–enamine tautomerism, and 2 TS structures for keto–enol tautomerism. Activation energy (E _a), imaginary frequency (υ), and Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG ^#) for the isomerization reactions are calculated. The activation energies of the imine–enamine tautomerism are in the range of 190–280 kJ/mol and of O–H and C–C rotations are mainly less than 60 kJ/mol. Also, our calculation shows that the imine forms of B6 are mainly more stable than the enamine forms. Effect of microhydration on the TS structures and activation energies is also investigated. It is found that the presence of water molecules catalyzes only the imine–enamine tautomerism.