Properties of Field Aligned Current in Plasma Sheet Boundary Layers in Magnetotail: Cluster Observation

Field aligned current （FAC） distribution in the plasma sheet boundary layers （PSBLs） in the magnetotail is studied statistically by analysing magnetic field data from the Cluster 4-point measurements. The results show that the FAC distribution on the dusk side is not the same as that on the dawn side in the magnetotail. On the each side earthward and tailward, FA C occurrences are different; occurrence and average current density of FA Cs in the northern hemisphere are different from those in the southern hemisphere. This implies that the FACs have dusk-dawn side asymmetry, polarity asymmetry and inter hemisphere difference in the magnetotail. The present results give a good observation evidence for study on the FAC mechanism.     

Structural Investigation of Solid Methane at High Pressure

High pressure studies of solid methane are performed using both classical simulated annealing and first-principles methods. A series of simulated annealing and geometry optimization reveal a monoclinic P21/b structure with the unit cell containing four methane molecules. The phonon dispersion curves and vibrational density of states indicate that this structure is stable in the pressure range 10-90 GPa. The electronic band structure and density of states show that this structure has not metalized until 90 GPa.     

Crystal-field induced dipoles in heteropolar crystals I: Concept

The electrostatic part of the internal energy of heteropolar crystals is largely assumed to be purely of the Coulomb or monopole type. Here, it is argued, ions in a crystal lattice may not only bear a net charge, but also higher electrostatic moments. This applies explicitly for dipole moments. Dipoles are assumed to occur only for ions on lattice sites where the point symmetry allows a non-vanishing crystal electric field to cause a polarization. Infinite lattice sums that account for the electrostatic interaction between point charges and dipoles are given, with the Madelung constant being the first of them in a more general Taylor expansion. An expression for the binding energy of heteropolar solids is hereby presented. The share due to induced dipoles is always negative if dipole-dipole interactions are neglected, i.e. it increases the strength of crystal binding. The concept, which is developed for crystals of arbitrary symmetry is explained on the basis of the examples (i) sphalerite (ZnS), (ii) pyrite (FeS₂), (iii) rutile (TiO₂), and (iv) orthorhombic La₂CuO₄.     

Crystal field and molecular structure in solid C60

The crystal field in the orientationally disordered phase of C₉₀-fullerite is derived from an intermolecular potential model, which takes into account the geometric difference between double bonds and single bonds. The molecules are modelled as rigid bodies, atoms and single bonds are treated as single interaction centers, while double bonds are described by a distribution of interaction centers along the bond. The crystal field is expanded in terms of cubic rotator functions. The calculated expansion coefficients are compared with empirical values derived from diffraction data. The angular dependence of the crystal field, resulting from an anticlockwise rotation of the molecule around the [111] axis, exhibits an absolute and a secondary minimum at angles of 98° and 38° respectively. The self interaction of the molecule in a deformable lattice is investigated.     

Crystallographic symmetry effect on the nucleation in non-equilibrium aggregation pattern

Some non-equilibrium patterns formed in different systems are composed by crystallites with correlations in their crystallographic orientation. This reflects the fact that crystallographic symmetry controls the successive nucleation in the crystallite aggregating process. Based on the crystallographic symmetry, a new classification to describe the different kinds of anisotropy for non-equilibrium aggregation pattern has been proposed: parallel aggregation, twin aggregation and radial (random) aggregation. This new classification can clarify the different anisotropy related to the crystal point group, which the previous classifications cannot. The nucleation mechanisms for these three kinds of patterns are also discussed based on the symmetric relationship among the crystallites. It is shown that the crystallographic symmetry plays an important role not only on the crystal polyhedral shape formed by growth, but also on the aggregation pattern formed by nucleation.     

单晶铜在动态加载下空洞增长的分子动力学研究

冲击载荷下延性材料的损伤是材料中微空洞的产生和长大演化的结果.利用分子动力学模拟 方法对延性金属单晶铜中单个空洞在动态加载下的演化发展进行了研究，得到了空洞增长过 程中的应力分布及空洞增长演化随冲击强度变化的规律.模拟结果表明，动态加载下的前期 压缩过程对后期拉伸应力场作用下的空洞增长演化特征有不可忽视的影响，微空洞增长的阈 值则与单晶实验中层裂强度随拉伸应力作用时间减少而增加的趋势相一致. 关键词： 层裂 分子动力学 动态加载 空洞     

Small Amplitude Solitons in Bose--Einstein Condensates with External Perturbation

By developing a small amplitude soliton approximation method, we study analytically weak nonlinear excitations in cigar-shaped condensates with repulsive interatomic interaction under consideration of external perturbation potential. It is shown that matter wave solitons may exist and travel over a long distance without attenuation and change in shape by properly adjusting the strength of interatomic interaction to compensate for the effect of external perturbation potential.     

层错四面体对单晶铜层裂行为影响的分子动力学研究

层错四面体是一种典型的三维空位型缺陷,广泛存在于受辐照后的面心立方金属材料中,对材料的力学性能有显著的影响.目前,关于层错四面体对辐照材料层裂行为的影响还缺乏深入系统的研究.本文使用分子动力学方法模拟了含有层错四面体的单晶铜在不同冲击速度下的层裂行为,对整个冲击过程中的自由表面速度及微结构演化等进行了深入的分析.研究发现,层错四面体在冲击波作用下会发生坍塌,并进一步诱导材料产生位错、层错等缺陷.在中低速度加载下,层错四面体坍塌引起的缺陷快速向周围扩展,为孔洞提供了更宽的形核区域,促进了孔洞的异质成核,造成材料层裂强度大幅度减小.当冲击速度较高时,层错四面体坍塌导致的局部缺陷对材料的层裂强度不再有明显影响.     

Atomic force microscopy studies on phase transitions and surface morphology transformation of CMTC crystals

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to investigate the phase transitions and surface morphology transformation of cadmium mercury thiocyanate (CMTC) crystals, which are highly efficient nonlinear optical (NLO) materials for generating blue-violet light by laser frequency doubling. Amorphous aggregates at the crystalline steps become greatly contracted and much more crystalloid after the crystal was kept for one day. Elimination of dangling bonds, which lower the surface free energy at the crystal surface, and structural adjustment inside the crystal are assumed to cause this phase transition. Surface morphology transformations were also observed in CMTC crystals during and after multiple scanning by AFM tips. We have visualized the continuous translation process from two-dimensional nuclei to trigonal microcrystals with almost equal sizes during multiple scanning. In other cases, however, the surface morphology did not change at all during scanning, but became greatly altered hours after scanning. These experimental results suggest that reconstruction is a characteristic growth phenomenon on CMTC crystal surfaces. Reconstruction probably results from the formation of intervening metastable phases that have the potential to arrive at more stable stages; however, multiple scanning of AFM tips greatly affects this translation process. Received: 28 August 2001 / Accepted: 7 November 2001 / Published online: 29 May 2002     

Effect of Coma Aberration on Orbital Angular Momentum Spectrum of Vortex Beams

Spiral spectra of vortex beams with coma aberration are studied. It is shown that the orbital angular momentum （OAM） states of vortex beams with coma aberration are different from those aberration-free vortex beams. Spiral spectra of beams with coma aberration are spreading. It is found that in the presence of coma aberration, the vortex beams contain not only the original OAM component but also other components. A larger coma aberration coefficient and/or a larger beam waist will lead to a wider spreading of the spiral spectrum. The results may have potential applications in information encoding and transmittance.     

Studies on optical, mechanical and transport properties of NLO active l-alanine formate single crystal grown by modified Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method

Bulk single crystals of l-alanine formate of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length have been grown with an aid of modified Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) uniaxial crystal growth method within a period of ten days. The optical properties of the grown crystal were calculated from UV transmission spectral analysis. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz powder test. In order to determine the mechanical strength of the crystal, Vicker’s microhardness test was carried along the growth plane (0 0 1). Dielectric studies reveal that both dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with increase in frequency. Photoconductivity study confirms the negative photoconducting nature of the crystal.     

高导无氧铜的高压与高应变率本构模型研究

基于Y/G及G/B为常数的假设,构建了高导无氧铜的七种高压与高应变率本构模型.对于高导无氧铜进行了平面冲击波试验,采用纵向与横向锰铜应力计记录了试件中的纵向与横向应力,从而得到了屈服应力历史.用所构建的七种本构模型进行了数值模拟,并与高导无氧铜的平面冲击波试验结果进行比较.结果表明,平面冲击波载荷下高导无氧铜的屈服强度对于压力、密度、温度以及塑性应变的依赖性是本构描述的关键.而由Hopkinson试验取得的高导无氧铜高应变率本构模型,并不适合描述平面冲击波载荷下的本构特性. 关键词： 本构模型 高导无氧铜 平面冲击波试验 锰铜应力计     

Quasicontinuum analysis of the effect of tool geometry on nanometric cutting of single crystal copper

A dynamic multiscale simulation based on quasicontinuum method (QC) has been conducted to study the effect of tool geometry in nanometric cutting process of single crystal copper. In the simulation, the many-body EAM potential is used for the interactions between copper atoms in of the workpiece. The simulation captures the atomistic behaviors of material removal mechanisms from the free surface and the mobility of dislocations and their interactions with the computational cost of local atomistic simulation method. Simulations are performed on single crystal copper to study the atomistic details of material removal, chip formation, sub-surface deformation, and machining mechanism. The simulation results demonstrate that tool edge radius has significant effect on chip formation and subsurface deformation, because the effective rake angle varies with the tool edge radius. In addition, different effective rake angles result in different stress states and smoother surface can be obtained under bigger clearance angle. The variations of tangential force, normal force as well as the ratio of normal force to tangential force are obtained to analyze the effects of tool edge radius, rake angle and clearance angle in quantitative way.     

Fabrication of a Mono-Domain Alignment Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Device Using a Polar Self-Assembled Monolayer

A mono-domain ferroelectric liquid crystal device (FLCD) is fabricated using a novel method. The cell used in this method is an asymmetric cell, typically the combination of a polar self-assembled monolayer (SAM) for one substrate and a rubbed polyimide for the other substrate. A defect-free alignment of ferroelectric liquid crystal is fabricated without applying a dc voltage to remove degeneracy in the layer structure. The contact angles of self-assembled monolayer and PI-2942 are measured and the polarity of SAM is higher than the PI alignment. It is found that the polarity of self-assembled monolayer is a key factor in the formation of mono-domain alignment of FLC.     

沿〈111〉晶向冲击加载下铜中纳米孔洞增长的塑性机制研究

 用分子动力学方法计算模拟了沿〈111〉晶向冲击加载过程中，单晶铜中纳米孔洞（直径约1.3 nm）的演化及其周围区域发生塑性变形的过程。模拟结果表明，在沿〈111〉晶向冲击加载后，在面心立方（fcc）结构中的4族{111}晶面中有3族发生了滑移。伴随孔洞的增长，在所激活的3族{111}晶面上，观察到位错在孔洞表面附近区域成核，然后向外滑移，其中在剪切应力最大的〈112〉方向上，其位错速度超过横波声速，其它〈112〉方向的位错速度低于横波声速。模拟得到的位错阻尼系数范围与实验值基本符合。由于孔洞周围产生的滑移在空间比较对称，孔洞增长形貌接近球形。在恒定的冲击强度下，孔洞半径增长速率近似保持恒定，其速率随着冲击强度的增加而增大。     

Hetero-Epitaxial Diamond Single Crystal Growth on Surface of cBN Single Crystals at High Pressure and High Temperature

We report a new diamond synthesis process in which cubic boron nitride single crystals are used as seeds, FesoNi20 alloy powder is used as catalyst/solvent and natural flake-like graphite is used as the carbon source. The samples are investigated using laser Raman spectra and x-ray diffraction （XRD）. Morphology of the sample is observed by a scanning electron microscope （SEM）. Based on the measurement results, we conclude that diamond single crystals have grown on the cBN crystal seeds under the conditions of high temperature 1230℃ and high pressure 4.8 GPa. This work provides an original method for synthesis of high quality hereto-semiconductor with cBN and diamond single crystals, and paves the way for future development.     

(111)轴向锑化铟单晶冲击相变研究

 利用气体炮加载方法研究了(111)轴向锑化铟（InSb）单晶的冲击相变以及剪力对冲击相变的影响。冲击加载应力为1.75~3.80 GPa。实验得到，InSb单晶相变的起始应力由静高压时的2.3 GPa下降到1.727 GPa，最大体积变化率为ΔV/V₀＝15.31%，对应的最大剪力为0.681 GPa，剪力水平为83%左右，相变平均静水压力由静高压时的2.3 GPa，下降到0.823 GPa。研究表明，剪力对锑化铟单晶相变的诱发水平有重大影响。     

Using of non-uniform stress effect to realize the tunable dispersion of the fiber Bragg grating with tapered metal coatings

A novel method of adjusting the dispersion of fiber Bragg grating is proposed using the non-uniform stress effect. By loading the axial stress on the fiber grating coated with non-uniform copper thin-film, the induced non-uniform stress effect can realize the tunable dispersion of grating. The non-uniform copper films are plated on the outer cladding of fiber grating and the thickness of the copper film gradually changes along the grating length. Numerical models are established to analyze the dynamic tunable characteristics of such grating when loading different axial stresses on it. The model is verified by experiments.     

Raman spectra of single-crystal C60

We have analysed the Raman spectra of C₆₀ single crystals between room temperature and 10K and studied the temperature-induced phase transition in this material. The spectra show crystal field splitting of the internal Raman modes but no evidence for a line shift near the phase transition. The photo-induced transformation of the crystals and its implication on the interpretation of the Raman spectra is discussed. In the low temperature phase we observed two lines at 30 cm^–1 and 41 cm^–1 which we assign to the librational modes of the crystal.