噻吩加氢脱硫和四氢萘催化加氢反应中的载体和助剂的影响

 为了更好地认识加氢脱硫和催化加氢反应中的载体影响和助剂效应，在同样的催化剂制备方法及反应条件下，研究了噻吩加氢脱硫（HDS）和四氢萘催化加氢（HYD）反应．结果表明，对于无助剂的Mo和W催化剂，载体对催化活性的影响顺序为TiO2－Al2O3＞ZrO2＞Al2O3．助剂的添加改变了催化剂活性顺序．Ni助剂催化剂的活性明显高于Co助剂催化剂．ZrO2担载的添加Ni的Mo和W催化剂分别获得了最佳的HDS和HYD活性．然而，添加Pt的Mo和W催化剂其HDS和HYD活性仅是Pt与Mo（W）二者的加和，Pt与Mo（W）之间没有协同效应．先将担载的Mo和W预硫化再将助剂引入体系的催化剂制备方法可以避免Ni和Co过早硫化形成类硫化镍（或硫化钴）物相，与采用螯合物分子方法制备的催化剂间有一定的相似性．     

FCC汽油选择性HDS催化剂的原位红外光谱研究

采用器外预硫化法制备了碳纳米管(CNT)负载的硫化态Co-Mo-S选择性加氢脱硫催化剂.应用原位红外技术(in-situ IR)对选择性加氢脱硫催化剂(Co-Mo-S/CNT)的表面吸附烯烃特性和HDS过程进行了动态研究.原位红外光谱数据表明:1-辛烯在Co-Mo-S/CNT催化剂表面很容易发生加氢饱和,150℃时完全反应;二异丁烯较难加氢,340℃下归属于=C-H伸缩振动吸收峰的3081cm-1特征峰依然很明显;噻吩的特征峰在280℃左右完全消失,Co-Mo-S/CNT催化剂对二异丁烯和噻吩具有很高的选择性HDS活性,噻吩和二异丁烯在Co-Mo-S/CNT催化剂上的吸附发生在不同的活性位上,不存在相互影响.     

模型石脑油在硫化Co-Mo／SBA-15催化剂上的加氢异构化反应

通过浸渍法制备了Co/SBA-15、Mo/SBA-15和Co-Mo/SBA-15催化剂,对催化剂的孔结构、物相及表面酸性进行了表征,测定了硫化催化剂上噻吩加氢脱硫及1-己烯加氢异构的反应性能,并与工业Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3催化剂进行了对比.结果表明,Co-Mo/SBA-15催化剂表面具有较强的B酸中心,且对噻吩加氢脱硫具有较高的催化活性;而Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面主要为较强的L酸中心,对1-己烯加氢具有较高的催化活性.Mo/SBA-15催化剂的B酸酸性较强,但同时具有较高的1-己烯加氢活性,故它对1-己烯骨架异构的催化活性不高.Co-Mo/SBA-15催化剂的加氢活性相对较低,1-己烯容易在其较强的B酸中心上发生骨架异构反应,具有潜在的工业化应用前景.     

Co调变MoS2催化剂的作用本质及其FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫机理

采用含硫前驱体四硫代钼酸铵直接构建MoS₂催化剂,通过调变Co/Mo原子比深入认识Co调变MoS₂催化剂的作用本质及其FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫机理。借助XRD、HRTEM、XPS、H₂-TPR和Py-FTIR表征发现,Co/Mo原子比能够影响催化剂的活性相微观结构组成,从而影响催化剂的加氢脱硫活性和选择性。当Co/Mo（atomic ratio）<0.2时,助剂Co原子倾向于占据MoS₂相的边角位而形成CoMoS活性相,明显提高了催化剂的加氢脱硫活性;当0.2 < Co/Mo（atomic ratio） < 0.6时,助剂Co在催化剂表面形成适量的Co₉S₈相,其产生的溢流氢能提高硫化物的脱除活性而对烯烃饱和活性的影响较小;当Co/Mo（atomic ratio）>0.6时,过量的Co会形成大颗粒的Co₉S₈相,阻碍硫化物和烯烃与催化剂活性中心的接触,从而降低催化剂的活性和选择性。     

非负载型磷化钼加氢精制催化剂的研制

 尽管有相当多的文献和专利报道了含磷加氢精制催化剂的研究及磷的加入对Mn-Ni、Ni-Mo、Ni-W、Co-Mo、Mo、W、Ni、Co等各类加氢精制催化剂结构、及HDS、HDN活性的影响，并证明了磷或含磷化合物可作为加氢精制催化剂的助剂和稳定剂，但对于磷化物加氢催化剂的合成及对其HDS、HDN活性的研究还很少。本文在较低温度下用氢气直接还原磷钼酸铵盐得到非负载型的磷化钼催化剂，并以制备的磷化钼为活性组分，以SiC和γ-Al2O3为稀释剂，选择高浓度和低浓度的吡啶、噻吩和环己烯的混合物为模型化合物，以环己烷作溶剂，测定了制备催化剂的HDS、HDN及HYD活性。结果表明，所研制的非负载型磷化钼加氢精制催化剂对两种含有吡啶、噻吩和环己烯的模型化合物具有同时HDN, HDS 和 HYD的性能。     

Al2O3性质对加氢脱硫催化剂Co-Mo/Al2O3活性相形成的影响

以两种商用Al2O3为载体,制备了汽油选择性加氢脱硫催化剂Co-Mo/Al2O3,并采用红外光谱、X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、透射电镜、扫描透射-能谱和X射线光电子能谱等手段系统研究了载体物化性质对催化剂活性相形成的影响.结果表明,表面羟基数量少和结晶程度高的载体与活性金属间相互作用减弱,促进了Mo物种的硫化还原,使MoS2片晶的尺寸和层数增加,且其硫化态催化剂上CoMoS活性位更多,CoMoS/MoS2比更大,因而显著提高了相应Co-Mo催化剂加氢脱硫活性和选择性.     

NiW/γ-Al2O3加氢催化剂化学吸附性质的研究

采用脉冲色谱法测定了噻吩在硫化态NiW/γ-Al2O3催化剂上化学吸附过程中热力学函数的变化,并与噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)反应活性进行了关联.结果表明,噻吩在硫化态NiW/γ-Al2O3催化剂上的吸附不能太强,催化剂中的Ni可以降低噻吩在催化剂表面上的吸附强度,增加HDS反应活性中心的数目.从H2在硫化态NiW/γ-Al2O3催化剂上吸附后的程序升温脱附实验结果发现,H2在硫化态催化剂上有两种吸附态,高温脱附所对应的吸附态与HDS反应有关.     

Ru—Co—Mo／Al2O3催化剂的加氢脱硫性能

考察了Ru助剂对Mo和Co-Mo/Al_2O_3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响,发现少量Ru(NO_3)_3的引入可显著提高催化剂的HDS(加氢脱硫)和HYD(环己烯加氢)性能。测定了硫化态催化剂的化学吸H_2、O_3和CO量,表明Ru助剂的作用主要是促进催化剂上形成更多的活性中心。     

噻吩在γ-Mo_2N(100)表面上加氢脱硫反应的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论研究了γ-Mo2N(100)表面上的噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)过程.噻吩在γ-Mo2N(100)表面上不同作用形式的结构优化结果显示,η5-Mo2N吸附构型最稳定,具有最大的吸附能(-0.56 eV),此时噻吩通过S原子与Mo2原子相连平行表面吸附在四重空位(hcp位).H原子和噻吩在hcp位发生稳定共吸附,hcp位是噻吩HDS的活性位点.噻吩在γ-Mo2N(100)表面进行直接脱硫反应,HDS过程分为S原子脱除和C4产物加氢饱和两部分.过渡态搜索确定了HDS最可能的反应机理及中间产物,首个H原子的反应需要最大的活化能(1.69 eV),是噻吩加氢脱硫的控速步骤.伴随H原子的不断加入,噻吩在γ-Mo2N(100)表面上优先生成―SH和丁二烯,随后―SH加氢生成H2S,丁二烯加氢饱和生成2-丁烯和丁烷.由于较弱的吸附,H2S、2-丁烯和丁烷很容易在γ-Mo2N(100)表面脱附成为产物.     

Co调变MoS_2催化剂的作用本质及其FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫机理（英文）

采用含硫前驱体四硫代钼酸铵直接构建MoS_2催化剂,通过调变Co/Mo原子比深入认识Co调变MoS_2催化剂的作用本质及其FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫机理。借助XRD、HRTEM、XPS、H2-TPR和Py-FTIR表征发现,Co/M o原子比能够影响催化剂的活性相微观结构组成,从而影响催化剂的加氢脱硫活性和选择性。当Co/Mo(atomic ratio)0.2时,助剂Co原子倾向于占据MoS_2相的边角位而形成Co Mo S活性相,明显提高了催化剂的加氢脱硫活性;当0.2Co/Mo(atomic ratio)0.6时,助剂Co在催化剂表面形成适量的Co_9S_8相,其产生的溢流氢能提高硫化物的脱除活性而对烯烃饱和活性的影响较小;当Co/Mo(atomic ratio)0.6时,过量的Co会形成大颗粒的Co_9S_8相,阻碍硫化物和烯烃与催化剂活性中心的接触,从而降低催化剂的活性和选择性。     

Investigation on the active phase of CoMo catalyst for selective HDS by low temperature in situ FT-IR

The CoMo/Al₂O₃ catalysts with different metal loading were studied by low temperature in situ FT-IR using CO as probe molecule which appears to be a powerful method by giving rise to signals specific for unpromoted and promoted Mo sites.The result revealed that the increase of CoMoS phase on the catalyst surface improves the HDS activity and selectivity.The ratio of active site number of CoMoS and MoS₂ correlates linearly with HDS selectivity,which provides an effective tool for developing industrial selective HDS catalysts.     

Study of Dibenzothiophene Adsorption Over Carbon Nanotube Supported CoMo HDS Catalysts

Adsorption properties of dibenzothiophene (DBT) on a CNT (carbon nanotube) support as well as on CoMoS/CNT and CoMoO/CNT catalysts have been studied. Consecutive desorption of adsorbates was measured by TGA. The commonly used carriers AC (activated carbon), γ-Al2O3, and their supported catalysts (CoMoO/AC, CoMoS/AC, CoMoO/γ-Al2O3, CoMoS/γ-Al2O3) were also subjected to analysis for comparison. The acidic properties of the samples were characterized using the NH3-TPD technique.Correlation between the adsorption of DBT and the acidic properties of the catalysts has been established.It was found that the Co-Mo catalysts in the sulfide state adsorbed much more DBT molecules than the corresponding Co-Mo catalysts in the oxide state. The CoMoS/CNT catalyst exhibited very high HDS activity and selectivity, as compared with the CoMoS/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. Based on the BET data and the high hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation selectivity of the CoMoS/CNT, it was deduced that more than 90% of the DBT molecules adsorbed on the CoMoS/CNT with an end-on mode, and the surface of the CoMoS/CNT catalyst was almost fully covered with DBT molecules. Although the AC support had very high surface area and high loading ability, the AC supported CoMoS catalyst showed lower HDS activity,as compared with the CoMoS/γ-Al2O3 catalyst.     

Preparation, characterization, and catalytic activity of CoMo/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts prepared by equilibrium deposition filtration and conventional impregnation techniques

A CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) catalyst, prepared by depositing on the Al(2)O(3) carrier first the Mo species via equilibrium deposition filtration (EDF) and then the Co species by dry impregnation, was compared to three CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) samples prepared using various conventional impregnation methods. All samples had the same composition, corresponding to an atomic ratio Co/(Co+Mo) equal to 0.3. The above samples were characterized using various physicochemical techniques (AAS, BET, DRS, LRS, XPS, TPR, and NO chemisorption), and their catalytic activity was determined using the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene as a probe reaction. The EDF-prepared catalyst was about 30-43% more active in HDS than those prepared with the conventional impregnation techniques at all reaction temperatures studied. In contrast, the EDF catalyst exhibited the lowest hydrogenation activity. The higher HDS activity of the EDF sample is attributed to the higher number of active HDS sites formed on its surface. It is concluded that the increased number of active sites is due to the fact that the deposition of the Mo species by EDF results to a higher coverage of the support surface by supported molybdenum phase, which in turn, inhibits the formation of the catalytically inactive CoAl(2)O(4) and favors the dispersion of octahedral cobalt on its surface.     

Comparing the hydrodesulfurization reaction of thiophene on γ-Al2O3 supported CoMo, NiMo and NiW sulfide catalysts

The thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reaction on γ-Al₂O₃ supported CoMo, NiMo and NiW sulfide catalysts was compared in order to gain insight into the promoter effect on direct desulfurization (DDS) and hydrogenation (HYD) pathways. Ni-promoted Mo (or W) sulfide catalysts favor the hydrogen transfer reactions relative to CoMo sulfide catalyst, which facilitates the direct route instead. This different performance and also the dependence of the apparent Arrhenius parameters with the catalyst formulation were attributed to the major participation of Mo (or W) edge for the Ni-containing catalysts and S edge for CoMo sulfide catalyst upon the thiophene-HDS reaction.     

Improvement of HDS catalysts through the modification of the oxidic precursor with 1,5-pentanediol: Gas phase sulfidation and thiophene conversion

The performance, in thiophene HDS, of a CoMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst was successfully improved through chemical modification of its oxidic precursor by impregnation with 1,5-pentanediol solution. The gas phase activation with a H₂/H₂S mixture was followed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a rapid chromatograph; the catalysts were characterized at different steps of the activation using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It appeared that the addition of the organic agent retards the sulfidation of the supported metals, leading to a simultaneous sulfidation of Co and Mo atoms. This induces the formation of smaller MoS₂ slabs and thus an increase in the number of active CoMoS sites, directly correlated with the better HDS performance of the modified solid. The role of 1,5-pentanediol is likely to inhibit, at low temperature, the adsorption of H₂S on the solid and thus the sulfidation of the supported metals.     

FT-IR Study of Carbon Nanotube Supported Co-Mo Catalysts

In this paper, adsorption properties of dibenzothiophene (DBT) on carbon nanotube, carbonnanotube supported oxide state and sulfide state CoMo catalysts are studied by using thermal gravi-metric analysis (TGA) technique and FT-IR spectroscopy. Activated carbon support, 7-A1203 supportand supported CoMo catalysts are also subjected to studies for comparison. It was found that sulfidestate CoMoS/MWCNT, CoMoS/AC and CoMoS/γ-A12O3 catalysts adsorbed much more DBT moleculesthan their corresponding oxide state catalysts, as well as their corresponding supports. The chemicallyadsorbed DBT aromatic molecules did not undergo decomposition on the surface of supports, supportedoxide state CoMo catalysts and sulfide state CoMo catalysts when out-gassing at 373 K. FT-IR results indicated that DBT molecules mainly stand upright on the active sites (acid sites and/or transition active phases) of CoMoS/MWCNT catalyst. However, DBT aromatic molecules mainly lie flat on MWCNT and CoMoO/MWCNT.     

Study of oxidic and sulfided selective hydrodesulfurization catalysts for gasoline using Raman spectroscopy

A series of CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts for selective hydrodesulfurization （HDS） of gasoline were studied with Raman spectroscopy, a powerful method that creates specific signals for the states and the distributions of oxidic precursors and sulfided active phases. The higher the Mo and Co, the lower the tetrahedrally coordinated molybdate, and the higher the polymolybdate. But the amount of polymolybdate decreased when CoMoO4 appeared. Cobalt-promoted polymolybdate was the precursor, and its relative content correlated well with the HDS selectivity. For sulfided catalysts, adding the cobalt-promoter led to local distortion-disorder of the MoS2 structure and the formation of a CoMoS phase. This method can provide important information for designing new industrial selective-HDS catalvsts.     

Sonochemical preparation of supported hydrodesulfurization catalysts

Sonochemical preparation of Co and Ni promoted MoS(2) supported on alumina was achieved by high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation of isodurene solutions containing molybdenum carbonyl, dicobalt octacarbonyl, elemental sulfur, and Al(2)O(3) or Ni-Al(2)O(3) under Ar flow. The sonochemically prepared catalysts were characterized by elemental analysis, XPS, SEM, TEM, and XEDS, and hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity evaluated for thiophene and dibenzothiophene substrates. The TEM studies on the sonochemically prepared catalysts indicate the formation of layered hexagonal MoS(2) (lattice fringes approximately 6.2 A) on the alumina support. The sonochemically prepared Co-Mo-S/Al(2)O(3), Ni-Mo-S/Al(2)O(3), and Co-Ni-Mo-S/Al(2)O(3) are extremely active catalysts for the HDS of thiophene and dibenzothiophene, with activities severalfold those of comparable commercial catalysts under identical conditions. The layered structure of MoS(2) remained intact after 120 h of HDS, and the catalyst is reusable.     

Unsupported Molybdenum and Cobalt-Molybdenum Nitrides for Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization

The catalytic activity and the structure of unsupported Mo and CoMo nitrided catalysts were investigated. It was found that the structure and catalytic activity of the nitrided catalysts are influenced by the conditions of nitridation. Molybdenum oxynitrides are more active in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene than MoS₂. The addition of cobalt to nitrided Mo improves its HDS activity, however, sulfided CoMo catalyst is still more active than the nitrided one. Synergy between Co and Mo for the nitrided unsupported CoMo catalyst exists at lower degree than for the sulfided form of CoMo.     

On the relationship between the preparation method and the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) hydrodesulfurization catalysts

A series of CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) catalysts have been prepared using various methodologies. One of them (EDF) was prepared by depositing the Mo species on the support via the equilibrium deposition filtration (EDF) technique and then the Co species by dry impregnation. Another catalyst (co-EDF) was prepared by depositing the Co and Mo species simultaneously via EDF. A third catalyst (co-WET) was prepared by depositing Mo and Co species simultaneously using the wet impregnation method. The fourth catalyst (WET) was prepared by depositing the Mo species through wet impregnation and then the Co species by dry impregnation. Finally, the fifth catalyst (s-DRY) was prepared by mounting the Mo species through successive dry impregnations and then the Co species by dry impregnation. In all cases the Mo and Co content was identical, giving a Co/(Co+Mo) ratio equal to 0.13. These catalysts were characterized using various physicochemical techniques (BET, NO chemisorption, DRS, LRS, TPR, and XPS), and their catalytic activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene was determined. The trend observed for the HDS activity (namely, EDF>co-EDF>co-WET>s-DRY>WET) is attributed to similar trends observed for both the fraction of well-dispersed octahedral cobalt in the oxidic precursors and the concentration of the edge sulfur vacancies formed on the active phase of the sulfided samples. The EDF and co-EDF catalysts exhibited relatively low hydrogenating activity. The maximum HDS activity, achieved over the EDF catalyst, suggested the most suitable preparative strategy for the preparation of very active and less hydrogen-demanding CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) HDS catalysts.