3,3''''-偶氮-(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)的合成及性能研究

以3,6-对(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BT)为起始物,经亲核取代、氧化脱氢、氨解和水解等四步反应,合成了高氮含能化合物3,3'-偶氮-(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT).对DAAT的热分解性能进行了研究,由DSC、PDSC和TG-DTG技术获得了DAAT的热分解动力学参数和机理函数.结果表明,DAAT的热稳定性好,能量高.在5℃/min升温速率下,DAAT在283℃左右开始分解,放热峰值320℃,分解放热峰的分解焓为1974.33J/g,高于相同条件下硝胺系炸药HMX的分解焓;采用Kissinger法和Ozawa法求得其活化能分别为209.69和208.77kJ/mol;其热分解速率对压强比较敏感,且与环境压强成正比.采用VLW EOS对DAAT的爆轰性能进行了理论计算,结果表明将DAAT与传统含能材料混合,有望制备出高能钝感炸药.     

3，3′-偶氮-（6-氨基-1，2，4，5-四嗪）的合成及性能研究

以3,6-对(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BT)为起始物,经亲核取代、氧化脱氢、氨解和水解等四步反应,合成了高氮含能化合物3,3′-偶氮-(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT)。对DAAT的热分解性能进行了研究,由DSC、PDSC和TG-DTG技术获得了DAAT的热分解动力学参数和机理函数。结果表明,DAAT的热稳定性好,能量高。在5℃/min升温速率下,DAAT在283℃左右开始分解,放热峰值320℃,分解放热峰的分解焓为1974·33J/g,高于相同条件下硝胺系炸药HMX的分解焓;采用Kissinger法和Ozawa法求得其活化能分别为209·69和208·77kJ/mol;其热分解速率对压强比较敏感,且与环境压强成正比。采用VLWEOS对DAAT的爆轰性能进行了理论计算,结果表明将DAAT与传统含能材料混合,有望制备出高能钝感炸药。     

3,6-双(1H-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成、表征及量子化学研究

以三氨基胍硝酸盐、戊二酮为起始原料, 经缩合、氧化、取代等反应合成了3,6-双(1H-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BTATz), 并通过元素分析、红外、核磁、差示扫描量热法(DSC)等分析手段对其进行了表征. 采用亚硝酸钠/乙酸代替了二氧化氮/N-甲基吡咯烷酮, 改进了氧化步骤, 降低了成本, 简化了合成工艺. 用B3LYP方法, 在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上对其性能进行了计算, 得到了其稳定的几何构型和键级; 在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率、IR谱及不同温度下的热力学性质, 并得到了温度对热力学性能影响的关系式; 探讨了其热解机理, 推断出四唑环开环时的过渡态和活化能.     

3,6-二叠氮基-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成及理论研究

以3,6-双(3,5-二甲基吡唑基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪为原料, 经过肼解反应和重氮化反应, 制得了3,6-二叠氮基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(DAT). 在DFT-B3LYP/6-31G*水平下求得了DAT的分子几何、IR光谱和热力学性质. 计算模拟IR光谱和实测IR光谱的对比表明DAT在固态下不发生叠氮-四唑互变异构反应. 根据IR光谱计算了DAT的热容、焓、熵等热力学参数, 也给出了这些参数和温度T之间的函数关系. 在不破坏四嗪环和叠氮基的原则下通过构建等键反应求得了DAT的精确生成热为1088 kJ•mol^—1. 爆轰性能计算表明DAT爆速D＝8.45 km•s^－1, 爆压P＝31.3 GPa, 高于TNT和HMX.     

1-[6-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-3-基]酰肼及其衍生物的合成与表征

以水合肼和硝酸胍为原料,经肼化、环化、氧化和肼化四步反应合成了1-[6-(3,5-二甲基-1H吡唑-1-基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-3-基]酰肼(4);4与酰氯或磺酰氯反应合成了一系列新型的1-[6-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-3基]酰肼衍生物(6a～6j),其结构经1H NMR,IR...     

均四嗪衍生物结构、生成焓及爆轰性能的理论研究

运用DFT-w B97/6-31+G**方法对23种1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物的几何结构、自然键轨道(NBO)和生成焓(EOF)进行研究,并在此基础上运用Kamlet-Jacobs方程估算衍生物的爆轰性能,得到其爆速在6.69~9.37 km/s之间;基于统计热力学,求得部分标题化合物在200~800 K温度范围内的热力学性质,随温度T升高,热容Cp、熵Sm及焓Hm逐渐增大。根据最小键级理论,C-R(取代基)键和N-R键可能是1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物高温裂解的热引发键。综合分析,基团-NO2、-N3和-N=N-有助于提高四嗪衍生物的生成焓和爆轰性能,3,6-二硝基-1,2,4,5-四嗪和3,6-二偶氮基-二硝基-1,2,4,5-四嗪从能量、爆轰性能上可以作为高能量密度材料候选物。     

高能量密度材料3,3′-偶氮-1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物的分子设计

运用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法,计算系列3,3′-偶氮-1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物的生成热.结果显示:—N3取代基在增加3,3′-偶氮-1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物的生成热方面起了非常重要的作用.通过分析标题化合物的最弱键离解能发现:—NH2或—N3取代基非常有利于增加衍生物的热稳定性.计算的爆速(D)和爆压(p)数值表明:—NO2或—NF2取代基有利于提高3,3′-偶氮-1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物的爆轰性能.综合爆轰性能和热稳定性的计算结果,3种3,3′-偶氮-1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物可以作为潜在的品优高能量密度材料(HEDM)候选物.     

1-芳基亚甲基-2-(6-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-3-基)肼的合成及抗菌活性

以水合肼和硝酸胍为原料,经过环合、氧化和肼化,得到3-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-6-肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(4),以此为原料和不同芳香醛发生腙化反应,得到系列1-芳基亚甲基-2-(6-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪-3-基)肼(5),产物经元素分析、1H NMR、IR和MS表征。所合成的系列化合物抗菌活性测试表明,它们对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌等3种细菌表现出一定程度的抑制活性。     

3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪二聚体分子间相互作用的理论研究

在DFT-B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下,求得3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪二聚体势能面上3种优化几何构型和电子结构。经基组叠加误差(BSSE)和零点能(ZPE)校正,求得分子间最大相互作用能为-38.88kJ/mol。电荷分布与转移分析表明,二子体系间的电荷转移很少,但接触点上氮原子和氢原子电荷变化比较大。由自然键轨道(NBO)分析揭示了分子间相互作用的本质。对优化构型进行振动分析,并基于统计热力学求得200.0~800.0 K温度范围从单体形成二聚体的热力学性质变化,发现二聚主要由强氢键所贡献,二聚过程在较低温度或常温下能自发进行。     

1,4-双(6-苯基-1,2,4,5-四嗪-3-基)苯的合成

以对苯二甲醛为原料,经过单肼化、腙化、氯化和环合氧化四步反应首次合成1,4-双(6-苯基-1,2,4,5-四嗪-3-基)苯,其结构经1H NMR,IR,MS和元素分析表征。     

Predicting solid-state heats of formation of newly synthesized polynitrogen materials by using quantum mechanical calculations

We present density functional theory level predictions and analysis of the basic properties of newly synthesized high-nitrogen compounds together with 3,6-bis(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (BTT) and 3,3'-azobis(6-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine) (DAAT), for which experimental data are available. The newly synthesized high-nitrogen compounds are based on tricycle fused 1,2,4-triazine and 1,2,4,5-tetrazine heterocycles. In this work, the molecules BTT and DAAT have been studied in order to validate the theoretical approach and to facilitate further progress developments for the molecules of interest. Molecular structural properties are clarified, and IR spectra predictions are provided to help detection of those compounds in the experiment. The energy content of the molecules in the gas phase is evaluated by calculating standard enthalpies of formation, by using a special selection of isodesmic reaction paths. We also include estimates of the condensed-phase heats of formation and heats of sublimation in the framework of the Politzer approach. The obtained properties are consistent with those new high-nitrogen compounds being a promising set of advanced energetic materials.     

Thermal analysis of the extremely Nitrogen-Rich Solids BTT and DAAT

3,6-Bis(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine BTT and 3,3'-azobis(6-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine) (DAAT) are nitrogen-rich substances considered as new components for energetic applications like gas generators. Therefore, the thermal decomposition behaviour of BTT and DAAT was thermoanalytically characterized. Both substances decompose at surprisingly high temperatures of >200°C. The decomposition heats released belong to the highest ever measured for energetic materials under similar experimental conditions and are spread over a relatively narrow temperature range. The online monitoring of the decomposition gases reveals the decomposition pathway which is initiated by ring opening reactions of the tetrazole and tetrazine subunits. Subsequent reaction steps could be identified leading to a residue-free degradation of the C-N-backbone of BTT and DAAT. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Study on the synthesis and performance of 3,3′-azobis (6-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine)

The synthesis of high-nitrogen energetic material 3,3′-azobis (6-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine) (DAAT) from 3,6-bis (3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine by a four-step reaction is described. The thermal properties of DAAT were investigated by using Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) and Thermogravimetry (TG) techniques. Kinetic parameters of decomposition and mechanism functions were obtained. The results showed that DAAT is thermally stable up to 283°C and gives an exotherm maximum at 320°C with ΔH of 1974.33 J·g⁻¹, which is higher than HMX. The values of E _a are 209.69 and 208.77 kJ·mol⁻¹ by the methods of Kissinger and Ozawa, respectively. The decomposition rate of DAAT is sensitive to pressure and in direct proportion to atmosphere pressure. The explosive performances of DAAT were calculated theoretically by VLW equation-of-state (EOS) and the results showed that several explosive formulations based on DAAT have high-energy and insensitive performance. Translated from Huaxue Tongbao (Chemistry), 2006, 69(9): 685–689 (in Chinese)     

Synthesis, characterization and quantum chemistry study of 3,6-bis(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl-amino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine

3,6-bis(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl-amino)- 1,2,4,5-tetrazine (BTATz) was synthesized by the condensation of triaminoguanidinium nitrate with 2,4-pentanedione, followed by oxidation and substitution reaction. The product was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR spectrometry and DSC analysis. Instead of nitrogen dioxide/N-methylpyrrolidone, acetic acid/sodium nitrite was used as the oxidizer during the oxidation. Thus, the cost was reduced and the process was simplified. The theoretical properties of BTATz were estimated by a B3LYP method based on a 6-31G(d,p) basis set, and the stable geometric configuration and bond order were obtained. The vibrational frequencies, IR spectrum and thermodynamic properties under different temperatures were obtained from vibrational analysis and the relationship between temperature and thermodynamics properties was deduced. Pyrolysis mechanism of BTATz was discussedand the transition state and activation energy of ring opening reaction of the tetrazole were deduced. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2008, 28(3) (in Chinese)     

1,4-二氨基-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑的合成、热性能及量子化学研究

以自制的3,5-二甲基-4-氨基吡唑为原料,经重氮化、环化、硝化、氧化、脱羧硝化以及N-胺化等反应合成了1,4-二氨基-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(LLM-119),采用红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱及元素分析等手段表征了中间体及目标物的结构;对4-重氮基-3,5-二甲基吡唑内盐的后处理方法进行了改进,采用冷冻结晶法代替萃取法,避免大量使用有机试剂,简化操作过程,收率由77.0%提高到86.1%;初步探讨了N-胺化反应的机理,从理论上分析了收率偏低的原因;利用DSC,TG等热分析手段研究了LLM-119的热性能,其热分解峰温为232.05℃,表明LLM-119具有较好的热稳定性;首次采用B3LYP方法,在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上对LLM-119的结构进行了全参数优化,获得其稳定的几何构型和键级;在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率、IR谱及不同温度下的热力学性质,并得到了温度对热力学性能影响的关系式;用Monte-Carlo方法从理论上计算LLM-119的密度为1.85 g/cm3,与实验值接近,运用Kamlet公式预测爆速为8733.94 m/s.     

一种新型含能材料s-四嗪钴盐的合成、热分解动力学及热安全性

四嗪类含能化合物因其高能、钝感、高燃速、低压力指数、良好的热安定性等特点被广泛应用于含能材料领域。然而却存在低密度、低热稳定性的问题,为提高四嗪类化合物的这一性能,制备的一系列金属衍生物得到了广泛关注。3,6-双(1-氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BTATz)作为四嗪类高氮含能化合物一种,具有良好的催化性能及应用前景。本文以BTATz钾与硝酸钴在水溶液中反应合成了1,2,4,5-四嗪(s-四嗪)的钴盐。采用元素分析(EA)、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)及电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对其进行了结构表征,推测其化学式为Co(C_4H_2N_(14))·4H_2O。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和热重分析仪(TG/DTG)研究了其热分解行为及主放热反应的动力学方程。计算了自加速分解温度(T_(SADT))、热爆炸临界温度(T_b)、热点火温度(T_(TIT))和绝热至爆时间(t_(TIAD)),其值分别为509.69 K、556.31 K、524.93 K和88.40 s,并以此来评价化合物的热安全性。该金属盐的绝热至爆时间大于相应的Ca盐、Mg盐和Sr盐,放热量高于配体BTATz,有望成为良好的燃烧催化剂。     

Substituent Effect on Infrared Spectra and Thermodynamic Properties of Polynitroamino Substituted Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane

Density functional theory method was employed to study the effect of the nitroamino group as a substituent in cyclopentane and cyclohexane, which usually construct polycyclic or caged nitramines. Based on the optimized molecular structures of two groups of monocyclic nitramines at the B3LYP/6-31G** level, the infrared (IR) spectra were obtained and assigned by harmonic vibrational analysis. The calculated results agree reasonably with the available experimental data. According to the principles of statistic thermodynamics, thermodynamic properties were derived from the IR spectra, which were linearly correlated with the number of nitroamino groups as well as the temperature. The.     

3,6-双(1氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成与表征

研究了低感度高氮化合物3,6-双(1氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成,其结构经元素分析,IR,^1H NMR和^13C NMR表征。