测量界面软铬层力学性质的纳米压入法

为了测量双层铬的界面软铬层力学性质,提出了化学腐蚀基体法,通过溶解掉基体制备没有基体支撑的自由铬层,将在横截面内线状显示的界面转化为界面表面(铬层与基体相连接的面),避免了横截面不能显示界面表面的缺点。对界面表面进行纳米压入实验和借助于表征薄膜力学性质的表面压入能量法,测得了描述界面软铬层力学性质的弹性模量和压入弹、塑性功等参数。     

金属材料的强度与应力-应变关系的球压入测试方法

压入法获取材料单轴应力-应变关系和抗拉强度对服役结构完整性评价有重要的基础意义.假定材料均匀连续、各向同性、应力应变关系符合Hollomon律,基于能量等效假定,即代表性体积单元(representativevolume element, RVE)的vonMises等效和有效变形域内能量中值等效假定,本文提出了关联材料载荷、深度、球压头直径和Hollomon律的四参数半解析球压入(semi-analyticalspherical indentation,SSI)模型.通过球压入载荷-深度试验关系获得材料的应力-应变关系和抗拉强度.考虑压入过程中的损伤效应,针对金属材料提出了用于球压入测试的材料弹性模量修正模型.对11种延性金属材料完成了球压入试验,采用本文提出的球压入试验方法测到的弹性模量、应力-应变关系和抗拉强度与单轴拉伸试验结果吻合良好.      

超塑性变形晶界效应研究综述

自1934年超塑性现象被发现, 一直以其特殊的塑性变形机制而备受关注.本文以对超塑性变形晶界研究为主线, 从力学角度总结了近年来研究成果. 包括: 基于晶界拓扑构造、统计规律以及能量耗散的力学模型; 论述了由孔洞损伤导致的超塑性沿晶破坏、晶界结构演化与宏观率敏感性之间的关系; 列举了考虑晶界效应的典型超塑性数值模型; 总结并讨论了晶界滑移定量表征的重要实验手段, 指出超塑性研究中需进一步拓展的领域: 多尺度耦合的超塑性力学、材料制备及组合工艺中利用超塑性.      

不同拉压特性的厚壁圆筒极限内压统一解

厚壁圆筒在实际工程领域中应用广泛,若能精确计算出极限内压,对预防事故发生,降低风险有重要意义.工程中存在许多材料,其拉压强度和拉压模量均存在差异,这些差异对极限内压的大小有显著影响.以往研究表明,仅考虑拉压强度与拉压模量的一个方面,计算结果与实际情况存在一定的误差.本文基于双剪统一强度理论,综合考虑中间主应力效应及材料拉压强度和拉压模量的不同,推导了内压作用下厚壁圆筒的弹、塑性状态的应力分布及弹性极限内压、塑性极限内压与安定极限内压的统一解,通过与其他文献对比分析验证了本文计算结果的正确性,分析了半径比、统一强度理论参数、拉压强度比与拉压模量系数对弹性极限内压、塑性极限内压及安定极限内压的影响.结果表明:统一解均随半径比和统一强度理论参数的增大而增大,随拉压强度比的增大而减小,弹性极限内压随材料拉压模量系数的增大而减小,当壁厚增加到一定值后,安定极限内压随材料拉压模量系数的增大而减小;材料的拉压模量不同、拉压强度差异对厚壁圆筒的安定性影响显著,考虑中间主应力效应可使材料的潜能得到更充分发挥,极限内压随半径比的变化规律可为选择合理壁厚提供参考,该结论可为厚壁圆筒的工程应用提供理论依据.     

闭孔泡沫铝的高温局部压入力学响应

通过不同形状(平头和半球头)的压头在不同温度下对闭孔泡沫铝材料进行塑性压入实验,研究不同温度下闭孔泡沫铝的压入变形模式及载荷响应特性。并基于闭孔泡沫铝在高温下的准静态塑性压入载荷响应的实验结果,结合多种分析方法,(如量纲分析和有限元计算等),探索既考虑温度影响也包含压入深度影响的预测闭孔泡沫铝平头和半球头压入力学响应的经验公式。结果表明,本文得到的两种压头情况下的经验公式都能够较好地预测闭孔泡沫铝在不同温度下的压入力学响应。     

压缩载荷作用下岩石的细观损伤和塑性研究

建立岩石微裂纹扩展的细观力学模型,研究了岩石的细观损伤和塑性性质.压缩载荷下微裂纹尖端翼裂纹稳定扩展表征岩石的细观损伤,采用应变能密度准则求解复合型断裂的翼裂纹扩展长度,微裂隙统计的二参数Weibull函数模型反映绝对体积应变对微裂纹分布数目影响,进而用翼裂纹扩展所表征的应力释放体积和微裂纹数目来表示含有微裂隙的岩石损伤演化变量;宏观塑性屈服函数采用Voyiadjis等的等效塑性应变的硬化函数,反映了塑性内变量对硬化函数的影响;建立岩石模型的本构关系及其数值算法,并用回映隐式积分算法编制了模型的本构程序.分析弹塑性损伤模型的围压对岩石损伤的影响,并从围压和短微裂隙长度等因素分析模型的岩石的损伤和宏观塑性特性.     

金属材料的强度与应力–应变关系的球压入测试方法

压入法获取材料单轴应力–应变关系和抗拉强度对服役结构完整性评价有重要的基础意义.假定材料均匀连续、各向同性、应力应变关系符合Hollomon律,基于能量等效假定,即代表性体积单元(representative volume element, RVE)的von Mises等效和有效变形域内能量中值等效假定,本文提出了关联材料载荷、深度、球压头直径和Hollomon律的四参数半解析球压入(semi-analytical spherical indentation, SSI)模型.通过球压入载荷–深度试验关系获得材料的应力–应变关系和抗拉强度.考虑压入过程中的损伤效应,针对金属材料提出了用于球压入测试的材料弹性模量修正模型.对11种延性金属材料完成了球压入试验,采用本文提出的球压入试验方法测到的弹性模量、应力–应变关系和抗拉强度与单轴拉伸试验结果吻合良好.     

聚酰亚胺无机杂化薄膜断裂韧性的研究

依据基本断裂功理论,将聚酰亚胺/二氧化硅(PI/SiO2)无机杂化薄膜断裂功分为基本断裂功和塑性功,从断裂功与韧带长度关系得到了反映PI/SiO2断裂韧性的材料常数比基本断裂功,并通过实验,研究了不同SiO2含量对此薄膜断裂韧性参数的影响.     

M积分与夹杂/缺陷弹性模量的显式关系

M积分在材料构型力学中表征着缺陷自相似扩展的能量释放率,而有效弹性模量下降量在传统损伤力学中是一个具有内变量属性的损伤参数. 探讨了两者之间的特定关系,以此为材料构型力学与损伤力学搭建桥梁.借助穆斯海里什维利（Muskhelishvili）复势函数方法获取无限大弹性平面含圆形夹杂的弹性场解,根据M 积分的复势函数解析表达式得到M 积分与夹杂弹性模量的显式表达式. 随后通过有限元分析,对含复杂缺陷群的弹塑性材料进行数值模拟,结果表明内部缺陷区域的有效弹性模量下降与M 积分存在着特定关系. 基于此,提出利用材料构型力学中的外变量参数（M 积分）来替代损伤力学中的内变量参数（弹性模量下降量）描述材料的缺陷演化.      

基于手性特征可调力学参数结构设计方法研究

针对航天航空及生物医学等领域对可变力学参数材料结构的需求,通过细观结构设计研究了实现材料宏观力学参数可调的方法。首先对可实现多种变形形式的四阶与反四阶手性负泊松比二维结构进行了不同组合;再基于能量原理理论研究了组成结构的平面弹性响应,得到理论表达式并分析了基元微结构构型变化及宏观力学响应的变化规律,进而探索变力学参数材料结构的设计方法。结果表明:手性特征的引入是实现力学参数可调的有效方法,通过改变表征手性特征的微结构参数,可以实现结构宏观力学参数的主动调控。在此基础上,通过对不同基元进行随机组合,得到了可以满足刚度动态可调的结构。本文提出的变刚度结构设计理论及方法可为变力学参数结构设计提供相应的理论依据及设计参考,对航空航天及生物医学等领域的各种变力学参数元器件的设计及应用具有一定的指导意义。     

DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A RIGID,PERFECTLY PLASTIC FREE-FREE BEAM STRUCK BY A PROJECTILE ATANY CROSS-SECTION ALONG ITS SPAN

I. INTRODUCTION The dynamic plastic response of free-free beams subjected to intense dynamic loading is a subject ofinterest for aerospace engineering applications. For example, when a rocket is attacked by a missile, itslarge plastic deformation behav…     

冲击扰动下泥页岩块剪切蠕变损伤特性研究

矿体爆破是大多数露天矿山开采作业中的必要环节,然而持续爆破作业产生的冲击扰动作用会降低露天边坡的长期稳定性,甚至促使滑坡灾害的发生。为研究冲击扰动效应对边坡岩体蠕变特性的影响,以露天石灰石矿山二叠系软弱夹层中的炭质泥页岩为研究对象,利用自主研发的岩石冲击-剪切蠕变试验系统开展了不同冲击能量扰动下的剪切蠕变试验。试验结果表明：（1）冲击扰动对软岩剪切蠕变破坏具有明显的促进作用,随着冲击扰动能量的增加,软岩进入加速蠕变历时缩短,蠕变破坏总时长与剪切蠕变破坏强度亦随之降低。（2）冲击能量可改变泥页岩剪切破坏面的发育特征,冲击扰动能量越大,剪切面裂隙发育越充分且岩样结构形态越破碎。（3）岩样总体变形量与冲击能量呈正相关关系,随着冲击能量的增加,其造成的总变形中塑性永久变形占比越大而弹性变形占比约小,当冲击能量为7.09J时两次冲击后的塑形永久变形占比均不小于73.1%。根据试验结果,引入基于冲击能量的损伤因子D,建立了考虑冲击扰动效应的软岩剪切蠕变损伤模型。采用BFGS算法和1stOpt通用全局优化数学软件进行了模型参数辨识,采用损伤模型对试验结果进行拟合后发现,所建立模型能够较好地描述冲击扰动下泥页岩剪切蠕变变形的全过程,可为爆破扰动效应下的矿山边坡长期稳定性研究提供一定的理论基础。     

椭圆截面截卵形刚性弹体正贯穿加筋板能量耗散分析

为获得椭圆截面截卵形刚性弹体正贯穿加筋板的剩余速度,根据椭圆截面弹体贯穿靶板的破坏特征,认为贯穿过程中靶板的能量耗散方式主要为塞块剪切变形功与塞块动能、扩孔塑性变形功、花瓣动力功、花瓣弯曲变形功、靶板整体凹陷变形功、加强筋侧向凹陷变形功。推导了每种能量计算方法,计算中定量考虑了靶板扩孔、花瓣弯曲、凹陷变形的应变率效应。根据能量守恒关系,得到了椭圆截面弹体剩余速度和弹道极限速度预测公式。并通过实验结果对模型进行了验证。结果表明:考虑靶板应变硬化、应变率效应的贯穿模型可以准确预测弹体剩余速度;随着椭圆截面弹体长短轴之比的增大,靶板的弹道极限速度近似线性增大;长短轴之比小于3时,加筋板的主要耗能为花瓣弯曲变形能、整体凹陷变形能。     

全局性能水准与构件局部损伤状态

传统的最大层间位移作为一个全局性的性能指标,超出给定的性能极限状态阈值就不能映射构件局部损伤状态。本文基于能量平衡原理,将塑性能量耗散和塑性铰的等效能相比得到累积塑性应变,将累积塑性应变这一反映局部损伤状态的损伤指标作为工程需求参数,假定一系列累积塑性应变阈值建立局部构件的易损性曲线族。以传统的最大层间位移作为反映全局性能水准的工程需求参数,建立结构全局性能极限状态下的易损性曲线。对比全局和局部易损性曲线,发现全局性能水准和局部构件损伤状态之间存在良好的相关性,通过易损性曲线的吻合程度可获得给定全局性能水准相对应的累积塑性应变阈值。进而也建立起全局性能指标与局部损伤状态的映射关系。基于累积塑性应变的机构易损性分析是一种更精确的易损性分析方法。     

Role of discrete intra-granular slip bands on the strain-hardening of polycrystals

This work investigates a new micromechanical modeling of polycrystal plasticity, accounting slip bands for physical plastic heterogeneities considered as periodically distributed within grains. These intra-granular plastic heterogeneities are modeled by parallel flat ellipsoidal sub-domains, each of them may have a distinct uniform plastic slip. To capture the morphology of slip bands occurring in plastically deforming polycrystals, these interacting sub-domains are considered as oblate spheroids periodically distributed and constrained by spherical grain boundaries. In this paper, we focus the study on the influences of internal length scale parameters related to grain size, spatial period and thickness of slip bands on the overall material’s behavior. In a first part, the Gibbs free energy accounting for elastic interactions between plastic heterogeneities is calculated thanks to the Green function’s method in the case of an isolated spherical grain with plastic strain occurring only in slip bands embedded in an infinite elastic matrix. In a second part, the influence of discrete periodic distributions of intra-granular slip bands on the polycrystal’s behavior is investigated considering an aggregate with random crystallographic orientations. When the spatial period of slip bands is on the same order as the grain radius, the polycrystal’s mechanical behavior is found strongly dependent on the ratio between the spatial period of slip bands and the grain size, as well as the ratio between the slip band thickness and the grain size, which cannot be captured by classic length scale independent Eshelby-based micromechanics.     

Determination of the Constitutive Relation Parameters of a Metallic Material by Measurement of Temperature Increment in Compressive Dynamic Tests

The mechanical behaviour of a material can be established by an analytic expression called the constitutive relation that shows stress as a function of plastic strain, strain rate, temperature, and possibly other thermo-mechanical variables. The constitutive relation usually includes such parameters as coefficients or exponents that must be determined. At a high strain rate, the heat generated during the deformation process is directly related to the plastic deformation energy of the material. This energy can be calculated from the plastic work, resulting in an expression that includes the constitutive relation parameters as variables. The heat generated can also be estimated by measuring the temperature surface of the specimen during compressive tests using the technique of infrared thermography. The objective of this paper is to present a procedure for determining the constitutive relation parameters by measuring the temperature increase associated with plastic strain in compressive Hopkinson tests. The procedure was applied to estimate the parameters of the Johnson–Cook constitutive relation of an aluminium alloy (Al6082).     

Modelling of the interface between a thin film and a substrate within a strain gradient plasticity framework

Interfaces play an important role for the plastic deformation at the micron scale. In this paper, two types of interface models for isotropic materials are developed and applied in a thin film analysis. The first type, which can also be motivated from dislocation theory, assumes that the plastic work at the interface is stored as a surface energy that is linear in plastic strain. In the second model, the plastic work is completely dissipated and there is no build-up of a surface energy. Both formulations introduce one length scale parameter for the bulk material and one for the interface, which together control the film behaviour. It is demonstrated that the two interface models give equivalent results for a monotonous, increasing load. The combined influence of bulk and interface is numerically studied and it is shown that size effects are obtained, which are controlled by the length scale parameters of bulk and interface.     

Equivalence of the notch stress intensity factor,tip opening displacement and energy release rate for a sharp V-notch

For an infinite elastic plane with a sharp V-notch under the action of symmetrically loading at infinity, the length of crack initiation ahead of the V-notch’s tip is estimated according to a modified Griffith approach. Applying a new conservation integral to the perfectly plastic strip (Dugdale model) ahead of the V-notch’s tip, the relationship between notch stress intensity factor (NSIF) and notch tip opening displacement (NTOD) is presented. Also, the relationship between NSIF and perfectly plastic strip size (PPSS) is found. Since there are three fracture parameters (NSIF, NTOD, and PPSS) with changeable notch opening angle in two basic relationships, it is necessary to select one critical parameter with changeable notch opening angle or two independent critical parameters, respectively. With the help of a characteristic length, it is found by this new conservation integral that the NSIF, NTOD and energy release rate are equivalent in the case of small-scale yielding. Especially, the characteristic length possesses clear physical meaning and, for example, depends on both the critical NSIF and SIF or both the NTOD and CTOD, respectively, in which SIF and CTOD are from the tip of a crack degenerated from the sharp V-notch. The dependence of NSIF on NTOD and PPSS is presented according to the equivalence, and the critical NSIF depending on the critical NTOD with a notch opening angle is also predicted.     

CRACK PROPAGATION IN POLYCRYSTALLINE ELASTIC-VISCOPLASTIC MATERIALS USING COHESIVE ZONE MODELS

Cohesive zone model was used to simulate two-dimensional plane strain crack propagation at the grain level model including grain boundary zones. Simulated results show that the original crack-tip may not be separated firstly in an elastic-viscoplastic polycrystals. The grain interior's material properties (e.g. strain rate sensitivity) characterize the competitions between plastic and cohesive energy dissipation mechanisms. The higher the strain rate sensitivity is, the larger amount of the external work is transformed into plastic dissipation energy than into cohesive energy, which delays the cohesive zone rupturing. With the strain rate sensitivity decreased, the material property tends to approach the elastic-plastic responses. In this case, the plastic dissipation energy decreases and the cohesive dissipation energy increases which accelerates the cohesive zones debonding. Increasing the cohesive strength or the critical separation displacement will reduce the stress triaxiality at grain interiors and grain boundaries. Enhancing the cohesive zones ductility can improve the matrix materials resistance to void damage.     

A finite element study of the deformations, forces, stress formations, and energy losses in sliding cylindrical contacts

This work presents the results of a finite element analysis (FEA) used to simulate two-dimensional (2D) sliding between two interfering elasto-plastic cylinders. The material for the cylinders is modeled as elastic-perfectly plastic and follows the von Mises yield criterion. The FEA provides trends in the deformations, reaction forces, stresses, and net energy losses as a function of the interference and sliding distance between the cylinders. Results are presented for both frictionless and frictional sliding and comparisons are drawn. The effects of plasticity and friction on energy loss during sliding are isolated. This work also presents empirical equations thatt relate the net energy loss due to sliding under an elasto-plastic deformation as a function of the sliding distance. Contour plots of the von Mises stresses are presented to show the formation and distribution of stresses with increasing plastic deformation as sliding progresses. This work shows that for the plastic loading cases the ratio of the horizontal force to the vertical reaction force is non-zero at the point where the cylinders are perfectly aligned about the vertical axis. In addition, a “load ratio” of the horizontal tugging force to the vertical reaction force is defined. Although this is analogous to the common definition of the coefficient of friction between sliding surfaces, it just contains the effect of energy loss in plasticity. The values of the contact half-width are obtained for different vertical interferences as sliding progresses.