溶液中杂质离子对石膏晶须生长的影响

为查明以工业石膏为原料制备石膏晶须时溶解的杂质离子对晶须的影响,在分析典型工业石膏主要杂质离子的基础上,对溶液中含有Na+、Al3+、K+、Sr2+、Mg2+和F-杂质离子时石膏晶须的制备进行了研究.采用XRD、IR 光谱、光学显微镜和ICP-AES对石膏晶须样品进行了表征,讨论了杂质离子对石膏晶须物相、结构、化学组成和形貌的影响.结果表明,碱金属离子Na+、K+及高电荷惰性气体型离子Al3+对石膏晶须的形貌无明显影响;碱土金属离子SF2+、Mg2+能够提高晶须的长度和长径比;阴离子F-不仅会引起晶须呈帚状聚集,而且会导致晶须的纯度降低.杂质离子在石膏晶须生长过程中可不同程度地进入晶格代替Ca2+或SO42-.工业上制备石膏晶须时可采用Sr2和Mg2提高晶须的长度和长径比,应避免高浓度的Na+、K+和Al3+以及F-对晶须造成的不利影响.     

机械力活化对脱硫石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的影响

对脱硫石膏原料进行机械力活化,然后采用降温重结晶法制备出硫酸钙晶须.借助扫描电镜、图像粒度分析仪和相关软件进行表征,并初步讨论了机械力活化对晶须成核和生长过程的影响.结果表明:经过机械力活化的脱硫石膏可以制备有较大长径比的硫酸钙晶须.在水浴反应温度为75℃,硫酸浓度为2.5 mol/L,机械力活化时间为3.5 h,浆料浓度为2;的条件下,制备的硫酸钙晶须平均长径比为150,平均直径为2.1μm.     

H2SO4-H2O中硝酸铜对脱硫石膏晶须生长的影响

以处理后的脱硫石膏为原料,在H₂SO₄-H₂O体系中以Cu(NO₃)₂为晶形控制剂采用水热法制备脱硫石膏晶须,探讨了Cu(NO₃)₂对脱硫石膏晶须生长的影响机理。结果表明:Cu(NO₃)₂对脱硫石膏有明显促溶作用,其中Cu²⁺可减小溶液中各离子的活度系数,使溶液中的Ca²⁺浓度增大。NO^-₃通过静电作用在Ca²⁺周围聚集并对SO^2-₄产生屏蔽作用,导致脱硫石膏继续溶解并使Ca²⁺和SO^2-₄的浓度处于相对稳定状态,有利于半水脱硫石膏晶体的形核与生长。此外,Cu²⁺还可在晶须的生长过程中选择性吸附在晶须表面,生成CuSO₄,促进了脱硫石膏的结晶生长,最终在Cu(NO₃)₂用量为2.0%(质量分数)时制备的脱硫石膏晶须长径比约为73。     

混合助晶剂促进大长径比硫酸钙晶须的调控研究

以预处理后的磷石膏为原料,氯化镁、丙三醇、丙三醇/无水乙醇、丙三醇/硬脂酸为助晶剂,采用水热法制备了硫酸钙晶须,利用XRF、SEM、XRD和FT-IR分别对硫酸钙晶须的成分含量、表面形貌、物相特征等进行了表征.结果表明,混合助晶剂能够明显增大硫酸钙晶须的长径比,提高晶须合成率,改善晶须形貌.在丙三醇/无水乙醇体系中,当V(无水乙醇)/V(丙三醇)=0.8时,硫酸钙晶须的合成率为96;,长径比可达90.在丙三醇/硬脂酸体系中,当m(硬脂酸)/m(磷石膏)=2;时,硫酸钙晶须的合成率为94;,长径比可达75.     

添加CaSO4·2H2O为晶种制备磷石膏半水硫酸钙晶须

以固体废弃物磷石膏为原料,在传统常压醇水热法的基础上添加CaSO₄·2H₂O为晶种制备半水硫酸钙晶须。采用单因素试验法探究了晶种含量、丙三醇含量和磷石膏质量分数对晶须结构和形貌的影响,确定晶须的最佳制备工艺条件。采用SEM和XRD对样品进行表征分析,实验结果表明:添加CaSO₄·2H₂O晶种制备晶须的长径比(49.29)比只添加丙三醇的样品的长径比(30.99)提高了近60%;当丙三醇与水的体积比(V)为1、晶种含量为1%、磷石膏质量分数为5%时制备的晶须的平均直径为0.65 μm,长径比达到了62.15,晶须的尺寸均匀。这说明添加1%CaSO₄·2H₂O晶种、V为1的丙三醇和质量分数为5%的磷石膏在常压下能制备出高长径比和尺寸均匀的半水硫酸钙晶须。     

脱硫石膏重结晶法制备硫酸钙晶须及其除砷性能初探

以电厂脱硫石膏为原料,利用重结晶原理制备二水硫酸钙晶须.考察了溶液过饱和度、硫酸浓度、陈化温度/时间以及降温速率对晶须生长特性的影响,并初步研究了硫酸钙晶须对含砷水溶液的除砷性能.结果表明:所研究的操作条件对晶须形貌、尺寸均有一定影响.在H2SO4溶液重结晶体系中,控制硫酸钙过饱和度为0.5、陈化温度为20℃、陈化时间为3h并采用自然降温时,制备的二水硫酸钙晶须结晶度较好、形貌尺寸均匀,长径比为50～200.该二水硫酸钙晶须在pH为12时,能将初始浓度低于1 mg/L的含砷水溶液净化至满足地表水标准(0.05mg/L),展示了其在砷污染水体净化方面的应用潜力,可配合石灰-硫酸亚铁两段法除砷,降低废水处理成本.     

制备方法与Ce3+对二水硫酸钙晶须形貌的影响

本文以稀土石膏为原材料研究了制备方法对硫酸钙晶须(CSW)形貌和结构的影响，并以二水硫酸钙(分析纯)为原材料，CeCl₃·7H₂O为铈源，探究稀土铈的加入对CSW的结构和形貌的影响。利用SEM、XRD、XPS和FL等表征手段对CSW的结构、形貌和组成及其荧光性能等进行表征和分析。研究结果表明：采用微波法可以制备高长径比的CSW,其平均长度为263μm,平均长径比为39.50。Ce³⁺以原子置换的形式进入CSW,对晶须的晶体结构不产生影响，但改善了CSW的形貌。添加2%(质量分数)的Ce³⁺能够促进晶须向一维生长，使得CSW的长径比显著增加，而过量的Ce³⁺会促使晶须横向生长。研究证明稀土石膏中含有微量的稀土元素Ce,同时发现由稀土石膏制备的CSW具有发射蓝光的特性，这对开发利用稀土石膏具有重要的理论指导意义。     

利用脱硫石膏制备高品质二水石膏

利用脱硫石膏在酸性溶液中重结晶的特点,采用重结晶技术对脱硫石膏进行脱色提纯,通过对溶解、结晶过程的控制制备出高纯度、高白度的二水石膏.研究了硫酸浓度、晶种量、料浆浓度、稳定剂、温度、反应时间、陈化时间对二水石膏结晶的影响,并进行了母液循环实验.研究结果表明:常压下,H2SO4用量10.0;,Ca(OH)2用量0.5;,料浆浓度7.4;,聚乙二醇用量0.5;,反应温度120℃,反应时间2.5h,陈化24h后生成的二水硫酸钙结晶形貌良好,白度为94.01;,纯度达99.24;;母液循环3次后生成的二水石膏纯度大于98;.     

无水硫酸钙晶须对不同种类石膏基复合材料性能的影响

将无水硫酸钙晶须掺入天然石膏,脱硫石膏和磷石膏三种石膏基体中,研究无水硫酸钙晶须对不同种类石膏基体性能的影响.并利用XRD和SEM分别分析三种石膏基体原材料的物相组成和掺有无水硫酸钙晶须石膏基复合材料的微观性能.结果表明,随着无水硫酸钙晶须掺量的增加,三种石膏基复合材料的凝结时间均缩短,气孔率都先降低后上升.天然石膏基复合材料在无水硫酸钙晶须掺量为15;时力学性能最优,抗折强度和抗压强度较空白样分别增长31.6;和10.7;.脱硫石膏基复合材料在无水硫酸钙晶须掺量为10;时力学性能最优,抗压强度较空白样提高18.5;.磷石膏基复合材料在无水硫酸钙晶须掺量为15;时力学性能最优,抗折强度较空白样提高98.3;.     

高长径比三水碳酸镁晶须的合成研究

采用低温水溶液法合成三水碳酸镁晶须,考查了反应温度、反应时间、表面活性剂用量及反应溶液初始pH等因素对三水碳酸镁晶须的长度及长径比的影响.研究结果表明:在反应温度45～50℃、反应时间50～60 min、表面活性剂添加量(质量分数)为1;、反应溶液初始pH =9.5的条件下,可以合成出高长径比三水碳酸镁晶须产品.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.