TiO2烧结助剂对纳米η-Al2 O3制备氧化铝陶瓷的影响

为降低氧化铝陶瓷制备成本,改善其性能,以价格低廉的纳米η-Al2 O3为原料,TiO2为烧结助剂,制备氧化铝陶瓷.研究了TiO2加入量对纳米η-Al2 O3氧化铝陶瓷的体积密度、显气孔率、物相组成和微观结构的影响.结果表明:TiO2通过增加氧化铝中铝离子点缺陷数量而提高其扩散系数,促进氧化铝陶瓷的致密化及晶粒的生长.η-Al2 O3到α-Al2 O3的相变首先在氧化铝颗粒表面进行,然后迅速扩散至内部完成.通过计算晶胞参数大小,定量证明刚玉晶体发育良好,引入适量TiO2对氧化铝陶瓷高温性能和化学稳定性影响较小.当TiO2加入量为2wt;,烧结温度为1600℃时,氧化铝陶瓷的性能优良,体积密度为3.70 g/cm3、显气孔率为1.2;,存在一定数量的晶间气孔和晶内气孔,晶体间结合紧密,晶粒尺寸10～30μm.     

保温时间对合成轻质耐高温六铝酸钙材料性能的影响

采用钙质海砂和工业γ-氧化铝为原料,经球磨、成型和无压烧结等工艺原位反应制备了六铝酸钙轻质耐高温材料,利用XRD和SEM研究了产物的物相组成和显微形貌,探讨了保温时间对制备产物体积密度、显气孔率和常温抗折强度的影响.结果表明:当合成温度为1550℃,保温时间为3～6h时,产物主要为片状六铝酸钙;保温时间由3h增加至6h时,片状晶粒的厚度和尺寸增大,当保温6h时,晶体边缘已经开始出现熔融现象;试样体积密度先减小后增大;当保温时间为5h时,试样有较优的综合性能,其显气孔率、体积密度和抗折强度值分别为55.24;和1.67 g/cm3和7.06 MPa.     

AlN含量对SiC基复相陶瓷性能的影响

以MgO-CeO2为烧结助剂,采用热压烧结工艺在1850℃下制备了SiC基复相陶瓷.研究了不同AlN含量对复相陶瓷致密性与导热性能的影响.结果表明:不添加AlN时,试样致密性最差,气孔率和体积密度分别为4.71;和2.43 g/cm3.AlN含量升高至5wt;时,试样致密性有所提高.AlN含量进一步升高至10wt;～20wt;,试样完全致密,气孔率和体积密度分别保持在0.20;和3.31 g/cm3.在AlN含量为10wt;时,样品具有最高的热导率51.62 W·m-1·K-1,同时弯曲强度和断裂韧性达到顶点,分别为731.3 MPa和7.3 MPa·m1/2.     

MgO含量对CaZrO3-MgO陶瓷烧结特性及组成与结构的影响

采用常压烧结方法制备了CaZrO3-MgO陶瓷.研究了MgO含量对CaZrO3-MgO陶瓷的显气孔率、体积密度、抗弯强度、物相组成、显微结构和断裂方式的影响.结果表明:含有lwt;～3wt; MgO的CaZrO3-MgO陶瓷由CaZrO3单相构成,气孔率低,体积密度高,抗弯强度大,断裂方式为穿晶与沿晶共存的混合断裂;含有20wt; ～40wt; MgO的CaZrO3-MgO陶瓷由MgO和CaZrO3两相构成,气孔率高,体积密度低,抗弯强度小,CaZrO3与MgO两相间的断裂方式为沿晶断裂;当MgO含量为2wt;时CaZrO3-MgO陶瓷的烧结性能最好,当MgO含量为40wt;时CaZrO3-MgO陶瓷的烧结性能最差.少量Mg2+的引入因其向CaZrO3中单向扩散而促进材料烧结,大量Mg2+的引入因其与Zr4+互扩散导致CaZrO3分解而阻碍材料烧结.     

SiC微粉添加量对SiC耐磨材料结构和性能的影响

以紧密堆积的三级配SiC颗粒(粒径为325 μm、212 μm、80 μm,质量比为17∶7∶1)为基础配方,将Owt;、1wt;、2wt;、3wt;和4wt;且粒径为5μm的SiC微粉添加到SiC耐磨材料中,经1600℃保温3h烧制,研究了SiC微粉添加量对SiC耐磨材料结构和性能的影响.结果表明:SiC微粉可促进SiC耐磨材料的烧结致密化,并改善其力学性能,当其添加量为3wt;时,试样的综合性能较优,其体积密度和显气孔率分别为2.63 g/cm3和7.62;,硬度、抗折强度和磨损量分别为2458 HV、183 Mpa和0.26 g/min.SiC耐磨材料烧结性能和力学性能的提高可归因子SiC微粉充填在SiC颗粒间,缩短了扩散传质路径,且较小粒径的SiC微粉具有较大的表面能,烧结时易于晶粒重排,保证了烧结网络的连续性,增大了颗粒间的结合程度.     

Al粉粒度及其添加量对SiC陶瓷材料结构和性能的影响

以Al粉为烧结助剂,采用无压烧结工艺于1600℃下保温3 h烧制SiC陶瓷材料,研究了不同Al粉粒度及其添加量对SiC陶瓷材料结构和性能的影响.结果表明:Al粉可促进SiC陶瓷材料的烧结和力学性能的提高,同时起抗氧化的作用,且粒度较小的Al粉对其性能提升的幅度较大.当添加4wt;粒度为48μm的Al粉时,SiC陶瓷材料的性能较佳,体积密度和显气孔率分别为2.69 g/cm3和5.8;,显微硬度和抗折强度分别为2790 HV和189 MPa.SiC陶瓷材料烧结性能和力学性能的提高可归因于Al粉的促烧结作用,及其氧化产物Al2 O3和原位生成的少量莫来石分布在SiC颗粒间所起的强化作用.     

La2O3对氧化铝/高岭土复合定向多孔陶瓷性能的影响

以微米级α-Al2O3、陶瓷水体分散剂为主要原料,以La2O3-水洗高岭土为烧结助剂,采用冰模板法制备了一种具有高孔隙率和较高抗压强度的氧化铝/高岭土复合定向多孔陶瓷.研究了不同添加量的La2O3对多孔陶瓷的显气孔率、体积密度、抗压强度和微观形貌的影响.结果表明:添加适量的稀土La2O3能降低多孔陶瓷烧结温度、提高体积密度和抗压强度.通过高能机械球磨法添加La2O3,在1350℃烧结制备的多孔材料样品显气孔率为82;,样品的抗压强度达到10 MPa以上.当La2O3加入量达到3;时,可使多孔陶瓷抗压强度提高到15.2 MPa,较不掺加La2O3提高了约53;.     

烧结温度对添加复合助剂制备莫来石-刚玉基陶粒支撑剂性能的影响

为了降低陶粒支撑剂的烧结温度,本文以低品位铝矾土和粘土为主要原料,通过添加复合助剂锰矿粉及白云石制备陶粒支撑剂,并研究烧结温度对陶粒支撑剂结构、性能的影响.在烧结过程中发现,引入一定量的锰矿粉和白云石后,在陶粒内部会形成适量液相,可以填充孔隙,包覆于莫来石和刚玉晶粒间促进晶体的生长发育,从而形成致密结构.当烧成温度为1310℃时,制备得到的支撑剂体积密度与视密度分别为1.65 g/cm3和2.99 g/cm3,52 MPa闭合压力下破碎率为8.97;,符合石油天然气行业标准对低密、高强陶粒支撑剂的要求,说明复合助剂在降低烧结温度的前提下还能够提高支撑剂抗破碎能力.     

添加剂对锌铝尖晶石晶粒尺寸的影响

本文以氧化铝和氧化锌为原料,B2O3、Y2O3、TiO2为添加剂,采用固相反应法合成锌铝尖晶石,将试样在1550℃进行烧结,研究了三种添加剂对矿物组成和微观结构的影响,采用XRD、SEM等手段对烧后试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:三种添加剂均使显气孔率显著降低,当含量超过1.5;时,显气孔率下降不明显.B2O3进入锌铝尖晶石间隙内形成间隙固溶体;Y2O3与Al2O3发生化学反应生成钇酸铝;当TiO2含量小于1.5;时,TiO2进入锌铝尖晶石晶格内形成置换固溶体,超过1.5;以后,TiO2与Al2O3反应生成钛酸铝.添加Y2O3的试样,生成的钇酸铝在锌铝尖晶石晶间,与空白样相比,晶粒尺寸更均匀;添加B2O3的试样,晶粒尺寸最大;其次是添加TiO2的试样.添加TiO2的试样抗KCl侵蚀性最好.     

利用高铝粉煤灰制备多孔陶瓷工艺研究

以脱硅高铝粉煤灰为主要原料、石墨为造孔剂制备多孔陶瓷.利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜分析多孔陶瓷的物相组成和微观结构,万能试验机测试抗弯强度,阿基米德排水法测定显气孔率和体积密度,采用渗透通量评价其过滤性能.研究结果表明:随着烧结温度的升高,多孔陶瓷的莫来石含量、体积密度和抗弯强度逐步增大,刚玉和石英的含量、显气孔率、吸水率和对水的渗透通量逐渐减小.随着石墨添加量的增加,多孔陶瓷的物相组成变化不大,体积密度和抗弯强度逐步降低,显气孔率、吸水率和对水的渗透通量相应增加.添加30wt;石墨、1450℃烧结的多孔陶瓷,抗弯强度为9 MPa,显气孔率为48.28;,大气压下,对水的渗透通量达到714 L·m-2·h-1.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.