CaO高温脱除氰化氢试验研究

本文在石英反应器内试验了高温脱除HCN反应机理,研究了CaO对氰化氢的脱除作用,探讨了温度、体积空速和氰化氢浓度对脱除氰化氢的影响.试验结果表明:当T<45℃,CaO促使HCN中的N元素转化到CaCN_2,当T>800℃,CaO促使HCN中的N元素全部转化为N_2;CaO在800℃时,只要体积空速小于12000 h~(-1),CaO对HCN均有接近100%的脱除效果;在体积空速10000 h~(-1)、温度800℃工况下,CaO对初始浓度范围127×10~(-6)-512×10~(-6)的HCN均有接近100%的脱除效果.     

燃煤烟气中的CO2和NO对中温烟气脱硫的作用

本文利用实验室规模的循环流化床烟气脱硫实验装置研究了200-400℃范围内的中温干法烟气脱硫过程,并通过对脱硫产物的各种分析,揭示了烟气中CO2及NO对脱硫过程的影响规律及机理。 CO2对脱硫过程有抑制作用,尤其在反应温度大于300℃后,其作用已经不可忽视;NO对脱硫过程有促进作用,但是效果随温度的升高而减小,至350℃以上基本消失,这种促进作用主要是通过生成中间产物Ca(NO3)2而减少CaCO3、CaSO3的生成量来实现的,同时NO的参与也会改善反应的气相扩散条件。     

NO2对中温干法脱硫反应影响的实验研究

利用鼓泡床反应器对NO2对中温干法脱硫反应的影响开展了实验研究.分别采用分析纯CaO和工业级石灰两种物质作为吸收剂,在250℃和350℃两个反应温度下研究NO2对吸收剂转化率的影响.结果表明,NO2的存在可以提高吸收剂转化率;250℃下NO2的作用显著高于350℃;250℃下NO2浓度的增加对吸收剂转化率基本没有影响;在350℃时,对于分析纯CaO,NO2浓度的增加降低了吸收剂转化率,这主要是由于SO2与NO2的竞争反应引起的;工业级石灰内含杂质较多,对一些反应有催化作用,因而其反应现象与分析纯CaO略有不同.     

温度对脱硫剂钙利用率和蒸汽活化效果的影响

在中温烟气脱硫过程中,蒸汽活化对于提高脱硫剂的钙利用率和脱硫效率起到了显著的作用。为了确定温度对于蒸汽活化效果的影响,研究了200～800℃的蒸汽温度范围内钙利用率的变化,给出了合适的蒸汽活化温度。进而分别在400、600、800℃条件下研究了脱硫反应温度与蒸汽活化温度的关系,提出了中温循环流化床烟气脱硫的适用温度范围。     

CaO/稻壳灰作为新型CO2吸收剂的循环碳酸化特性

提出了采用CaO与稻壳灰的水合产物作为新型CO2吸收剂.研究表明,当水合时间为8 h、水合温度为75℃和Si/Ca摩尔比为1.0时, CaO/稻壳灰吸收剂能获得最佳循环碳酸化转化率;经过20次循环反应碳酸化转化率可达0.44,比相同反应条件下CaO/H2O吸收剂的转化率提高了42%,是原CaO转化率的2倍.650～700℃时有利于CaO/稻壳灰的碳酸化反应;在高煅烧温度下比CaO/H2O和CaO具有更好的抗烧结能力.     

CaO伴随生物质热裂解固体产物分析

对纯白松及CaO伴随白松热天平热解固体产物样品进行了XRD及FTIR分析。实验发现：1）CaO伴随样品的350℃终温产物中存在有机钙盐，此即被CaO直接固定的“类CO2活性中间体”；2）400℃终温产物中有机钙盐已显著分解，并生成易于再生的CaCO3，进一步证实了“CaO化学链置换再线脱氧，，的可行性。实验结果还表明：...     

热红联用研究高硫铝土矿的氧化焙烧

脱硫是高硫铝土矿资源综合利用的前提,开展高硫铝土矿焙烧反应特征研究是焙烧脱硫技术开发的基础。对含硫量为4.32%的贵州高硫铝土矿开展热分析和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱分析联用试验,采用TG,DTG,DSC和FTIR联用方法,综合分析、研究了高硫铝土矿在氧化焙烧过程中发生反应的种类、反应历程和主要特征,并讨论了悬浮态脱硫新工艺的开发。采用一种改进的红外光谱分析方法,从混合气体产物的红外吸收光谱中分离出气体组分的流量特征,从而将高硫铝土矿的脱水和脱硫过程分离并进行分析。结果表明,主要反应是一水硬铝石脱水、黄铁矿氧化脱硫和方解石分解,释放的气体产物分别是H₂O(g),SO₂和CO₂。一水硬铝石脱水为单步反应,温度范围为380~580 ℃,黄铁矿脱硫为两步反应,温度范围为388.0~574 ℃,方解石的分解的温度范围是700~860 ℃。高硫铝土矿脱硫的放热能够直接补偿脱水的吸热,悬浮态脱硫适宜的操作温度为580~650 ℃。研究结果为高硫铝土矿悬浮态脱硫技术开发提供基础数据参考。     

水蒸气存在下氧化钙脱氯性能的实验研究

在一个模拟流化床反应器中,研究160～600℃下水蒸气的存在对CaO脱除HCl的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析产物成分,SEM电镜对产物进行微观结构分析,从而分析CaO的脱氯性能。实验结果表明:随着水蒸气浓度增加,HCl的净化效率呈现一个先下降后上升的趋势。XRD分析表明,产物的主要成分为CaClOH,在净化效率达到一定量时,产物中生成了Ca(OH)_2;SEM电镜观测到中低温下产物的针状形态以及高温条件下稀松产物层的生成。     

新型钙基吸收剂中温烟气固硫特性分析

用热重分析法测量了中温(400-800℃)烟气固硫新型钙基吸收剂的钙转化率。在最初的几分钟内,钙转化率增加迅速,产物层形成后基本不再增加。固硫反应速率随温度升高而增大。一定温度下的速率先增加后减少最后趋于平缓．这是由气相在吸收剂颗粒间的扩散和在产物层内的扩散引起的。热重试验与流化床脱硫的主要区别在于气相颗粒间扩散以及由此引起的反应表面SO2浓度不同．提出了表观反应的概念,以便建立模型并向流化床状态过渡。     

中温烟气脱硫过程中CO2对脱硫剂钙利用率的影响

本文在300～600℃的中温区段,实验研究了CO2在烟气脱硫过程中与钙基脱硫剂发生碳酸盐还原反应,削弱脱硫效果的规律,发现石灰钙利用率随温度升高呈跳跃式变化,并因碳酸盐反应程度的迅速增加而在500℃附近出现低谷.由此明确了减小碳酸盐反应效应,提高脱硫剂钙利用率的途径,为进一步发展中温烟气脱硫工艺提供了重要依据.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.