基于数字微镜器件超像素法实现散射介质传输矩阵的自参考干涉测量

散射介质的传输矩阵系统描述了散射介质对输入与输出光场之间的变换关系,是研究与控制光在无序介质中传输特性的重要工具.本文使用数字微镜器件实现散射介质传输矩阵的自参考干涉测量,首先利用超像素法实现对入射光的复振幅调制获得同时包含参考光和信号光的复合场,进而基于四步相移法分别测量了散射介质在Hadamard基和轨道角动量(OAM)基下的传输矩阵.进一步,根据相位共轭原理实现了光透过散射介质后的单点聚焦、多点聚焦以及涡旋聚焦,验证了传输矩阵测量的准确性.该方法能够有效提高光场调制的自由度,实现散射介质传输矩阵的测量,对散射环境下的光学成像和光通信等具有潜在应用价值.     

平面电磁波在各向异性周期介质中的传输特性研究

将平面电磁波在一维介电各向同性周期介质中的传输矩阵问题扩展至一维介电各向异性周期介质,并得到了平面电磁波在此类介质中的传输矩阵.此矩阵的推导主要基于麦克斯韦方程组和电磁波在介质交界面的连续性条件,即电磁波在介质交界面的切向电场和磁场分量连续.通过此矩阵的推导可以加深学生对"电磁场与电磁波"这门课程的理解.此矩阵也是获得电磁波在一维介电各向异性周期介质中的场分布特性,色散关系和表面模式性质的基础.因此,此传输矩阵对科研和教学都有重要意义.     

激光谐振腔设计软件的算法研究与计算机实现

为使激光工作者可以方便地进行谐振腔诸如热透镜、容差等参量的优化分析与设计,研究了激光谐振腔设计软件的算法并在计算机上得到实现.使用ABCD矩阵方法分析激光光束的传输与变换.为使分析和设计更具有一般性和通用性便于计算机编程,考虑矩阵元素均为复数的情况,同时将光束质量因子M2和介质中的光束传输考虑在激光谐振腔模的传输变换当中,这样当矩阵元素虚部都为零,而M2=1和介质折射率为1时,就可以过渡到通常的基模高斯光束在空气中经实元件矩阵传输变换.并以此为基础使用VB在国内成功开发出具有稳定驻波腔、稳定行波腔、非稳驻波腔、非稳行波腔、相位共轭腔、光束传输变换等多种功能的可视化谐振腔软件.     

基于纯相位调制的散射介质传输矩阵测量与光波聚焦

提出了基于纯相位调制的传输矩阵通用测量方法,搭建了传输矩阵测量的实验装置。分别利用单位矩阵调制和哈达玛矩阵调制方式进行了传输矩阵测量,并实现了穿透散射介质的光波聚焦。实验结果表明,基于单位矩阵测得的传输矩阵,其聚焦点光强为背景光强的19倍;而基于哈达玛矩阵测得的传输矩阵,其聚焦点光强为背景光强的16倍。     

艾里光束通过负折射率介质的传输特性

为了研究艾里光束(Airy beams)通过负折射率介质中的传输特性,利用ABCD矩阵光学理论推导出了Airy光束通过负折射率介质的传输解析表达式.利用该解析表达式得到了Airy光束通过负折射率介质的传输特性.计算结果表明,Airy光束通过负折射率介质后的自加速和光强都可以通过负折射率介质的工作频率调控.Airy光束通过负折射率介质的横向偏转系数随传输距离z的增大而加速偏转;同时当传输距离z相同而负折射率介质的工作频率不同时,偏转系数也不相同.Airy光束的强度和偏转度都可以通过负折射率介质的工作频率调控.结果显示可以利用负折射率介质的工作频率方便有效地调控Airy光束,研究结果在光学器件设计和医学科学中都有潜在的应用价值.     

棱镜耦合法测量负折射率材料光学特性理论研究

对于在光频波段的负折射率介质材料，从理论上提出了测量其光学参量的棱镜耦合法，给出了测量原理、装置，同时给出了棱镜耦合法测量系统的精确理论模型.用转移矩阵方法推导出其满足的色散方程，从理论上分析了空气层厚度对测量结果的影响.用传输矩阵法进行了模拟论证，得到了模拟反射率曲线，同时模拟分析了空气间隙对测量结果的影响.     

二极管泵浦Nd:YAG圆片激光技术研究

介绍了热容激光技术的发展历史及现状,介绍了固体激光器热容方式工作的基本原理,报道了二极管泵浦NdYAG圆片激光器热容方式工作的实验结果.用热像仪测量了激光器工作时增益介质通光面上的温度分布特性;采用干涉测量的方法测量了工作中的增益介质的与光束传输方向相垂直的方向上的折射率分布特性;结果表明片状固体增益介质热容方式工作对振荡光束波前畸变影响很小.给出了与光束传输方向相垂直的截面上增益介质的荧光分布.得到输出平均功率达47.5 W,此时的光-光转换效率为17%.     

一维对称光子晶体的简正耦合模

对一维对称光子晶体中的色散介质采用洛仑兹振子模型,通过考虑色散介质层两侧的边界条件,得到了表征色散介质层的转移矩阵.对线性层及色散δ层均采用传输矩阵的方法,研究了一维含色散介质的光子晶体微腔中的简正耦合模.由于光与色散介质的相互作用,纵腔模将分裂成简正耦合模.通过改变色散介质的相关参数,详细研究了简正耦合模频率的移动、均匀展宽效应和失谐效应.发现两个简正的耦合模的频率间距主要依赖于振子的耦合强度,与约化的振子的HWHM线宽无关.失谐效应则会使其中的一个峰降低,而另一个峰相对拉高,这一现象可以通过Fabry-Pérot腔得到很好的解释.     

Kerr缺陷一维耦合腔光波导的双稳态方向性

本文提出一种只在一层高折射率介质层中掺杂Kerr介质的一维耦合腔光波导.利用一维传输矩阵理论和非线性传输矩阵方法研究了此结构的光学双稳态.根据一维传输矩阵理论分析了此结构的线性特性,包括低频带边模的偏移及场分布的特点,讨论了此结构实现双稳态的原理.研究发现:由于缺陷层中场分布与入射光方向密切相关,而缺陷层光场的局域,将...     

混浊介质二维后向漫散射穆勒矩阵的测量

研制了一套实验系统用于测量混浊介质的后向漫散射穆勒矩阵.在系统中,激光被调制成所需偏振态,聚焦于混浊介质表面.利用CCD相机配合相应的偏振元件,测量入射点周围区域的后向散射光中特定偏振态的能量空间分布,并由测量值计算出介质的后向漫散射穆勒矩阵.描述了系统的组成、测量原理以及方法,分别测量了消偏振分光棱镜的反射穆勒矩阵和浓度1.5％的脂肪乳溶液的后向漫散射穆勒矩阵.实验证明:该系统能够完全消除样品表面镜面反射光的干扰,精确的测量混浊介质的后向漫散射穆勒矩阵;并可望用于生物组织的研究中.     

Phase-shift interferometry measured transmission matrix of turbid medium: Three-step phase-shifting interference better than four-step one

Transmission matrix(TM) is an important tool for controlling light focusing, imaging, and communication through turbid media. It can be measured by 3-step(TM3) or 4-step(TM4) phase-shifting interference, but the similarities and differences of the transmission matrices obtained by the two methods are rarely reported. Therefore, we make a quantitative comparison of the peak light intensity, signal-to-noise ratio, and average background of 24 × 24 = 576 focal points between paired samples(TM3–TM4) through the Wilcoxon rank sum test, and discuss the singular value of the transmission matrix and the focal peak. The comparative results of peak light intensity and signal-to-noise ratio show that there is a significant difference between the 3-step phase shift and the 4-step phase shift transmission matrixes. The focusing effect of the former is significantly better than that of the latter; interest concentrates on the focal intensity and singular value. The reciprocal of the singular value is proportional to the squared intensity, which is in accordance with singular value theory. The results of comparison of peak light intensity and signal-to-noise ratio strongly suggest that 3-step phase shift should be selected and used in applying the phase shift method to the measurement of the transmission matrix; and the singular value is of great significance in quantifying the focusing, imaging, and communication quality of the transmission matrix.     

星间微波光子链路调制方式的优化

针对外调制星间微波光子链路输出信噪比优化问题,建立了基于双电极马赫 曾德尔调制器的强度调制直接探测星间微波光子链路模型,通过优化调制器调制方式来提高链路性能。用数值模拟方法得到了单边带、双边带和推挽式3种调制方式下链路输出信噪比,利用曲面投影法求得了最优调制方式时一定信噪比要求下发射端所需最小光放大器增益和对应的调制器直流偏置相位。结果表明:相同输入射频信号功率和发射光功率情况下,双边带调制输出信噪比比单边带调制高3 dB,低直流偏置相位推挽调制可以进一步优化输出信噪比。输入射频信号功率为-20 dBm,输出信噪比为17.3 dB时,所需最小光放大器增益为43.9 dB,对应的直流偏置相位为0.87。     

Reconstruction evaluation of intensity ratio distribution for extraction of absorber information in homogeneous scattering medium

To extract effectively the absorber information embedded in a homogeneous scattering medium in the transmission geometry, a method of taking the ratio of the output intensity in a measured medium to that in a reference medium is evaluated. The reference medium is a virtual one with the same scattering coefficient distribution as that of the measured medium, but with a uniform absorption coefficient distribution. Numerical results show that the proposed method can enhance the output signal by extracting the ballistic-like component. We also apply a backprojection method to reconstruct the single absorber using many pairs of input and output intensity ratio distributions. The reconstruction position error and the quantitative measurement of absorption coefficient are discussed.     

Investigation on the output energy characteristic of optical limiting based on stimulated Brillouin scattering

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) featuring sub-nanosecond response time takes place at a high power threshold, which enables its application at a high power density. When the intensity of input light excesses the SBS threshold, strong SBS process takes place through SBS medium, leading to a quick energy transfer from pump to the Stokes and thereby an optical limiting characteristic in the output energy. In this paper, the correlation between SBS output energy and input power density is numerically simulated and validated in the Nd: YAG Q-switch laser system. The results indicate that not only the output energy exhibits an optical limiting characteristic, but also the clamped value of output energy can be controlled by changing the medium or the focal length.     

Optimization of point spread function in ultrasound arrays

The design of aperture weightings in ultrasound arrays is a multi-objective optimization problem, involving parameters such as delays, aperture size, focal depth, operating frequency and beam properties. Besides, apodization causes the SNR in array output to be decreased. We introduce an analytic expression of the lateral point spread function and a model for SNR as nonlinear functions of weights, based on which, a new aperture design method is established, resulting in an optimal set of weights. These weights provide a point spread function having the predetermined peak sidelobe level, while the SNR in array output is optimized. Optimization results from a linear array with M=128 elements equally spaced at one wavelength, center frequency f0=3.5 MHz and 50% relative bandwidth, have shown that decreasing the peak sidelobe level, decreases the SNR. Therefore, an array designer can select a proper set of weights according to its application, using a SNR curve versus to the peak sidelobe level. In addition, the method can maintain the same beam properties over a long range with low variations in the SNR. Simulation results have shown only 1 dB variations in the SNR for depths from 20 mm to 120 mm, which is a longer range and better SNR performance than the conventional methods.     

Perturbation of Transmission Matrices in Nonlinear Random Media

Random media with tailored optical properties are attracting burgeoning interest for applications in imaging, biophysics, energy, nanomedicine, spectroscopy, cryptography, and telecommunications. A key paradigm for devices based on this class of materials is the transmission matrix, the tensorial link between the input and the output signals, that describes in full their optical behavior. The transmission matrix has specific statistical properties, such as the existence of lossless channels, that can be used to transmit information, and are determined by the disorder distribution. In nonlinear materials, these channels may be modulated and the transmission matrix tuned accordingly. Here, the direct measurement of the nonlinear transmission matrix of complex materials is reported, exploiting the strong optothermal nonlinearity of scattering silica aerogel (SA). It is shown that the dephasing effects due to nonlinearity are both controllable and reversible, opening the road to applications based on the nonlinear response of random media.     

Stochastic resonance in thermally activated reactions: Application to biological ion channels

At the molecular level many thermally activated reactions can be viewed as Poisson trains of events whose instantaneous rates are defined by the reaction activation barrier height and an effective collision frequency. When the barrier height depends on an external parameter, variation in this parameter induces variation in the event rate. Extending our previous work, we offer a detailed theoretical analysis of signal transduction properties of these reactions considering the external parameter as an input signal and the train of resulting events as an output signal. The addition of noise to the system input facilitates signal transduction in two ways. First, for a linear relationship between the barrier height and the external parameter the output signal power grows exponentially with the mean square fluctuation of the noise. Second, for noise of a sufficiently high bandwidth, its addition increases output signal quality measured as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The output SNR reaches a maximum at optimal noise intensity defined by the reaction sensitivity to the external parameter, reaction initial rate, and the noise bandwidth. We apply this theory to ion channels of excitable biological membranes. Based on classical results of Hodgkin and Huxley we show that open/closed transitions of voltage-gated ion channels can be treated as thermally activated reactions whose activation barriers change linearly with applied transmembrane voltage. As an experimental example we discuss our recent results obtained with polypeptide alamethicin incorporated into planar lipid bilayers.(c) 1998 American Institute of Physics.     

Singular value distribution of the propagation matrix in random scattering media

The distribution of singular values of the propagation operator in a random medium is investigated, in a backscattering configuration. Experiments are carried out with pulsed ultrasonic waves around 3 MHz, using an array of 64 programmable transducers placed in front of a random scattering medium. The impulse responses between each pair of transducers are measured and form the response matrix. The evolution of its singular values with time and frequency is computed by means of a short-time Fourier analysis. The mean distribution of singular values exhibits a very different behaviour in the single and multiple scattering regimes. The results are compared with random matrix theory. Once the experimental matrix coefficients are renormalized, experimental results and theoretical predictions are found to be in a very good agreement. Two kinds of random media have been investigated: a highly scattering medium in which multiple scattering predominates and a weakly scattering medium. In both cases, residual correlations that may exist between matrix elements are shown to be a key parameter. Finally, the possibility of detecting a target embedded in a random scattering medium based on the statistical properties of the strongest singular value is discussed.     

Memory effect evaluation based on transmission matrix calculation

The memory effect is a type of auto correlation observed in linear systems, which is widely used to control scattered light through thin scattering layers.We show that there exists a strong correlation among the optimized phase distributions of adjacent focal points in focusing through scattering media.The numeric simulation and experiment indicate that within the memory effect, the phase difference between the two adjacent focal points shows an optical phase fringe pattern, and the closer the adjacent focal points are, the wider the fringe pattern will be, corresponding to the tilting of a plane wave phase added onto the acquired optical phase distribution at the focal point.This effect can be utilized for achieving optimal phase distributions of focal point scanning without optical phase evaluation via the experiment, which has great potential application in imaging through the scattering medium.     

Crossover from conserving to lossy transport in circular random-matrix ensembles

In a quantum dot with three leads, the transmission matrix t12 between two of these leads is a truncation of a unitary scattering matrix S, which we treat as random. As the number of channels in the third lead is increased, the constraints from the symmetry of S become less stringent and t12 becomes closer to a matrix of complex Gaussian random numbers with no constraints. We consider the distribution of the singular values of t12, which is related to a number of physical quantities.