混合价双核锰配合物[(Phen)2Mn(μ-O)2Mn(Phen)2]ClO4)3CH2ClCOOH·2H2O的合成与表征

锰在某些生物的氧化还原活性部位起着重要的作用. 绿色植物光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)中的氧释放配合物(OEC)、含锰过氧化氢酶(Mn Catalase)、含锰超氧化物歧化酶(MnSOD)、含锰核糖核苷酸还原酶(Mn RR)等活性部位存在着双核或多核锰的配合物[1～3]. 因此, 模拟合成不同氧化态的、不同类型配体和不同核数锰的配合物, 研究其结构和光谱等性质, 对揭示生物体中锰酶的催化氧化还原过程将有重要意义. 混合价Mn(Ⅲ, Ⅳ)配合物的研究对于揭示PSⅡ中两分子H2O氧化为O2的机理具有重要意义[2,4]. 这类配合物的研究已有一些报道[5～10], 邻菲咯啉(Phen)作为配体形成的配合物[(Phen)2Mn\5(μ-O)2Mn(Phen)2](PF6)3*CH3CN的研究虽有报道[11], 但其晶体中两个锰离子配位环境几乎相同. 本文用新方法合成了双核锰配合物(该法容易得到单晶)并进行了表征.     

1-甲基-2-咪唑醛肟锰(Ⅲ)配合物的合成、晶体结构及电化学性质研究

采用溶剂扩散法制备了锰(Ⅲ)的两个单核配合物[Mn(Miao)2(H2O)2]ClO4(1)和[Mn(Miao)2(DMF)2]ClO4(2)(HMiao=1-甲基-2-咪唑醛肟,DMF=N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)的晶体.X射线衍射单晶结构表明:两种配合物均属三斜晶系,空间群Pi锰与配体形成变形的八面体结构.采用Gaussian 03W程序计算了HMiao配体的电荷密度,理论计算与实际配位形式完全吻合.测定了两种锰配合物在DMF溶液中的电化学性质,循环伏安法表明两配合物均存在较好的氧化还原性,其氧化还原峰分别为0.75和0.70V,-0.32和-0.50 V,是Mn(Ⅲ)和Mn(Ⅱ)之间的相互转化.     

Schiff碱单核及双核配合物拟酶催化性能的研究

系统地研究了新型Schiff碱单核及双核配合物在拟酶催化PhIO单加氧化环己烷反应中的催化性能.结果表明,双核配合物MnML{M=Mn(Ⅱ),Fe(Ⅲ)Cl,Cr(Ⅲ)Cl,Cu(Ⅱ),Co(Ⅱ),Ni(Ⅱ),Zn(Ⅱ);L=双[N,N'亚乙基2,2'(苯亚甲基)二(3,4二甲基吡咯5醛缩亚胺)]}的催化活性比对应的单核配合物MnH₂L与MH₂L之混合物的催化活性高.因此,我们认为在双核配合物中两金属离子间存在协同作用,并发现这种协同作用一般随双核配合物中成单d电子数增加而增大.     

5,7-二溴-8-羟基喹啉锰配合物催化H_2O_2选择氧化乙苯

设计合成了5,7-二溴-8-羟基喹啉锰的四齿和六齿配合物(Q2MnⅡ和Q3MnⅢ),并用傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱对两个配合物进行了表征.以醋酸铵和醋酸为助剂,丙酮-水作溶剂,两个锰配合物在室温20℃下能高选择性催化双氧水氧化乙苯制苯乙酮的反应,Q3MnⅢ比Q2MnⅡ具有更高的催化活性和选择性.在优化的反应条件下,乙苯转化率达27%,苯乙酮的选择性95%;而且催化剂稳定性良好,可循环使用三次.     

六齿八羟基喹啉锰类配合物催化二甲亚砜的氧化消除

在NH4OAc和HOAc的促进下,使用环境友好的丙酮-水混合溶剂,六齿八羟基喹啉锰类配合物(Q3MnⅢ)能够高效地催化H2O2氧化二甲亚砜(DMSO).卤素取代的Q3MnⅢ配合物具有更高的催化活性,这归因于卤索取代基能加强Q3MnⅢ的畸变效应,这一点经B3LYP/6.311G+(d)计算得到证实.另外考察了一些因素对反应的影响,并提出了一个催化反应机理.     

Schiff碱配合物模拟酶催化性能的结构效应研究

研究了新型Schiff碱双锰及双铁配合物在模拟酶催化PhIO单加氧化环己烷反应及被PhIO氧化破坏反应中的结构效应.结果表明,随着这些配合物的环内空腔逐渐增大,其抗氧化稳定性、催化活性及催化反应产率依次降低.配合物中最佳螯合环为五元环.     

生物体系中含锰金属酶模型配合物的结构研究进展

锰作为生命体系中必需的一种微量元素,主要是以锰酶的形式存在,它构成了生物体内许多酶的活性中心。这些活性中心在生物体中扮演着许多重要角色,如氧化还原、电子传递、路易斯酸催化等。基于锰在生命体系中的重要性,文章从结构方面综述了近几年来国内外关于生命体系中含锰金属酶模型配合物结构的研究进展,其中主要阐述了多核,即双核,三核和四核锰模型配合物的结构特征。     

[Mn(salen)]2促进Fenton反应降解苯酚废水的催化特性与机理

研究了席夫碱锰配合物{[Mn(Ⅲ)(salen)(H_2O)]_2(ClO_4)_2,简写为[Mn(salen)]_2,salen=N,N'-二(亚水杨基)-1,2-乙二胺}对Fenton反应降解苯酚的催化作用。通过紫外分析、液相色谱、双倒数作图等方法对反应特性、反应机理进行分析。实验结果表明,[Mn(salen)]_2配合物加入Fenton体系后,可提高Fenton反应降解苯酚的效率。在不同pH体系和过量H_2O_2中,均保持一定降解能力。配合物中锰离子可转变成高价态锰中间体,加速有机物氧化,提高降解效率。加入配合物后,[Mn(salen)]_2-Fenton体系催化反应活化能下降了35.9%。重复利用7次后,[Mn(salen)]_2依然保持60%的催化活性。     

二维聚合物[MnNa(Salicylate)2(CH3OH)(H2O)]n·0.5nH2O的合成、晶体结构与活性研究

含锰的过渡金属配合物以其独特的分子结构 ,在功能材料方面显示出潜在的应用价值 [1～ 4 ] .此外 ,锰在许多生物体系中扮演着重要活性反应中心的角色 .例如在光合作用光系统 ( PS )中水氧化中心( WOC)的锰簇合物、含锰过氧化氢酶 ( Mn Catalase)、含锰超氧化物歧化酶 ( Mn SOD     

Mn(Ⅲ)-saloph室温高效催化氧化仲醇的反应研究

以saloph为配体,醋酸碘苯[PhI(OAc)2]为氧源,考察了Mn等不同中心金属离子的配合物和不同溶剂对α-苯乙醇催化氧化反应的影响,同时又考察了不同取代基的水杨醛制备的配体所形成的锰配合物2a-2g的催化氧化性能和不同底物在优化条件下的反应情况．结果表明,锰配合物2e在乙腈溶剂中催化性能最佳．     

Using Small Molecules to Enhance P450 OleT Enzyme Activity in Situ

Cytochrome P450 OleT is a fatty acid decarboxylase that catalyzes the production of olefins with biofuel and synthetic applications. However, the relatively sluggish catalytic efficiency of the enzyme limits its applications. Here, we report the application of a novel class of benzene containing small molecules to improve the OleT activity. The UV-Vis spectroscopy study and molecular docking results confirmed the high proximity of the small molecules to the heme group of OleT. Up to 6-fold increase of product yield has been achieved in the small molecule-modulated enzymatic reactions. Our work thus sheds the light to the application of small molecules to increase the OleT catalytic efficiency, which could be potentially used for future olefin productions.     

Mn(TDCPP)Cl/NaOCl单加氧酶模拟体系催化丙烯环氧化反应

采用高位阻金属卟啉［Ｍｎ（ＴＤＣＰＰ）Ｃｌ］与单氧给体ＮａＯＣｌ结合组成细胞色素Ｐ－４５０单加氧酶模拟体，系统考察了反应条件轴向配体、ＰＨ值变化对催化丙环氧化能力的影响，并对反应的动力学进行了研究。     

Efficient bioelectronic actuation of the natural catalytic pathway of human metabolic cytochrome P450s

Cytochrome (cyt) P450s comprise the enzyme superfamily responsible for human oxidative metabolism of a majority of drugs and xenobiotics. Electronic delivery of electrons to cyt P450s could be used to drive the natural catalytic cycle for fundamental investigations, stereo- and regioselective synthesis, and biosensors. We describe herein 30 nm nanometer-thick films on electrodes featuring excess human cyt P450s and cyt P450 reductase (CPR) microsomes that efficiently mimic the natural catalytic pathway for the first time. Redox potentials, electron-transfer rates, CO-binding, and substrate conversion rates confirmed that electrons are delivered from the electrode to CPR, which transfers them to cyt P450. The film system enabled electrochemical probing of the interaction between cyt P450 and CPR for the first time. Agreement of film voltammetry data with theoretical simulations supports a pathway featuring a key equilibrium redox reaction in the natural catalytic pathway between reduced CPR and cyt P450 occurring within a CPR-cyt P450 complex uniquely poised for substrate conversion.     

Protein dynamics in cytochrome P450 molecular recognition and substrate specificity using 2D IR vibrational echo spectroscopy

Cytochrome (cyt) P450s hydroxylate a variety of substrates that can differ widely in their chemical structure. The importance of these enzymes in drug metabolism and other biological processes has motivated the study of the factors that enable their activity on diverse classes of molecules. Protein dynamics have been implicated in cyt P450 substrate specificity. Here, 2D IR vibrational echo spectroscopy is employed to measure the dynamics of cyt P450(cam) from Pseudomonas putida on fast time scales using CO bound at the active site as a vibrational probe. The substrate-free enzyme and the enzyme bound to both its natural substrate, camphor, and a series of related substrates are investigated to explicate the role of dynamics in molecular recognition in cyt P450(cam) and to delineate how the motions may contribute to hydroxylation specificity. In substrate-free cyt P450(cam), three conformational states are populated, and the structural fluctuations within a conformational state are relatively slow. Substrate binding selectively stabilizes one conformational state, and the dynamics become faster. Correlations in the observed dynamics with the specificity of hydroxylation of the substrates, the binding affinity, and the substrates' molecular volume suggest that motions on the hundreds of picosecond time scale contribute to the variation in activity of cyt P450(cam) toward different substrates.     

QM/MM modeling of compound I active species in cytochrome P450, cytochrome C peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase

QM/MM calculations provide a means for predicting the electronic structure of the metal center in metalloproteins. Two heme peroxidases, Cytochrome c Peroxidase (CcP) and Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), have a structurally very similar active site, yet have active intermediates with very different electronic structures. We review our recent QM/MM calculations on these systems, and present new computational data. Our results are in good agreement with experiment, and suggest that the difference in electronic structure is due to a large number of small differences in structure from one protein to another. We also discuss recent QM/MM calculations on the active species of cytochrome P450, in which a similar sensitivity of the electronic structure to the environment is found. However, this does not appear to explain different catalytic profiles of the different drug-metabolizing isoforms of this class of enzyme.     

Membrane position of ibuprofen agrees with suggested access path entrance to cytochrome P450 2C9 active site

Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) is a membrane-anchored human microsomal protein involved in the drug metabolism in liver. CYP2C9 consists of an N-terminal transmembrane anchor and a catalytic cytoplasmic domain. While the structure of the catalytic domain is well-known from X-ray experiments, the complete structure and its incorporation into the membrane remains unsolved. We constructed an atomistic model of complete CYP2C9 in a dioleoylphosphatidylcholine membrane and evolved it by molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water on a 100+ ns time-scale. The model agrees well with known experimental data about membrane positioning of cytochromes P450. The entry to the substrate access channel is proposed to be facing the membrane interior while the exit of the product egress channel is situated above the interface pointing toward the water phase. The positions of openings of the substrate access and product egress channels correspond to free energy minima of CYP2C9 substrate ibuprofen and its metabolite in the membrane, respectively.     

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of a Cytochrome P450 from Tepidiphilus thermophilus (P450-TT) Reveal How Its Substrate-Binding Channel Opens

Cytochrome P450s (P450) are important enzymes in biology with useful biochemical reactions in, for instance, drug and xenobiotics metabolisms, biotechnology, and health. Recently, the crystal structure of a new member of the CYP116B family has been resolved. This enzyme is a cytochrome P450 (CYP116B46) from Tepidiphilus thermophilus (P450-TT) and has potential for the oxy-functionalization of organic molecules such as fatty acids, terpenes, steroids, and statins. However, it was thought that the opening to its hitherto identified substrate channel was too small to allow organic molecules to enter. To investigate this, we performed molecular dynamics simulations on the enzyme. The results suggest that the crystal structure is not relaxed, possibly due to crystal packing effects, and that its tunnel structure is constrained. In addition, the simulations revealed two key amino acid residues at the mouth of the channel; a glutamyl and an arginyl. The glutamyl’s side chain tightens and relaxes the opening to the channel in conjunction with the arginyl’s, though the latter’s side chain is less dramatically changed after the initial relaxation of its conformations. Additionally, it was observed that the effect of increased temperature did not considerably affect the dynamics of the enzyme fold, including the relative solvent accessibility of the amino acid residues that make up the substrate channel wall even as compared to the changes that occurred at room temperature. Interestingly, the substrate channel became distinguishable as a prominent tunnel that is likely to accommodate small- to medium-sized organic molecules for bioconversions. That is, P450-TT has the ability to pass appropriate organic substrates to its active site through its elaborate substrate channel, and notably, is able to control or gate any molecules at the opening to this channel.     

细胞色素P450酶电化学生物传感器的构建及其药物代谢应用

药物代谢过程是药物在体内产生药效和毒性的主要过程,发展廉价、方便、快速、高通量的体外药物代谢研究方法对新药的开发和设计、给药的方法和剂量、临床药物的检测等都有重要的指导意义. 细胞色素P450酶（CYP450酶）在药物的I相反应中起到关键作用,以电极代替辅酶NADPH提供CYP450酶催化反应过程中需要的两个电子,构建CYP450酶电化学生物传感器可实现药物的初步筛选. 大量研究表明,CYP450酶在电极表面合适的固定方法与电极材料可有效提高传感器的检测性能. 本文主要综述近年来CYP450酶电化学生物传感器的构建及其在药物代谢研究方面的应用,并展望其研发前景.     

CYP2D6 genotyping by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Genetic polymorphisms can significantly affect the enzyme activity of the drug metabolizing enzyme Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6; OMIM 124030). Accordingly, CYP2D6 genotyping is considered as a valid approach to predict the individual CYP2D6 metabolizing status. We introduce ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ICEMS) as method for the characterization of single base variants, small deletions, and insertions in the CYP2D6 gene. A two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the simultaneous amplification of nine polymorphic regions within the CYP2D6 gene. Cleanup, separation, and denaturation of PCR amplicons were achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography. High-performance molecular mass measurements provided nucleotide composition profiles that principally enable the resolution of 37 reported CYP2D6 alleles. The developed assay was applied to the genotyping of 93 unrelated Austrian individuals. For validation, a selected number of samples and polymorphic sites were retyped by alternative genotyping technologies. The PCR-ICEMS assay turned out to be an accurate, robust, and cost-effective CYP2D6 genotyping strategy.     

细胞色素P450的电化学研究进展

细胞色素P450的电化学研究从一个侧面反映了为使细胞色素P450达到工业催化剂的最终目的人们所作的不懈努力。本文从细胞色素P450在电极上的电子转移研究,隧道扫描显微镜的微观成像研究和使用电极作为细胞色素P450的电子给体从而实现细胞色素P450底物转化三方面,评述了近年来细胞色素P450的电化学研究进展。