Precise measurement of the line width of the photoassociation spectra of ultracold molecules by using a frequency shifter

We propose a technique to precisely measure the line width of the photoassociation spectra of the excited cesium molecule by using a frequency shifter to generate two laser beams with a precise frequency difference. A series of photoassociation (PA) spectra are recorded with two laser beam induced molecular lines, whose peak separation serves as an accurate frequency ruler to measure the line width of the PA spectra. The full width half maximum line width was studied as a function of PA laser intensity. The extrapolated value at zero laser intensity is (34.84 ± 0.22) MHz. By analyzing other broadening mechanisms, a value of (32.02 ± 0.70) MHz was deduced. It is shown that this scheme is inexpensive, simple, robust, and is promising for applications in a variety of other atomic species.     

Measurement of the Rb D2 transition linewidth at ultralow temperature

The Rb D2 linewidth was studied using atoms cooled to a temperature of 50 μK that were contained in a magneto-optical trap. The transmission of a probe laser through the atom cloud was monitored using a CCD detector. The frequency of the probe laser was scanned across the resonance using an acousto-optic modulator. The observed lineshape was very well fitted by a Lorentzian function. The full width half maximum linewidth was examined as a function of the optical depth and the probe laser intensity. The extrapolated value at zero optical depth 6.062 ± 0.017 MHz corresponds to a 5P_3/2 lifetime of 26.25 ± 0.07 ns. This result agrees with lifetimes found in experiments that measured the temporal decay of fluorescence or photoassociation spectroscopy and is somewhat below the result of a relativistic many body perturbation calculation.     

Discovery and characterization of optically pumped far-infrared laser emissions using laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A laser magnetic resonance spectrometer has been used to discover and subsequently measure a far-infrared laser emission: the 166.6-micron line of CH₂F₂, optically pumped by the 9P24 CO₂ laser. By recording spectra for the NH radical, the frequency of this laser emission has been determined to be 1799950±13 MHz. Spectra for the NH radical were also recorded with two other far-infrared laser emissions: the 160.4-micron line of N₂H₄ (9P46 CO₂ pump) and the 328.6-micron line of ¹³CH₃OH (9P12 CO₂ pump). From the NH spectra, a discrepancy of 2.1 GHz with the previously measured laser frequency was identified for the 160.4-micron line. A three-laser heterodyne system was then used to remeasure the frequency to be 1868475.5±0.5 MHz. The NH spectra were also used to determine the frequency for the 328.6-micron line to be 912366±7 MHz, in agreement with the value previously calculated from the Rydberg–Ritz combination principle. PACS 07.57.Hm; 32.60.+i; 42.62.Eh     

利用双光缔合光谱技术直接测量超冷铯分子0u+(6S1/2+6P1/2)长程态的转动常数的实验研究

实验获得了超冷铯分子6S_1/2+6P_1/2离解限下0_u⁺长程态振动能级v=187的转动常数. 首先利用调制的荧光光谱技术获得了高分辨的转动量子数J=0–6的超冷铯分子纯转动光谱. 利用双光缔合光谱技术, 构建了高精度的频率参考信号, 进而得到了相邻转动能级间的频率间隔. 最后通过非刚性转子模型拟合得到了转动常数和离心畸变常数.     

High sensitive determination of laser-induced frequency shifts of ultracold cesium molecules

We experimentally present a technique for sensitively determining the laser-induced frequency shifts of the long-range molecular vibrational and rotational levels. The scheme relies on an optical frequency shifter, leading to two laser beams with a precise and adjustable frequency interval. A series of photoassociation spectra are recorded with both beams inducing molecular lines, whose peak separation provides an accurate frequency ruler to measure the frequency shifts of cesium molecular levels, which have not yet been observed in previous reports. The data are compared to theoretical predictions and show a good agreement.     

Effect of external magnetic field on the shift of resonant frequency in photoassociation of ultracold Cs atoms

We study the influence of external magnetic field on the shift of the resonant frequency in the photoassociation of ultracold Cs atoms, which are captured in a magnetically levitated optical crossed dipole trap. With the increase of the photoassociation laser intensity, the linear variation of the frequency shift is measured by recording the photoassociation spectra of the long-range 0_u~+ state of Cs molecule below the 6S_(1/2)+ 6P_(1/2) dissociation limit at different magnetic fields.The slope of the frequency shift to the intensity of the photoassociation laser exhibits a strong dependence on the external magnetic field. The experimental data is simulated with an analytic theory model, in which a single channel rectangular potential with the tunable well depth is introduced to acquire the influence of the magnetic field on the atomic behavior in the effective range where photoassociation occurs.     

The laser-intensity dependence of the photoassociation spectrum of the ultracold Cs_2(6S_(1/2) + 6P_(1/2))0_u~+ long-range molecular state

The high-resolution photoassociation spectrum of the ultracold cesium molecular 0_u~+ state below the 6S 1/2 + 6P 1/2 limit is presented in this paper. The saturation of the photoassociation scattering probability is observed from the dependence of the trap-loss probability on the photoassociation laser intensity. The corresponding resonant line width is also demonstrated to increase linearly with increasing photoassociation laser intensity. Our experimental data have good consistency with the theoretical saturation model of Bohn and Julienne Bohn J L and Julienne P S 1999 Phys. Rev. A 60 1].     

High-resolution photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold ytterbium atoms by using the intercombination transition

We observed high-resolution photoassociation spectra of laser-cooled ytterbium (Yb) atoms in the spin-forbidden 1S0 - 3P1 intercombination line. The rovibrational levels in the 0u+ state were measured for red detunings of the photoassociation laser ranging from 2.9 MHz to 1.97 GHz with respect to the atomic resonance. The rotational splitting of the vibrational levels near the dissociation limit were fully resolved due to the sub-MHz linewidth of the spectra in contrast to previous measurements using the spin-allowed singlet transition. In addition, from a comparison between the spectra of 174Yb and those of 176Yb, a d-wave shape resonance for 174Yb is strongly suggested.     

High resolution emission spectra of laser-excited molecular iodine as the excitation frequency is tuned through and away from resonance

We have studied the ΔJ = 2 rotationally shifted emission lines in the region of the strong absorption of molecular iodine which occurs within the 5145 Å argon ion laser line. We used an etalon tuned, single frequency argon ion laser with a linewidth of 20 MHz to excite the iodine emission and recorded the spectra of the rotational lines with Fabry-Perot spectrometers having resolutions up to 70 MHz (0.0023 cm^-1). To overcome Doppler linewidth limitations we took spectra of the emission at small angles to the exciting beam and found the lines to have widths less than our instrumental resolution and frequencies which accurately tuned with the incident laser frequency. We recorded the emission lines for laser frequencies in the absorption line center and out into the absorption wing. Our spectra show that the intensity of the emission lines follows the absorption line profile while the frequency of the emission lines is determined by the laser frequency; the intensity is maximum at the absorption line center, falling by 10⁴ as the laser frequency is moved off the line center, while the line position maintains a constant frequency shift from the laser frequency.     

HeH+体系光缔合反应的动力学研究

采用含时量子波包方法研究基电子态HeH⁺体系优化的光缔合几率,即He+H⁺→HeH⁺随碰撞粒子对初始动量的变化,并研究伴随该过程的多光子跃迁和解离.选取v=6振动能级为目标态,通过优化激光场参数得到碰撞粒子对的最优光缔合几率.结果表明：随着碰撞粒子对初始动量的增加,光缔合所用的最优激光场的持续时间逐渐减少,但光场的强度和失谐逐渐增加.在某些初始碰撞动量附近,由于共振多光子跃迁过程的存在,最优的光场不能严格地将碰撞粒子对缔合到目标态.此外,研究表明随着初始动量的增加,系统的超阈值解离几率近似线性地增加到一个最大值,直至饱和强度.并且,在碰撞粒子对的初始动量较大时,超阈值解离主导解离过程.     

Line shape analysis of two-colour photoassociation spectra on the example of the Cs ground state

Two-photon photoassociation spectra in a Λ-type excitation scheme are analysed under the systematically varied experimental conditions of frequency detunings and laser intensities. Line shape fits are presented as well as the investigation of intensity and detuning dependent line shifts. From both we determine the attained spectroscopic precision, that is corrected for a systematic line shift due to the thermal distribution of atoms in the trap. An energy correction for this effect is given. Information about the feasibility of generating translationally cold molecules in a well defined rotational and vibrational level by the photoassociation process is derived from the analysis. Received 21 May 2002 Published online 15 October 2002 RID="a" ID="a"Current address e-mail: christian.lisdat@ptb.de RID="b" ID="b"e-mail: pierre.pillet@lac.u-psud.fr     

High-resolution spectroscopy with and frequency stabilization of a cw dye laser

The hyperfine splittings of the Na D₁ and D₂ lines were investigated using a single mode cw dye laser. The light of the laser was scattered by the atoms of an atomic beam and the fluorescent light was observed as the frequency of the laser was tuned across the D lines. The Doppler width of the atomic beam was reduced to about 2.5 MHz so that the absorption width of the atoms of the beam was essentially determined by the natural width of the 3²P_1/2 and 3²P_3/2 levels, which is about 10 MHz. Since the linewidth observed for the hyperfine transitions was 30 MHz, most of the hyperfine components of the D₁ and D₂ lines could be resolved. In another experiment the frequency of the dye laser was locked to a hyperfine transition of the D₁ line. The observed variation of the output frequency of the dye laser was less than ±1.5 MHz. In addition, the intensity of the dye laser was controlled to about 10⁻³, using an electro-optically variable transmission filter.     

声光偏频亚多普勒光谱无调制激光频率锁定

将激光器锁定到合适的参考频率标准上 ,可以有效地改善激光器的频率稳定性。采用两个声光调制器(AOM) ,使铯原子D2 线饱和吸收光谱分别发生Ω±Δ绝对频移 ;通过改变射频压控振荡器 (RFVCO)的Vf 端口直流电压调节相对频移间隔Δ ,当相对频率间隔选择合适时两信号相减得到了类色散型鉴频曲线。实验中实现了85 2nm光栅外腔半导体激光器相对于铯原子D2 线6S1/2 F =4 6P3 /2 F′ =5超精细跃迁线 (中心频率ν0 )的无调制偏频锁定 (锁定后中心频率ν0 +Ω ,偏频量为Ω)。由闭环锁定后的误差信号估计 ,5 0s内典型的频率起伏小于± 2 70kHz ,较相同时间段内激光器自由运转时的频率起伏 14MHz有显著的改善。该方法可避免对激光器直接进行频率调制的常规饱和吸收锁频方案所引入的额外频率噪声和强度噪声。     

用光电子能谱相位确定法同时测量阿秒超紫外线XUV脉冲的频率和强度时间分布

介绍阿秒超紫外线(XUV)激发惰性气体原子产生光电子并在强激光电场中运动的半经典近似 方法，以及同时、直接、全面地测量阿秒XUV脉冲频率和强度时间分布的光电子能谱相位确定法. 采用飞秒超短脉冲激光和XUV间的交叉关联技术，从不同激光强度下、与激光线性极化方向成0°或180°方向上测得的光电子能量积分谱，可以重建XUV的频率和强度时间分布. XUV脉冲时间宽度的测量范围从1／4到1／2激光振荡周期，时间分辨率取决于激光束和XUV脉冲之间的相对延时控制精度和光路抖动时间. 所述方法可用于在阿秒尺度上的超快速测量，以及有关电子在原子和分子中运动的超快速动力学过程研究. 关键词： 阿秒测量 光电子能谱 相位确定法 超紫外线 频率和强度时间分布     

Influence of the intensity gradient upon HHG from free electrons scattered by an intense laser beam

When an electron is scattered by a tightly focused laser beam in vacuum, the intensity gradient is a critical factor to influence the electron dynamics. In this paper, we have further investigated its influence upon the electron high-harmonic generation (HHG) by treating the spacial gradient of the laser intensity as a ponderomotive potential. Based upon perturbative quantum electrodynamics calculations, it has been found that the main effect of the intensity gradient is the broadening of the originally line HHG spectra. A one-to-one relationship can be built between the beam width and the corresponding line width. Hence, this finding may provide us a promising way to measure the beam width of intense lasers in experiments. In addition, for a laser pulse, we have also studied the different influences from transverse and longitudinal intensity gradients upon HHG.     

Precise measurement of optical frequency with the help of electromagnetically induced transparency

We have studied electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectra in a frequency span as wide as 300 MHz. This tunability of EIT spectra provides an opportunity to utilize the sub-natural spectra in measuring unknown laser frequency very accurately. EIT is observed when control and probe laser frequency detunings are equal. This correlation has been used to identify and measure unknown probe frequency with a very high degree of accuracy, subject to the condition that control laser frequency is known.     

Precise frequency measurements of atomic transitions by use of a Rb-stabilized resonator

We demonstrate a technique for frequency measurements of atomic transitions with a precision of 30 kHz. The frequency is measured with a ring-cavity resonator whose length is calibrated against a reference laser locked to the D2 line of 87Rb, the frequency of which is known with 10-kHz accuracy. We have used this method to measure the hyperfine structure in the 5P(3/2) state of 85Rb. We obtain precise values for the hyperfine constants, A = 25.041(6) MHz and B = 26.013(25) MHz, and a value of 77.992(20) MHz for the isotope shift in the D2 line.     

Enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio of ultracold polar NaCs molecular spectra by phase locking detection

We report a method of high-sensitively detecting the weak signal in photoassociation(PA) spectra of ultracold NaCs molecules by phase sensitive-demodulated trap-loss spectra of Na atoms from a photomultiplier tube. We find that the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of the PA spectra is strongly dependent on the integration time and the sensitivity of the lockin amplifier, and our results show reasonable agreement with the theoretical analyses of the SNR with the demodulation parameters. Meanwhile, we investigate the effect of the interaction time of the PA laser with the colliding Na–Cs atom pairs on the SNR of the PA spectra. The atom loss rate is dependent on both the PA-induced atom loss and the loading of the MOT. The high-sensitive detection of the excited ultracold NaCs molecules lays a solid foundation for further study of the formation and application of ultracold NaCs molecules.     

飞行时间质谱探测磁光阱中超冷分子离子的实验研究

利用飞行时间质谱探测了由磁光阱中的俘获光和 再泵浦光光缔合作用形成的超冷基态铯分子, 研究了微通道板工作电压、加速电场强度和加速电场持续时间对铯分子离子信号强度的影响. 实验结果与理论模型的拟合一致; 获得了适合实验条件的最优化实验参数, 为进一步研究超冷分子的光缔合光谱和光电离光谱奠定了实验基础.     

铯原子里德伯态精细结构测量

里德伯态光谱是测量里德伯态能级结构和中性原子间相互作用的常用技术手段,特别是高精度的里德伯光谱,可以测量室温原子气室中由偶极相互作用等导致的原子能级频移.在实验中利用反向的852 nm激光和509 nm激光实现了室温原子气室中铯原子6S_(1/2)—6P_(3/2)—57S(D)跃迁的级联双光子激发,实现了里德伯态原子的制备.基于阶梯型电磁诱导透明获得了铯原子里德伯态的高分辨光谱.实验中,基于速度选择的射频边带调制技术,对光谱信号进行了频率标定,测量了铯原子里德伯态57D_(3/2)和57D_(5/2)的精细分裂,分裂间隔为(354.7±2.5)MHz,与理论计算结果基本一致.速度选择的射频调制光谱可以实现里德伯态原子的能级分裂测量,其测量精度对于单光子跃迁的绝对激光频率不敏感;实验中影响57D_(3/2)和57D_(5/2)精细分裂间隔测量精度的主要因素是功率加宽导致的电磁感应透明信号的展宽和509 nm激光频率扫描的非线性.