双咪唑苯和双三唑苯及其衍生物非线性光学性质的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的UB3LYP(B3LYP)/6-31+G**方法对双咪唑苯和双三咪唑苯双自由基及其衍生物几何结构进行优化,并结合有限场(FF)方法计算这些体系的非线性光学(NLO)系数.结果表明,引入给、受体取代基都能使体系的极化率α和二阶超极化率γ增大.在双自由基体系中,引入给体NH2的α和γ值大于引入受体NO2的值,与闭壳层体系中结果相反.分析自由基成分和电荷对体系的二阶超极化率γ影响的结果表明,处于中间双自由基成分的分子比相似共轭性的闭壳层分子有更大的二阶超极化率γ;带电荷的双自由基体系引入给、受体之后,与中性自由基体系相比具有更大的二阶超极化率γ.     

TTF+1-π共轭桥-6-氧四联氮阳离子双自由基NLO性质的理论研究

采用量子化学UPBE1PBE结合有限场(FF)方法,对系列TTF+?-π共轭桥-6-氧四联氮阳离子双自由基体系的稳定性,极化率αs和第一超极化率βtot进行研究.结果表明,TTF+?-6-氧四联氮阳离子双自由基引入共轭桥后,随体系共轭性增强,αs和βtot值均增大(体系2S的βtot值除外).自旋多重度和构象对双自由基体系的极化率和第一超极化率都有影响,双自由基体系由单重态转变为三重态时,极化率减小,而第一超极化率明显增大.以体系2为例,在单重态时αs和βtot值随构象变化较小,而三重态时αs和βtot值随二面角θ1和θ2的增加而减小.     

咪唑氧自由基分子NLO性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT) UB3LYP方法, 在6-31g(d)水平上对2,2’-(1,2-乙炔基-4,1-亚苯基)双[4,4’,5,5’-四氢]咪唑氧自由基分子及其异构体的自旋耦合性质进行分析, 并结合有限场(FF)方法计算它们的非线性光学(NLO)系数, 以探讨咪唑氧环在共轭链不同位置时体系的自旋耦合规律和NLO系数. 结果表明, 所有体系基态自旋符合自旋极化规则, 它们的极化率随自旋多重度的增加而减小; 一阶超极化率因受分子对称性影响, 对称性不同其一阶超极化率的变化也不同; 二阶超极化率呈现随着自旋多重度的增加而增加的趋势. 从理论上探讨这些自由基分子自旋耦合规律与NLO活性的关系, 为有机自由基NLO材料的分子设计与实验研究提供一定的理论依据.     

二芳基氨(硼)-π-碳硼烷三元化合物的二阶非线性光学性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法对二芳基氨(硼)-π-十二顶点碳硼烷三元化合物的结构及二阶非线性光学(NLO)性质进行计算.结果表明,化合物共轭桥长度及二芳基氨(硼)对化合物偶极矩的影响较小.随着分子共轭桥的增长,分子的电子空间范围R2增大,从而使极化率和第一超极化率增大.通过分析化合物的电子光谱和对应的分子轨道组成可知,分子中电荷转移主要发生在二芳基氨(硼)和π-桥之间,碳硼烷的贡献较少.二芳基氨和二芳基硼的供电子能力差异可以调节分子的二阶NLO响应.     

双噻唑苯二聚体自由基分子的极化率与二阶超极化率的理论研究

采用量子化学UMP2/6-31G(d,p)方法优化双噻唑苯二聚体自由基分子的几何结构,以0.05nm为单位步长拉长与缩短2分子片之间的距离,选取5个点,采用DFTUB3LYP/6-31G(d,p)方法,对双噻唑苯二聚体自由基分子的极化率和二阶超极化率进行理论计算.结果表明,自由基体系的单重态为相对稳定状态.在完全重叠的体系中,在单、三重态时极化率都随着2分子片间距离的增大而增加;三重态时二阶超极化率的绝对值随着2分子片间距离的增大而增大.部分重叠的体系,单重态时极化率随2分子片距离的增大而减小;三重态时,二阶超极化率的绝对值随着2分子片间距离的增大而增大.     

联吖叮氮氧自由基体系及其衍生物NLO性质的密度泛函理论研究

以实验合成的联吖叮氮氧自由基分子为母体, 设计了7个自由基分子. 采用密度泛函理论(DFT) UB3LYP/6-31g(d,p)方法对这些自由基分子不同自旋态的稳定性和非线性光学(NLO)系数进行计算. 结果表明, 联吖叮氮氧自由基分子及其衍生物三重态为稳定基态, 符合自旋极化规则. 引入给吸电子取代基使自由基体系的极化率αs与二阶超极化率γs值有所增大, 且基团的给吸电子能力越强, αs和γs值增加越明显; 对于一阶超极化率βtot, 自由基体系处于单重态时, 取代基的影响较大. 所有自由基分子三重态的NLO系数都小于单重态, 表明可以通过控制体系的自旋多重度来调节体系的NLO性质.     

二阶超极化率γ的Hartree-Fock极限值的再研究

用有限场(FF)方法,在ROHF/x-aug-cc-pVXZ(x=1～5或7,X=T,Q)水平上计算了C,N,O,F,OH和OH⁺等开壳层原子和分子、离子的二阶超极化率γ.与闭壳层原子和分子的计算结果相类似,γ随基组的增大出现一个拐点.拐点对应的γ值与数字轨道计算的γ值符合得较好,其平均相对误差分别为1.79%(x-aug-cc-pVTZ)和1.91%(x-aug-cc-pVQZ),故计算二阶超极化率γ不需使用g函数.进一步研究表明,用x-aug-cc-pVTZ系列基组不仅可以得到γ的Hartree-Fock极限值,而且可以用来作较准确的二阶超极化率相关效应的计算.     

以苯等芳香环桥联的1,3-二硫杂环戊二烯衍生物的NLO性质

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP/6-31G*优化一系列以芳环为桥联基团,1,3-二硫杂环戊二烯为供电子基团,丙二氰为吸电子基团的D-π-A型分子的几何结构,在此基础上对分子的极化率和第一超极化率进行计算.结果分析表明,桥联苯环数的增加,供电子基团(—OCH3)的引入及共轭桥的增长对分子的几何构型影响很小,但能使分子的二阶非线性光学(NLO)系数增加,且分子的最大吸收波长发生红移.甲氧基的引入或共轭桥的增长,分子的前线分子轨道能级差减小,TD-DFT计算表明分子深层占有轨道与空轨道之间的电子跃迁对二阶NLO效应也有较明显贡献.     

6,6’-二氧-3,3’-二四联氮自由基及其衍生物不同构象 NLO性质的DFT研究

运用密度泛函理论(DFT) UB3LYP和有限场(FF)方法, 探讨了6,6’-二氧-3,3’-二四联氮自由基及其衍生物构象变化对非线性光学性质的影响, 分析了自由基分子极化率、二阶超极化率对构象、自旋多重度的依赖关系. 结果表明, 不同构象下各体系有效交换积分值都小于零, 自由基间表现为反铁磁性耦合. 各体系单三态不同构象时极化率α值的变化很小, 且不同构象时单重态的α值都大于三重态. 在构象变化过程中, 体系(a)和(b)单重态的二阶超极化率均为负值(体系(a)的45°和135°除外), 且绝对值都小于三重态的二阶超极化率值, 体系(c)的单三重态二阶超极化率值均为正值, 且在分子接近平面构型时, 三重态的γ值大于单重态. 不同的取代基R, 对体系的构型、极化率和二阶超极化率的影响也不同.     

卟啉-碳硼烷-硼亚甲基二吡咯三元化合物二阶非线性光学性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法对卟啉-碳硼烷-硼亚甲基二吡咯(BODIPY)三元化合物的几何结构、 吸收光谱及二阶非线性光学(NLO)特性进行计算分析. 结果表明, V型化合物的静态第一超极化率(β_tot)大于相应直线型化合物, 且延长共轭链可提高体系的β_tot. 分析体系的电子密度差分图得出, 化合物氧化还原态的电荷转移方式与本征态相比发生了改变, 从而使其二阶NLO性质发生明显变化. 含频第一超极化率计算结果表明, 在一定范围内频率对化合物有较小的色散效应. 因此, 通过延长二维化合物的共轭链及氧化还原反应, 可以有效调控其二阶NLO响应.     

Open‐Shell Characters and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of One‐Dimensional Graphene Nanoflakes Composed of Trigonal Graphene Units

The impact of topology on the open‐shell characters and the second hyperpolarizabilities (γ) has been addressed for one‐dimensional graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) composed of the smallest trigonal graphene (phenalenyl) units. The main results are: 1) These GNFs show not only diradical but also multiradical characters when increasing the number of linked units. 2) GNFs composed of an equivalent number of units can exhibit a wide range of open‐shell characters—from nearly closed‐shell to pure multiradical characters—depending on the linking pattern of the trigonal units. 3) This wide variation in open‐shell characters is explained by their resonance structures and/or by their (HOMO?i)?(LUMO+i) gaps deduced from the orbital correlations. 4) The change in the linking structure of the units can effectively control their open‐shell characters as well as their γ values, of which the longitudinal components are significantly enhanced for the singlet GNFs having intermediate open‐shell characters. 5) Singlet alternately linked (AL) systems present intermediate multiradical characters even in the case of a large number of units, which creates a significant enhancement of γ with increasing the size, whereas nonalternately linked (NAL) systems, which present pure multiradical characters, possess much smaller γ values. Finally 6) by switching from the singlet to the highest spin states, the γ values of NAL systems hardly change, whereas those of AL systems exhibit large reductions. These fascinating structure–property relationships between the topology of the GNFs, their open‐shell characters, and their γ values not only deepen the understanding of open‐shell characters of GNFs but aim also at stimulating further design studies to achieve giant NLO responses based on open‐shell graphene‐like materials.     

Recent advances in the syntheses of radical‐containing macromolecules

Tailor‐made polymers containing specific chemical functionalities have ushered in a number of emerging fields in polymer science. In most of these next‐generation applications the focus of the community has centered upon closed‐shell macromolecules. Conversely, macromolecules containing stable radical sites have been less studied despite the promise of this evolving class of polymers. In particular, radical‐containing macromolecules have shown great potential in magnetic, energy storage, and biomedical applications. Here, the progress regarding the syntheses of open‐shell containing polymers are reviewed in two distinct subclasses. In the first, the syntheses of radical polymers (i.e., materials composed of non‐conjugated macromolecular backbones and with open‐shell units present on the polymer pendant sites) are described. In the second, polyradical (i.e., macromolecules containing stabilized radical sites either within the macromolecular backbone or those containing radical sites that are stabilized through a large degree of conjugation) synthetic schemes are presented. Thus, the state‐of‐the‐art in open‐shell macromolecular syntheses will be reported and future means by which to advance the current archetype will be discussed. By detailing the synthetic pathways possible for, and the inherent synthetic limitations of, the creation of these functional polymers, the community will be able to extend the bounds of the radical‐containing macromolecular paradigm. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 1875–1894     

On the density matrix definition of valency

In a recent article Gopinathan and Jug have proposed a definition of atomic valency which had previously been given by Armstrong, Perkins and Stewart for closed shell molecules. The validity and interpretation of this definition for open shell systems is discussed. A new parameter for structural analysis, the free electron index, is presented.We want to acknowledge the computer time made available by Centro de Estudios Superiores para el Procesamiento de la Informatión (CESPI) de la Universidad National de La Plata and many useful suggestions made by the referees of this paper.     

MO-LCAO Calculations of Polymethines

Idealized polymethines are defined as conjugated chain molecules with complete bond equilization and charge alternation. A constant π-bond order along the chain with N atoms has been derived for three types of polymethines which differ by the nature of the heteroatomic end groups. Corresponding to the number of π-electrons they are termined (N + 1)π-, Nπ- or (N ? 1)π-polymethines. This classification embraces closed shell as well as open shell systems. The relations for the energy eigenvalues, coefficients and derived quantities have been obtained in closed form. The results for the different classes of polymethines are strongly related. Their molecular properties should be similar.     

Approximate second order method for orbital optimization of SCF and MCSCF wavefunctions

A quasi-Newton method involving a diagonal guess orbital hessian with iterative updates has been proposed recently by Almlof for the optimization of closed shell self-consistent field (SCF) wavefunctions. The technique is extended in the present work to more general wavefunctions, ranging from open shell SCF through multiconfigurational SCF. A number of examples are presented to show that convergence for closed and open shell SCF rivals conventional direct inversion in the iterative subspace (DIIS). For multiconfigurational SCF wavefunctions, the method presented here requires more iterations than an exact second order program, but since each iteration is substantially faster, leads to a more efficient overall program. Received: 15 August 1996 / Accepted: 22 January 1997     

Bis(aminoaryl) Carbon‐Bridged Oligo(phenylenevinylene)s Expand the Limits of Electronic Couplings

Carbon‐bridged bis(aminoaryl) oligo(para ‐phenylenevinylene)s have been prepared and their optical, electrochemical, and structural properties analyzed. Their radical cations are class III and class II mixed‐valence systems, depending on the molecular size, and they show electronic couplings which are among the largest for the self‐exchange reaction of purely organic molecules. In their dication states, the antiferromagnetic coupling is progressively tuned with size from quinoidal closed‐shell to open‐shell biradicals. The data prove that the electronic coupling in the radical cations and the singlet–triplet gap in the dications show similar small attenuation factors, thus allowing charge/spin transfer over rather large distances.     

The Kohn-Sham kinetic energy density as indicator of the electron localization: atomic shell structure

In this report, it is shown that the Kohn-Sham (KS) kinetic energy density (KED) contains the average local electrostatic potential (ALEP) and the average local ionization energy (ALIE); the shell structure in atomic systems is presented as one application of the KS-KED. By writing the KS-KED from the KS equations, this quantity was divided in three contributions: orbital, Coulomb, and exchange correlation. By studying several closed and open shell atoms, the shell structure was established by the maxima presented by the Coulomb contribution and the minima in the orbital contribution of the KS-KED. The exchange-correlation contribution to the KS-KED does not show maxima or minima, but this quantity shows bumps where the division between shells is expected. The results obtained in this work were compared with other shell structure indicators such as the electron localization function, the ALEP, the ALIE, and the radial distribution function. The most important result in this work is related to the fact that even when the ALEP and the ALIE functions were built with different arguments to each other, they are contained in the KS-KED. In this way, the KS-KED shows its importance to reveal the electron localization in atomic systems.     

Synthesis,Characterization, and Fluorescence Studies of Novel Heterocyclic Azo Dyes Derived from Benzothiazole

Ten novel fluorescent azo disperse dyes 2a – e (open forms) and 3a – e (closed forms) were obtained by the coupling reaction of carbocyclic amine based diazonium chloride with compounds 2 and 3 . The synthesized dyes were characterized by elemental analysis, high‐resolution mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared, and NMR spectral techniques. Moreover, we investigated the substituent effect and solvatochromic properties of the dyes on absorption and fluorescence spectra. At the same time, the absorption and emission spectral data of the closed form dyes 3a – e were compared with the open form dyes 2a – e due to more planarity of the closed form dyes that lead to the extension of the π–electron conjugation.