无碰撞等离子体中电子束流不稳定性的时空演化研究

应用二、三维相对论电磁粒子模拟程序研究双电子束流在无碰撞等离子体中传播引起的横向 电磁(Weibel类型)不稳定性和纵向静电不稳定性的发展演化过程.讨论了纯粹Weibel不稳定 性的发生和非线性饱和过程，观察到电流束合并、磁场重联等引起的电子横向加热现象.研 究了电流束传播方向激发的静电场对快电子束传播的影响，观察到其导致的束的横向调制、 磁场通道破坏现象.对这些过程的细致研究对更好的理解快点火物理中自生磁场的产生、快 电子输运等过程有重要意义.     

非均匀磁场约束条件下的电子束空气等离子体特性

为了揭示大气环境电子束等离子体的性质,基于蒙特卡罗程序包Geant4建立了一个包含电离、激发以及轫致辐射等物理过程的计算模型,用于模拟非均匀磁场约束条件下高能强流稳态电子束的输运特性、以及大气环境等离子体的性质。结果表明:非均匀磁场可以有效控制电子束在空气中的输运轨迹,显著降低电子束的发散;随着电子束在空气中行程的增加,电子束能谱开始展宽并向低能区移动;输运装置出口能量损失比电子束射程末端高2个量级,且随着电子束输运距离的增加,等离子体密度降低;等离子体密度的高低与电子束能量直接相关。     

强流非聚焦型相对论性电子束的产生及其特性的研究

本文论述产生强流非聚焦型相对论性电子束的物理机制及其特性,结合国际上和中国原子能科学研究院的工作来说明产生这种束流的几个关键的技术问题,如阴极等离子体的形成和运动,电子束流自磁场对束流箍缩及束流密度均匀性的影响、阳极等离子体的形成及其影响等。至今为止国际上尚未形成一种比较严格的理论模型来解析该二极管中的电子束行为,本文试图将国际上有关这方面的研究做个综述并对一些分析做些改进,如束流自磁场对箍缩及束流密度均匀性的影响。     

无碰撞等离子体中电子束流不稳定性的时空演化

强激光在冕区等离子体中传播到临界面附近生成相对论电子和相对论电子束流在随后较长一段稠密等离子体区的能量传输是快点火中的关键问题。对快点火条件下的激光等离子体参数，临界面附近产生的前向快电子电流往往超过阿尔芬极限电流，必须在稠密等离子体中产生中和回流，快电子流才能在稠密等离子体中向前输运。横向电磁不稳定性（类Weibel不稳定性，WI）和纵向静电双流不稳定性（TSI）很容易在这种电子双流体系中激发，前向电子束会被调制或成丝状结构，同时激发电磁场，粒子部分动能会转化为电磁场能量。不稳定性在非线性饱和后，发生电流丝的合并、磁场重联等过程，部分电磁场能量会再转化为粒子能量，表现为对离子体的横向加热。Weibel不稳定性的作用可能形成围绕传播电子束的磁通道，对快电子的定向和准直传播是重要的。TSI激发的纵向静电场对磁场通道会有明显的调制甚至破坏作用，直接影响高能电子流从激光吸收区到燃料压缩区的准直传播。     

“神龙-I”直线感应加速器束流输运系统设计

 系统分析了强流相对论电子束在输运过程中影响束流品质的几种因素,针对束流不同能区凸现的主要矛盾,采取对应性措施以抑制空间电荷效应、束包络振荡和束心横向运动。所有措施归结到束流输运系统设计上表现为合适的束输运半径和匹配磁场的选取,提出了束流输运磁场配置的一般策略,初步设计了“神龙 I”直线感应加速器束流输运系统的总体布局。     

“神龙—Ⅰ”直线感应加速器束流输运系统设计

系统分析了强流相对论电子束在输运过程中影响束流品质的几种因素,针对束流不同能区凸现的主要矛盾,采取对应性措施以抑制空间电荷效应,束包络振荡和束心横向运动,所有措施归结到束流输运系统设计上表现为合适的束输运半径和匹配磁场的选取,提出了束流输运磁场配置的一般策略,初步设计了“神龙－Ⅰ”直线感应加速器束流输运系统的总体布局。     

离化靶中多脉冲强流电子束的不稳定性

多脉冲强流电子束轰击轫致辐射靶,在靶面形成等离子体层,将对后续电子束脉冲的稳定性产生影响。从基本等离子理论出发,利用成熟的等离子体粒子模拟程序计算在不同等离子条件下电子束流的稳定性。模拟显示在无外场情况下,当等离子体与电子束的密度比小于1时,能量20 MeV、束流强度2.5 kA、焦斑1.5 mm的电子束出现腊肠不稳定性,但相对靶面焦点区而言,束流稳定;当密度比在1~100时,箍缩不稳定性能够改善电子束的聚焦;当密度比在100~1000时,扭曲不稳定性起主导作用,靶面焦点区电子束流仍然稳定;当密度比大于1000后,成丝不稳定性破坏束流,电子束无法在靶面聚焦。     

22Na放射源慢正电子束流插入装置的研制

北京慢正电子强束流是利用北京正负电子对撞机电子直线加速器电子打靶产生的高强度低能单色正电子束流. 为了提高强束流的机时利用效率和节省强束流用于新建实验站的调试机时, 设计了一套基于²²Na放射源的慢正电子束流装置插入到强束流输运线上. ²²Na放射源慢正电子束流插入装置主要包括²²Na放射源及慢化体、E×B能量选择器、多级静电加速管、磁场输运系统、真空系统、高压绝缘和辐射防护措施等.     

北京慢正电子强束流磁场输运系统设计研究

针对基于北京正负电子对撞机的慢正电子强束流系统对输运磁场的设计要求,本文对不同规格的磁场输运线圈模型、长螺线管端口处磁场的补偿以及地磁场和弯管道对正电子束流的影响等进行了计算,提出适用于本系统传输慢正电子束流的输运磁场分布、补偿线圈、调整线圈的加工参数,计算表明,系统的总体磁场不均匀度小于10髎.实际运行束流测试表明,所设计的磁场系统能够很好的将慢正电子束流输运到约16m远的样品测量室,慢正电子束斑尺寸基本没有变化,满足慢正电子束流系统的设计要求.     

静电探针测量强流电子束电离气体产生的等离子体密度

 用电离理论和核物理学中讨论电子束通过介质后的能量损耗方法分别估算了强流电子束电离中性气体产生的等离子体的密度。在实验中将静电探针应用于测量强流电子束电离氮气产生的等离子体的密度,得出等离子体密度随气压变化的曲线。实验结果表明在1～15帕气压范围内,等离子体密度在量级,与理论结果相符,证明静电探针用于诊断强流相对论电子束电离中性气体产生的等离子体的密度是可行的。     

Characteristics of electron beams formed in a diode with magnetic insulation

The problems of the formation of relativistic electron beams in a cylindrical diode with an annular cathode are discussed in the approximation of an infinitely strong guiding magnetic field. The beams are treated as infinitely thin. The following cases are investigated: 1) The formation of an electron beam moving off the cathode with an initial velocity. The case in which the field on the cathode is not equal to zero is investigated. It is shown that the potential of the electron beam can be determined in a nonunique fashion in the drift region. 2) The formation of a two-velocity electron beam. The possibility of controlling the flow of kinetic energy of the beam by varying the fraction of fast electrons in it is shown. 3) The formation of an electron beam in a diode with the help of two opposed cathodes at different potentials. A strong dependence of the current in the diode on the potential difference between the cathodes is obtained.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 36–39, December, 1981.     

Effect of the self-field of an intense relativistic electron beam on its interaction with matter

The effect of the self-field of an intense relativistic electron beam on its interaction with a dense medium was studied by solving a system of equations consisting of the kinetic equation for the fast electrons, the hydrodynamic equations for the plasma electrons, and Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field. It was assumed that the macroscopic parameters of the medium (its density, conductivity, and electron collision frequency) were independent of time. The system of equations was solved using high-order perturbation theory. The results show that a magnetic field is formed by the beam of fast electrons and to an equal degree by a current of thermalized electrons, which has not been taken into account before. It is shown also that the magnetic field of the beam affects its transmission through matter. In particular, the penetration depth of the electrons in matter and the transverse dimensions of the beam are both smaller than in a weak-current beam.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshykh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 19–24, October, 1987.The author deeply thanks K. A. Dergobuzov for support of the work, and A. V. Arzhannikov, V. A. Klimenko, and A. V. Lapp for useful discussions.     

Excitation of an upper hybrid wave by two intense laser beams and particle acceleration

This Letter presents an investigation of the excitation of an upper hybrid wave (UHW) by cross focusing of two intense laser beams in a collisionless hot magnetoplasma, when relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities are operative. The electric vectors of the two beams are polarized along uniform static magnetic field and the beams propagate perpendicular to the static magnetic field. Analytical expressions for the beam width of the laser beams, electric vector and power of the excited UHW and energy gain have been obtained. The UHW generation at the difference frequency and particle acceleration has also been studied. The nonlinear coupling between intense laser beams and UHW is so strong that UHW gets excited and a large fraction of the laser beam energy gets transferred to UHW and this UHW accelerates electrons. It has been shown that the presence of a magnetic field affects significantly the power of the UHW and energy gain by the electron in the presence of the UHW.     

On the amplification mechanism of the ion-channel laser

The amplification mechanism of the ion-channel laser (ICL) in the low-gain regime is studied. In this concept, a relativistic electron beam is injected into a plasma whose density is comparable to or lower than the beam's density. The head of the electron beam pushes out the plasma electrons, leaving an ion channel. The ion-focusing force causes the electrons to oscillate (betatron oscillations) about the axis and plays a role similar to the magnetic field in a cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM). Radiation can be produced with wave frequencies from microwaves to X-rays depending on the beam energy and plasma density: ω~2γ^3/2ω_pe, where γ is the Lorentz factor of the beam and ω_pe is the plasma frequency. Transverse (relativistic) bunching and axial (conventional) bunching are the amplification mechanisms in ICLs; only the latter effect operates in free-electron lasers. The competition of these two bunching mechanisms depends on beam velocity ν_0z; their dependences on ν_0z cancel for the cyclotron autoresonance masers. A linear theory is developed to study the physical mechanisms, and a PIC (particle-in-cell) simulation code is used to verify the theory. The mechanism is examined as a possible explanation for experimentally observed millimeter radiation from relativistic electron beams interacting with plasmas     

相对论电子束在等离子体中的能量沉积

 用3维粒子模拟程序LARED-P研究了束-等离子体不稳定性, 不稳定性激发的强电磁场使电子束在非常短的距离内沉积能量。对于10 MeV的单能电子束,束电子数目占总电子数目5％的情况下,最终约损失14％的束能量。推导了等离子体的色散关系,得出了增长率。     

Coupling Instability of a Warm Relativistic Electron Beam with Ion-Channel Guiding

In this paper, the coupling instability of warm relativistic electron beam (WREB) propagating through the ion channel guiding is investigated in detail. Obtaining the equilibrium state of the system by considering the self-electric and azimuthal magnetic field, the fluid-Maxwell equations as well as linear perturbation theory are employed to derive the dispersion relation of the excited modes in the system. Numerical analysis of the obtained dispersion relation shows that the electromagnetic (EM) instability can be induced nearly the center of the beam through coupling between the fast electron plasma wave (FEPW), originated from the longitudinal oscillation of WREB, and fast forward electromagnetic wave (FFEW). In this sense, growing the perturbation amplitude occurs due to transport the kinetic energy of WREB to the EM wave at the specific frequency range, where the phase velocity of FEPW and FFEW is coincided. The results of the present investigation will greatly contribute to the understanding of the stability of the warm relativistic electron beam in laboratory experiments, such as in free electron laser experiments, where the ion-channel guiding is used to confine the electrons against the self-repulsive forces generated by the beam itself.     

Generation of coherent X-rays from a relativistic electron beam backscattered by a CO2 laser

On the basis of Palmer's criterion for the self-bunching effect of a relativistic electron beam in a helical magnetic field, it is shown that coherent X-rays can be generated from relativistic electron beams backscattered by laser beams without the need of any resonant cavity.     

Parametric channeling and collapse of beams of charged particles with internal structure in crystals: 2. Parametric processes during channeling of atomic ions, nuclei, and relativistic electrons in crystals

Features of parametric effects during channeling of atomic ions, nuclei, and relativistic electrons (positrons) in crystals were considered. It was shown that parametric coupling between ion channeling states in the field of crystal axes and planes and electronic states in the ion volume leads to the possibility of “parametric collapse” of the beam, i.e., a decrease in the oscillation amplitude of the atomic ion in the channel due to periodic transfer of the ion oscillation energy to the inner electron of the atom. The same effect can be used to cool beams due to energy transfer to intrinsic nuclear states with low energy levels. It was shown that parametric cooling of beams with a decrease in the transverse energy can also occur during axial channeling of relativistic electron beams. This process results from the parametric coupling between channeling states, which are caused by the particle charge and electron spin states in an effective magnetic field induced in the moving coordinate system.     

飞秒激光等离子体中电子热传导现象的数值模拟

采用相对论电磁粒子模拟程序研究了飞秒激光等离子体相互作用中产生的电流密度、电场和自生磁场的发展演化过程。介绍了电子的非局域热输运的基本特性以及激光加热过程中温度烧蚀前沿稠密等离子体子区的预热效应、临界面附近的限流效应,以及冕区的反扩散与限流效应,得到了经典Spitzer-Harm理论描述的电子热传导随自生磁场的演化情形。数值模拟表明:在线性强激光作用下,由于电子初始时刻的无规则热运动,在等离子体上激发电磁不稳定性,而不稳定性激发的强电磁场使电子束在非常短的距离内沉积能量,同时对在激光有质动力推开电子时形成的超热电子能量输运产生抑制作用。