煤燃烧过程生成氮氧化物前驱体的研究

对煤中氮在燃烧条件下生成NOx前驱体（HCN、NH3）进行了研究。实验采用石英玻璃管流化床反应系统，测定了神木煤、澳大利亚烟煤、澳大利亚褐煤在400 ℃～900 ℃HCN、NH3的生成，用离子色谱测定了HCN、NH3的生成量，用差热分析测定了三种煤的燃烧峰温及起始燃烧温度。实验结果表明，在燃烧条件下煤中氮转化为HCN、NH3的比例很高，这一释出过程伴随着煤燃烧过程而发生; 在400 ℃～500 ℃燃烧时HCN、NH3的生成量占煤中总氮质量分数的50%～70%,无论是煤挥发分还是半焦中的氮都在此条件下转化生成了HCN、NH3, 这一实验规律与热解条件的实验结果不同。煤样在更高的温度下燃烧（>700 ℃）时，气体产物中的HCN、NH3的质量分数很少，这是HCN、NH3进一步氧化生成了NOx的缘故。     

PIXE analysis of the hydrothermal leaching of trace elements in coal

The minor and trace element content in coal is of great interest due to the potential impact on the environment from the release of these elements during combustion. Reducing the concentrations of potentially hazardous elements in coal prior to combustion is one way of dealing with this issue. In this research particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) was used to investigate a hydrothermal leaching process for the removal of trace elements from a bituminous coal. The leaching agents HNO₃ and NaOH were evaluated along with the effects of process parameters (temperature, pressure, and time) on the method's effectiveness. The variable with the greatest influence was the leaching agent itself. HNO₃ was determined to be more effective than NaOH in reducing elemental concentrations for nearly all the elements determined. Increasing the temperature did result in greater reductions for some elements (Cl, Br, Zn) whereas increasing the pressure and duration of the leaching process had minimal impact on reductions, in elemental concentrations.     

混煤燃烧过程中砷/硒与飞灰中矿物质之间的高温原位反应

为了研究混煤燃烧过程中痕量元素与飞灰中矿物质的原位反应，选取烟煤（HLH）、无烟煤（ZW）及其混煤在1150 ℃时的沉降炉中进行燃烧，并分别收集和分析了高温段灰分（HTA）和低温段灰分（LTA）中砷和硒残留率。结果表明，砷在高温段灰分中的残留率低于低温段灰，说明在烟气冷却过程中砷会被灰重新吸附。ZW、Z3H1、Z1H1、Z1H3、HLH的高温段灰中砷的残留率分别为60.31%、26.85%、13.29%、20.23%、36.11%，说明混煤的高温段灰比原煤更难捕获砷。同时，硒在五种煤样的高温段灰中的残留率分别为24.68%、23.60%、20.58%、15.19%和38.13%，其残留规律与砷相同。此外，X射线衍射（XRD）分析结果表明，混煤燃烧过程中矿物形态发生了明显变化。与原煤不同的是，混煤的HTA中出现了莫来石，且莫来石的峰值随着混煤中ZW比例的增加而增强。这与HTA中砷和硒的残留趋势一致。说明在混煤燃烧过程中，矿物质种类的变化以及矿物质与痕量元素的原位反应对砷和硒的排放有显著影响。     

高碱煤钠赋存形态及其燃烧过程中迁移转化的研究进展

随着新疆超大煤田的相继发现，新疆煤凭借储量大、碱金属含量高、在热利用过程中易造成锅炉沾污、结垢等问题而得到普遍关注。对高碱煤在燃烧过程中钠挥发特性及其影响因素进行更全面的探究，可为高碱煤的高效清洁利用提供重要参考。本文统计、分析了已发表论文中高碱煤燃烧钠挥发特性的相关数据，研究得到，绝大多数高碱煤中的钠以水溶性钠为主，部分煤（神华宽沟煤和后峡煤）则以不溶性钠为主；不溶性钠含量较高的煤，盐酸可溶性钠和醋酸可溶性钠含量也较高。本文对比研究了四个主要影响钠迁移转化的因素（钠形态和含量、Cl的含量、灰组分和燃烧温度）得出，温度对钠挥发量的影响最大，温度的升高可显著增加钠挥发量，900℃后又可加快挥发速率；当钠含量分布在2000-4000 μg/g时，挥发量与总量之间具有良好的正相关，与可溶性钠含量无关；当燃料中Na和Cl物质的量比低于3.5时，Cl对钠的挥发有明显的促进作用，大于10以后，钠的挥发量较低；钠挥发量与Na和[（Si+Al）-（Ca+Mg）]物质的量比有明显的负相关。本文根据现有的研究成果，考虑钠的赋存形态及影响挥发的因素后，将钠在燃煤过程中的迁移转化行为归纳为三个阶段（内部转化、外部挥发和转化、凝结）和四条路径。     

DSC study of the combustion properties of turkish coals

In this research, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the combustion behavior and kinetic analysis of raw and cleaned coal samples of different size fractions. DSC curves of the three coal samples (Soma, Tuncbilek and Afsin Elbistan) showed two reaction regions. The first reaction region was due to moisture loss (endothermic) and observed in the temperature range of ambient to 150°C. The second region was the exothermic region due to the combustion and observed in the temperature range of 150 to 600°C. Kinetic parameters of the samples were determined using Roger and Morris kinetic model and the results are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

In situ detection of potassium atoms in high-temperature coal-combustion systems using near-infrared-diode lasers

Direct tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy at 769.9 and 767.5 nm was used to measure potassium (K) atom concentrations in situ in the high temperature (up to 1650 K) flue gas of two different pulverized coal dust combustion systems (atmospheric or pressurized (12 bar)). Two laser types (Fabry-Pérot (FP) and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL)) were used for the spectrometer and characterized with respect to the magnitude and linearity of their static and dynamic wavelength tuning properties. The wide continuous current-induced tuning range of the VCSEL of 20 cm(-1) (compared to 1 cm(-1) for the FP) make this laser ideal for species monitoring in high pressure processes. Two VCSELs were time-multiplexed to realize the simultaneous detection of the potassium D1 and D2 lines. Several oxygen absorption lines in the A-band, which are in close spectral vicinity of the K lines, were detected simultaneously, showing the possibility of multi-species detection with one laser. Using the FP-DL for the atmospheric process and the VCSEL for the high pressure process, the pressure-dependent coefficients for spectral broadening as well as a shift of the K line in the flue gas were determined to be (0.18 +/- 0.01) and (-0.060 +/- 0.003) cm(-1) per atm (at 1540 K and 11.2 bar). The total width and shift of the D1 line (11.2 bar/1540 K) were 60 and -20 GHz, respectively. The K atom concentration was determined continuously for several days in both plants under various operation conditions. Typical concentrations in the atmospheric plant were around 2 microg m(-3) with a range of 50 ng m(-3)-30 microg m(-3). Averaging 100 scans for each concentration value, we achieved a time resolution of 1.7 s and a detection limit of 10 ng m(-3), which corresponds to a fractional absorption in the 10(-3)-10(-4) range. A strong anti-correlation with the oxygen concentration could be verified. At the 12 bar plant, the concentration was again typically around 2 microg m(-3) but K levels up to 60 microg m(-3) were observed. Here, a strong dependence of the K-signal on the type of fuel could be verified.     

Comparison of pulverized coal combustion in air and in O2/CO2 mixtures by thermo-gravimetric analysis

Thermo-gravimetric technique was used to study the combustion characteristics of pulverized coal in different O₂/CO₂ environments. The effects of combustion environment, oxygen concentration, particle size and heating rate were considered and the differences of pulverized coal pyrolysis, combustion and gaseous compounds release under two environments were analyzed. Results show that the coal pyrolysis in CO₂ environment can be divided into three stages: moisture release, devolatilization and char gasification by CO₂ in higher temperature zone. In the lower temperature zone, the mass loss rate of coal pyrolysis in CO₂ environment is lower than that in N₂ environment. The burning process of pulverized coal in O₂/CO₂ environment is delayed compared with that in O₂/N₂ environment for equivalent oxygen concentrations. With the oxygen concentration increase or the coal particle size decrease, the burning rate of coal increases and burnout time is shortened. As the heating rate increases, coal particles are faster heated in a short period of time and burnt in a higher temperature region, but the increase in heating rate has almost no obvious effect on the combustion mechanism of pulverized coal. During the programmed heating process, species in flue gas including H₂O, CO₂, CO, CH₄, SO₂ and NO were determined and analyzed using the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Compared with pulverized coal combustion in O₂/N₂ environment, much more CO is produced in O₂/CO₂ coal combustion process, but the releases of SO₂ and NO are less than those released in O₂/N₂ environment. The present results might have important implications for understanding the intrinsic mechanics of pulverized coal combustion in O₂/CO₂ environment.     

Determining Role of the Chain Mechanism in the Temperature Dependence of the Gas-Phase Rate of Combustion Reactions

It is shown that the strong dependence of the rate of gas-phase combustion reactions on temperature is determined by the high values of the reaction rate constants of free atoms and radicals. It is established that with a branched chain mechanism, a special role in the reaction rate temperature dependence is played by positive feedback between the concentrations of active intermediate species and the rate of their change. The role of the chemical mechanism in the temperature dependence of the process rate with and without inhibitors is considered.     

Trace element composition of atmospheric aerosols in Ankara,Turkey, determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Twenty six trace elements were determined by INAA in the aerosol samples collected at two stations in Ankara, Turkey. Industrially derived elements, Se, As, Sb, Zn and Au did not show seasonal dependence and they were not substantially enriched. Elements originating from coal combustion are highly enriched and have higher concentrations in the winter. Correlation factors indicate that motor vehicles, coal and oil combustion are the main sources of aerosols over the city.     

Plasma Technologies for Reducing CO2 Emissions From Combustion Exhaust with Toxic Admixtures to Utilisable Products

The method reported here provides a contribution to CO₂ and combustion exhaust utilisation. A multifunctional system for gas removal was tested on various sources of exhaust (internal combustion engine, brown coal boiler, bituminous pulverised coal boiler, gas boiler, glass oven, VOC sources) in full-scale or by-pass gas flow volumes. A spontaneously-pulsing, direct-current electric discharge operating in a corona geometry was used. The discharge has strongly shining channels migrating quickly along the stressed electrode. The synergetic effect of electric discharge and heterogeneous catalysis on the organometallic part of the product formed on the non-stressed electrode was responsible for the specific character of the products. The final product of the process is a powder with a fractal structure on the microscopic level with low specific mass and insoluble in water. The main component (95%) of the solid product is an amorphous condensate of amino acids with about 5% of organometallic compound with catalytic properties. The product was analysed using IR absorption spectrometry, microscopic photography, HPLC and thermogravimetry. The following amino acids were observed in the final product: alanine, serine, glycine, aspartic acid, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

预测混合煤燃烧性能的数学模型

用热重分析法研究了单种煤的DTG和TG曲线特征，建立了预测混合煤燃烧性能的数学模型。结果表明，各单种煤的DTG曲线呈单峰，峰值温度tmax与其燃料比F的对数呈线性相关关系，tmax=68.86 ln（F）+512.2 （℃）。由组成混合煤的单种煤的燃料比F可推断出混合煤的DTG曲线特征，从而预测混合煤的燃烧性能。如果混合煤的煤质指标满足标准煤的煤质指标要求，则当Fmax/Fmin≤3.20时，混合煤的燃烧性能好；当3.205.71时，混合煤的燃烧性能较差。     

增压O_2/CO_2气氛下煤燃烧特性实验研究

增压O2/CO2燃烧是一种可高效分离回收CO2的新兴燃烧技术,其燃烧机理与常压空气、常压O2/CO2燃烧存在较大差异。在加压热重分析仪上研究了增压条件下总压、氧浓度、气氛及粒径等反应参数对美国烟煤和淮北无烟煤燃烧特性的影响,确定了煤的着火温度,并对其进行燃烧动力学分析。结果表明,增压O2/CO2气氛下,随着压力或氧浓度的增加,DTG曲线向低温区移动,煤样整体燃烧速率加快。压力提升、氧浓度增加及煤粉细化均可改善O2/CO2气氛下煤样的着火特性。常压O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧基本属于一级反应;增压O2/CO2气氛下,低温区属于0.5级反应,而高温区属于1.5级反应。     

煤灰及各种矿物质对SO2排放特性的影响

利用TG-DTG采用低加热速率实验研究了煤阶、脱灰及煤中主要矿物质成分对煤燃烧过程中SO2排放特性的影响,并对矿物质成分的影响机理进行了讨论。结果表明,煤中硫质量分数的高低对烟气中SO2的排放有明显影响,排放水平与硫质量分数不成比例;煤中硫向SO2转化率与煤阶之间没有明显的关联;脱灰能较小程度地促进SO2的生成,抚顺煤主要矿物质成分中Na、K、Mg以及Ca等碱金属与碱土金属明显抑制SO2的排放,同时纳米级的TiO2也减少烟气中SO2体积分数,这些成分对SO2抑制作用的顺序为MgNa≈K>Ca>Mg>Ti的次序加速焦炭的氧化;Si和Al属于惰性成分,对煤中硫的迁徙以及煤的燃烧特性没有显著影响。     

煤中矿物质及其燃烧后的变化分析

以淮北煤田6煤层煤为样品，采用中子活化法、化学方法、X射线衍射及扫描电镜等方法对煤及其灰样品中的矿物质、微量元素进行了分析，在此基础上，研究了样品中主要矿物的种类及其形成时的影响因素，分析了它们在燃烧前后的主要变化。通过分析可知，样品中主要含有高岭石、石英、方解石和黄铁矿以及多种微量元素；在燃烧过程中，微量元素的含量以及矿物的种类发生了变化，并形成高温稳定的矿物种类。     

Assessment of coal and ash environmental impact with the use of gamma- and X-ray spectrometry

Gamma-ray spectrometry (GS), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis methods and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) were applied for the studies of some coal components, e.g., sulphur, light and heavy metal element concentrations and naturally occurring radioactive isotope contents. Hundred fifty coal samples originating mostly from eight different coal mines from Upper Silesian Coal Basin and 150 samples of ash obtained from these coal samples in laboratory by total combustion at final temperature of 820°C, were analyzed. Such comparitive analyses can be helpful in selection of most suitable kind of coal for burning in electrical power and heat plants to minimize the environmental pollution.     

庚酸甲酯高温燃烧化学动力学机理的系统简化和分析

采用详细化学反应动力学机理的系统简化方法, 对庚酸甲酯高温燃烧化学动力学机理进行了系统简化. 首先采用两步直接关系图法(Directed relation graph method, DRG)和主成分分析(Principle component analysis, PCA)方法对由1087个物种、4592步可逆反应组成的庚酸甲酯燃烧的详细机理进行框架简化, 得到了包含108个物种, 547步基元反应的框架机理. 在此框架机理基础上, 进一步采用计算奇异值摄动法(Computational singular perturbation, CSP)对框架机理进行时间尺度分析, 再选取30个准稳态物种, 采用准稳态近似(Quasi steady state approximation, QSSA)方法构建了包含78个物种、74步总包反应的全局简化机理. 模拟结果表明, 在较宽的参数范围内, 框架机理和全局简化机理均能重现庚酸甲酯高温燃烧时的点火延迟、物种浓度分布和熄火等燃烧特性. 此外, 基于框架机理阐明了庚酸甲酯高温燃烧的反应路径和对点火有重要影响的基元反应. 与详细机理相比, 框架机理保留了良好的精确性和全局性, 可以很好地反映庚酸甲酯的燃烧特性, 有助于对生物柴油的燃烧过程的理解.     

Thermogravimetric analysis of the co-combustion of the blends with high ash coal and waste tyres

Incineration methods are becoming increasingly important from the view point of the need to minimize the environmental impact of waste tyre disposal. Combustion of waste tyre, one high ash coal and tyre-coal blends with 10, 30 and 50% waste tyre were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) carried out at 20 K min⁻¹ in the temperature range from ambient temperature to 1273 K. And effects of the mixed proportion between coal and waste tyre on the combustion process, ignition and burnout characteristics were also studied. The results indicate that the combustion of waste tyre is controlled by the emission of volatile matter, the regions are more complex for waste tyre (three or more peaks) than for coal (one peak). Also as compared with the case of burning only high ash coal, the incorporation of waste tyre can improve the combustion characteristics of high ash coal, especially the ignition performance and the peak weight loss compared with the separate burning of waste tyre and coal. Moreover, comparisons of the TG-DTG profiles between experimental and calculational results, it is indicate that there is a comparatively important difference, the co-combustion characteristics is the coupling effect between waste tyre and coal. The data resulting also showed that the co-combustion of waste tyre and low quanlitied coal as fuel is feasible.     

Simultaneous thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric study on the co-combustion of coal and sewage sludges

To combust coal together with a small percentage (<10%) of sewage sludge may be an option for the management of these wastes. Combustion of two different sewage sludge, one semianthracite coal and several sludges-coal blends (containing different dried mass% of each of the two sewage sludges) were studied by simultaneous TG/MS dynamic runs carried out at 5°C min^–1 in the temperature range 100–800°C. No interactions have been observed between coal and sludge during the blends combustion. Neither the combustion process, neither the studied emissions have changed appreciably for the mass% of sludge in the blends considered in this work.     

O2/CO2循环燃烧方式下矿物元素蒸发特性的热力学研究

运用热力学平衡计算方法（F*A*C*T）对O2/CO2循环燃烧方式下矿物元素的蒸发特性进行了研究，并采用高温热天平进行了实验验证。结果表明，各矿物元素蒸发的主要形态分别是Na(K)Cl(g), FeO(g)和SiO(g)，反应气氛和温度对矿物元素蒸发形态和蒸发率有明显影响。O2/CO2循环燃烧方式下矿物元素的蒸发率均小于常规空气燃烧，尤其是还原性气氛中，当温度为2400 K时，常规空气燃烧矿物总蒸发率为9.65％，而O2/CO2循环燃烧方式矿物元素总蒸发率仅为4.46％。实验值比计算值略高，但主要趋势相同。     

油页岩与煤的混烧特性研究

使用STA409型热综合分析仪进行了桦甸油页岩与高硫合山煤的混烧特性实验研究，得到了油页岩和高硫煤混烧的TG和DTG曲线，分析了不同Ca/S对油页岩和高硫煤混烧特性的影响规律，同时运用Freeman-Carroll法计算得到了不同Ca/S下的油页岩燃烧特性化学反应动力学参数。研究表明，在高硫煤中加入少量的油页岩，高硫煤的燃烧特性有所改善，燃烧特性趋好；油页岩的加入使得高硫煤低温段的燃烧产物初析温度降低，着火温度提前；在高硫煤中加入20%左右的油页岩作为可燃脱硫剂从燃烧角度讲是切实可行的。