暗能量研究进展

1998年,美国两个超新星观测团队发现,今天的宇宙是在加速膨胀的,而推动宇宙加速膨胀的是一种不为当时人们所知的物质组分——暗能量。暗能量的存在是近年来粒子宇宙学研究领域最重要的发现之一,并为随后一系列的天文观测实验所支持。暗能量的物理性质已经成为当今宇宙学的一个研究热点,近年来已经取得了巨大的进展。本文将会回顾一下近些年来国内外在暗能量研究方面,特别是在利用天文观测数据限制暗能量性质方面所取得的进展,并展望未来的天文观测实验研究暗能量性质的可行性。     

暗能量研究进展

1998年,美国两个超新星观测团队发现,今天的宇宙是在加速膨胀的,而推动宇宙加速膨胀的是一种不为当时人们所知的物质组分——暗能量。暗能量的存在是近年来粒子宇宙学研究领域最重要的发现之一,并为随后一系列的天文观测实验所支持。暗能量的物理性质已经成为当今宇宙学的一个研究热点,近年来已经取得了巨大的进展。本文将会回顾一下近些年来国内外在暗能量研究方面,特别是在利用天文观测数据限制暗能量性质方面所取得的进展,并展望未来的天文观测实验研究暗能量性质的可行性。     

第五讲暗能量和德西特时空

最近的天文观测表明，宇宙是在加速膨胀，而不是原来认为的减速膨胀．为解释加速膨胀，必须在宇宙的物质能量中引入暗能量这一成分，文章讨论了暗能量的可能侯选者，特别强调了宇宙常数问题、德西特时空问题以及和德西特时空相关的一些基本问题．     

质疑暗物质与暗能量

也许有同志读了本刊今年第2期拙作《暗物质与暗能量》及第4期何祚庥院士的文章《当代物理学正酝酿新的重大突破》后，认为宇宙内广布着暗物质和暗能量已是铁的事实，问题只在于如何进一步探测和确证它们的存在了．其实不然，有一些天文观测     

新实验结果挑战暗能量的存在

大多数天文学家相信宇宙中“暗能量”占优势,因为这是惟一能够解释为什么宇宙在同时进行着膨胀和加速的理由.可是如今荷兰与法国的物理学家们提出暗能量可能并不存在.他们声称,最近对宇宙X射线的观测揭示了远古星团与现今星团之间令人费解的差别,这可以用不存在暗能量来解释(将     

暗物质粒子探测及进展

正暗物质是天文学家观测宇宙时发现的一种"暗"的物质。所谓"暗"的物质是指没有观测到这种物质任何的电磁辐射。我们知道,天文学家观测宇宙所通过的媒介是不同波段的电磁波,像图1所示,根据波长的不同,电磁波从波长最长的无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光到波长比较短的紫外线、X射线和能量最高的γ射线。现代的天文观测仪器发     

空间间接探测暗物质粒子

正在过去的几十年间,人类对于整个宇宙的认识有了飞跃式的发展,取得了辉煌的成就。基于近年天文观测的结果,一个暗物质暗能量暴涨的宇宙学标准模型被建立起来。我们的宇宙组成,如图1所示:已知的基本粒子只占整个宇宙的5%左右,而27%左右是不发光的暗物质,68%左右是类似真空能的暗能量。寻找暗物质粒子,研究暗能量的本质等,结合微观世界和宇观世界,结合粒子物理和宇宙学的研究已成为21世纪物理学和天文学的一     

天籁计划:暗能量的射电探测及平方千米阵(SKA)

暗能量约占宇宙总密度的3/4,但其与普通物质的相互作用非常微弱,因此对它的探测主要是通过对宇宙膨胀历史和结构形成的精密观测间接进行的.为了提高研究的精度和可靠性,需要综合多种观测手段.目前的大部分暗能量观测实验采用光学方法,而射电观测提供了一种不同的、有独特优势的方法,但目前还处在起步阶段.我国在射电天文及相关技术方面有一定基础,且国内已有电磁环境良好的站址,有很好的条件开展这方面的研究,并有可能在这一领域中取得领先.文章介绍了作者已开始进行的天籁计划实验以及这一实验中积累的经验和研发的技术,这有助于中国参与国际上空前巨大的平方千米阵(SKA)射电望远镜项目,并在其中发挥作用.     

暗能量的多重探测

<正>研究导致宇宙加速膨胀的暗能量是当今宇宙学最重要的任务之一。物理学家通过对更广大的宇宙进行研究,对暗能量的性质做出限制。如今暗能量巡天(DES)用四种观测量作为探针:超新星、重子声学振荡、引力透镜和星系群集。多探针方法可使未来的研究将限制改进几个数量级,并可能破解暗能量之谜。有两种暗能量测量方法。第一     

带有背景矢量场的标量场暗能量模型

讨论了带有背景矢量场的动力学标量场作为暗能量在闭宇宙的情形下的演化. 选取适当的标量场势函数后, 在得到的暗能量有效状态方程中, 参数w在红移z≈0.2处可以越过－1, 而且在z≈1.7处宇宙从减速膨胀的状态转变为加速膨胀状态, 这与最近的宇宙学观测相符.     

基于DAMPE的暗物质间接探测研究进展

20世纪30年代天文学观测对标准宇宙模型提出了严峻挑战,为了调和观测数据与理论模型的矛盾,理论物理学家提出了暗物质理论;此后,实验物理学家据此摸索出了各种暗物质探测方案.本文将从暗物质概念的由来、暗物质基本性质、暗物质探测原理及方法和DAMPE在探测暗物质方面的最新进展几个方面展开介绍.重点以DAMPE的数据为基础,以电子谱分析为核心,在前人的研究基础上,对DAMPE数据和结果进行多层次、多方位的综合,进一步阐述了DAMPE电子谱中出现的TeV拐折和尖锐信号包含的深刻意义;最后依托研究过程中得到的一些信息,对未来暗物质探测实验提出一点看法和见解.     

Constraints from Type Ia supernovae on the Λ-CDM model in Randers-Finsler space

Gravitational field equations in Randers-Finsler space of approximate Berwald type are investigated. A modified Friedmann equation and a new luminosity distance-redshift relation is proposed. A best-fit to the Type Ia supernovae (SNe) observations yields that the Ω_Λ in the Λ-CDM model is suppressed to almost zero. This fact indicates that the astronomical observations on the Type Ia SNe can be described well without invoking any form of dark energy. The best-fit age of the universe is given. It is in agreement with the age of our galaxy.     

Cosmological Parameters from the Thermodynamic Model of Gravity

Within our recent thermodynamic model of gravity the dark energy is identified with the energy of collective gravitational interactions of all particles in the universe, which is missing in the standard treatments. For a simple model universe composed of neutral and charged particles of identical mass we estimate the radiation, baryon and dark energy densities and obtain the values which are very close to the current cosmological observations.     

Reconstruction of Scalar Field Dark Energy Models in Kaluza-Klein Universe

This paper is devoted to study the modified holographic dark energy model by taking its different aspects in the flat Kaluza-Klein universe. We construct the equation of state parameter which evolutes the universe from quintessence region towards the vacuum. It is found that the modified holographic model exhibits instability against small perturbations in the early epoch of the universe but becomes stable in the later times. We also develop its correspondence with some scalar field dark energy models. It is interesting to mention here that all the results are consistent with the present observations.     

Galactic searches for dark matter

For nearly a century, more mass has been measured in galaxies than is contained in the luminous stars and gas. Through continual advances in observations and theory, it has become clear that the dark matter in galaxies is not comprised of known astronomical objects or baryonic matter, and that identification of it is certain to reveal a profound connection between astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. The best explanation for dark matter is that it is in the form of a yet undiscovered particle of nature, with experiments now gaining sensitivity to the most well-motivated particle dark matter candidates. In this article, I review measurements of dark matter in the Milky Way and its satellite galaxies and the status of Galactic searches for particle dark matter using a combination of terrestrial and space-based astroparticle detectors, and large scale astronomical surveys. I review the limits on the dark matter annihilation and scattering cross sections that can be extracted from both astroparticle experiments and astronomical observations, and explore the theoretical implications of these limits. I discuss methods to measure the properties of particle dark matter using future experiments, and conclude by highlighting the exciting potential for dark matter searches during the next decade, and beyond.     

Reconstruction of Scalar Field Dark Energy Models in Kaluza-Klein Universe

This paper is devoted to study the modified holographic dark energy model by taking its different aspects in the flat Kaluza-Klein universe.We construct the equation of state parameter which evolutes the universe from quintessence region towards the vacuum.It is found that the modified holographic model exhibits instability against small perturbations in the early epoch of the universe but becomes stable in the later times.We also develop its correspondence with some scalar field dark energy models.It is interesting to mention here that all the results are consistent with the present observations.     

Dark energy and dark gravity: theory overview

Observations provide increasingly strong evidence that the universe is accelerating. This revolutionary advance in cosmological observations confronts theoretical cosmology with a tremendous challenge, which it has so far failed to meet. Explanations of cosmic acceleration within the framework of general relativity are plagued by difficulties. General relativistic models are nearly all based on a dark energy field with fine-tuned, unnatural properties. There is a great variety of models, but all share one feature in common—an inability to account for the gravitational properties of the vacuum energy. Speculative ideas from string theory may hold some promise, but it is fair to say that no convincing model has yet been proposed. An alternative to dark energy is that gravity itself may behave differently from general relativity on the largest scales, in such a way as to produce acceleration. The alternative approach of modified gravity (or dark gravity) provides a new angle on the problem, but also faces serious difficulties, including in all known cases severe fine-tuning and the problem of explaining why the vacuum energy does not gravitate. The lack of an adequate theoretical framework for the late-time acceleration of the universe represents a deep crisis for theory—but also an exciting challenge for theorists. It seems likely that an entirely new paradigm is required to resolve this crisis.     

Dark Energy： Relating the Evolutions of the Universe from the Past to the Future

Using the evolution history of the universe, one can make constraint on the parameter space of dynamic dark energy models. We discuss two different parameterized dark energy models. Our results further restrict the combined constraints obtained from supernova and the first-year Wilkinson-microwave-anisotropy-probe observations. From the allowed parameter space, it is found that our universe will experience an eternal acceleration. We also estimate the bound on the physically relevant regions both in the re-inflationary and inflationary phases.     

The dark side of a patchwork universe

While observational cosmology has recently progressed fast, it revealed a serious dilemma called dark energy: an unknown source of exotic energy with negative pressure driving a current accelerating phase of the universe. All attempts so far to find a convincing theoretical explanation have failed, so that one of the last hopes is the yet to be developed quantum theory of gravity. In this article, loop quantum gravity is considered as a candidate, with an emphasis on properties which might play a role for the dark energy problem. Its basic feature is the discrete structure of space, often associated with quantum theories of gravity on general grounds. This gives rise to well-defined matter Hamiltonian operators and thus sheds light on conceptual questions related to the cosmological constant problem. It also implies typical quantum geometry effects which, from a more phenomenological point of view, may result in dark energy. In particular the latter scenario allows several non-trivial tests which can be made more precise by detailed observations in combination with a quantitative study of numerical quantum gravity. If the speculative possibility of a loop quantum gravitational origin of dark energy turns out to be realized, a program as outlined here will help to hammer out our ideas for a quantum theory of gravity, and at the same time allow predictions for the distant future of our universe.