爱因斯坦宇宙常数和宇宙中暗能量

综述了宇宙在加速膨胀的观察证据,从爱因斯坦场方程和动力学方程出发详细分析爱因斯坦引入宇宙常数在宇宙加速膨胀中的作用,探讨宇宙常数和宇宙中暗能量的关系．     

惯性原理及其宇宙起源(下)

 四、常曲率空时惯性原理及其宇宙学意义常曲率空时相对性原理和德西特不变的相对论如何面对暗宇宙的尖锐挑战?为什么我们的宇宙在加速膨胀,一定不渐近平坦,而很可能具有一个正的极小宇宙常数,渐近于德西特空时?而按照通常的处理,德西特空时却带来一系列疑难;极小而又为正的宇宙常数也带来极大困惑。通行的看法是把宇宙常数等同于量子理论中“真空”的能量。可是,这样得到的宇宙常数值比观测值大了一百二十几个量级;考虑种种可能修正、包括超对称等等,也还要大几十个量级。理论与观测之间如此大的差别,前所未有。根本问题出在哪里?通常的作法是考虑种种动力学模型、修改引力场方程,甚至借助量子引力等等。     

最新测量证实“哈勃常数”的实用性

据美国《每日科学》报道,目前研究人员最新使用一种精确方法测量了宇宙的体积大小和年龄,以及它如何快速膨胀．这项测量证实了“哈勃常数”的实用性,它指示出了宇宙的体积大小,证实宇宙的年龄为137．5亿年．同时,该结果证实了宇宙暗能量的强度,暗能量对宇宙的膨胀起到了加速作用．     

暗能量研究进展

1998年,美国两个超新星观测团队发现,今天的宇宙是在加速膨胀的,而推动宇宙加速膨胀的是一种不为当时人们所知的物质组分——暗能量。暗能量的存在是近年来粒子宇宙学研究领域最重要的发现之一,并为随后一系列的天文观测实验所支持。暗能量的物理性质已经成为当今宇宙学的一个研究热点,近年来已经取得了巨大的进展。本文将会回顾一下近些年来国内外在暗能量研究方面,特别是在利用天文观测数据限制暗能量性质方面所取得的进展,并展望未来的天文观测实验研究暗能量性质的可行性。     

暗能量研究进展

1998年,美国两个超新星观测团队发现,今天的宇宙是在加速膨胀的,而推动宇宙加速膨胀的是一种不为当时人们所知的物质组分——暗能量。暗能量的存在是近年来粒子宇宙学研究领域最重要的发现之一,并为随后一系列的天文观测实验所支持。暗能量的物理性质已经成为当今宇宙学的一个研究热点,近年来已经取得了巨大的进展。本文将会回顾一下近些年来国内外在暗能量研究方面,特别是在利用天文观测数据限制暗能量性质方面所取得的进展,并展望未来的天文观测实验研究暗能量性质的可行性。     

暗能量:观测证据和理论研究

自1998年发现宇宙的加速膨胀以来,大量的天文观测显示宇宙中存在压强为负的暗能量成分.暗能量已经成为目前宇宙学和理论物理的最重要的研究课题之一.文章介绍了暗能量存在的天文观测证据和理论研究现状与展望.     

诗词三首

一些科学家预言真空空间中的量子起伏可能是推动宇宙加速膨胀的暗能量的来源，并建议利用约瑟夫森结（Josephson junction）来验证这一预言．     

新实验结果挑战暗能量的存在

大多数天文学家相信宇宙中“暗能量”占优势,因为这是惟一能够解释为什么宇宙在同时进行着膨胀和加速的理由.可是如今荷兰与法国的物理学家们提出暗能量可能并不存在.他们声称,最近对宇宙X射线的观测揭示了远古星团与现今星团之间令人费解的差别,这可以用不存在暗能量来解释(将     

带有背景矢量场的标量场暗能量模型

讨论了带有背景矢量场的动力学标量场作为暗能量在闭宇宙的情形下的演化. 选取适当的标量场势函数后, 在得到的暗能量有效状态方程中, 参数w在红移z≈0.2处可以越过－1, 而且在z≈1.7处宇宙从减速膨胀的状态转变为加速膨胀状态, 这与最近的宇宙学观测相符.     

暗能量的理论模型

将现有文献中存在的暗能量模型(严格的说是指解释现在宇宙的加速膨胀模型)分为三类. 第一类是将宇宙加速归因为在宇宙尺度上广义相对论的修改; 第二类是由于宇宙微扰的反作用或宇宙非均匀性的作用; 第三类为宇宙中存在的一类奇异能量成分, 它出现在爱因斯坦方程的右边. 对每一类模型, 举了几个例子, 并给以一些评述.     

The Cosmological constant problem

Observational evidence seems to indicate that the expansion of the universe is currently accelerating. Such an acceleration strongly suggests that the content of the universe is dominated by a non-clustered form of matter, the so-called dark energy. The cosmological constant, introduced by Einstein to reconcile General Relativity with a closed and static Universe, is the most likely candidate for dark energy although other options such as a weakly interacting field, also known as quintessence, have been proposed. The fact that the dark energy density is some one hundred and twenty orders of magnitude lower than the energy scales present in the early universe constitutes the cosmological constant problem. We review various aspects of the cosmological constant problem and some interesting scenarios using supersymmetry or extra-dimensions attempting to solve one of the most puzzling issues in physics.     

A Cosmological Model of the Early Universe Based on ECG with Variable Λ-Term in Lyra Geometry

In this paper, we study interacting extended Chaplygin gas as dark matter and quintessence scalar field as dark energy with an effective Λ-term in Lyra manifold. As we know Chaplygin gas behaves as dark matter at the early universe while cosmological constant at the late time. Modified field equations are given and motivation of the phenomenological models discussed in details. Four different models based on the interaction term are investigated in this work. Then, we consider other models where Extended Chaplygin gas and quintessence field play role of dark matter and dark energy respectively with two different forms of interaction between the extended Chaplygin gas and quintessence scalar field for both constant and varying Λ. Concerning to the mathematical hardness of the problems we discuss results numerically and graphically. Obtained results give us hope that proposed models can work as good models for the early universe with later stage of evolution containing accelerated expansion.     

A new gravitational model for dark energy

A new gravitational model for dark energy is presented based on the model of de Sitter gauge theory of gravity. In the model, in addition to the cosmological constant, the homogeneous and isotropic torsion and its coupling with curvature play an important role for dark energy. The model may supply the universe with a natural transit from decelerating expansion to accelerating expansion.     

A new gravitational model for dark energy

A new gravitational model for dark energy is presented based on the model of de Sitter gauge theory of gravity.In the model,in addition to the cosmological constant,the homogeneous and isotropic torsion and its coupling with curvature play an important role for dark energy.The model may supply the universe with a natural transit from decelerating expansion to accelerating expansion.     

Holographic Dark Energy (DE) Cosmological Models with Quintessence in Bianchi Type-V Space Time

In this paper, author studied homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-V universe filled with matter and holographic dark energy (DE) components. The exact solutions to the corresponding Einstein’s field equations are obtained for exponential and power-law volumetric expansion. The holographic dark energy (DE) EoS parameter behaves like constant, i.e. ω _Λ =?1, which is mathematically equivalent to cosmological constant (Λ) for exponential expansion of the model, whereas the holographic dark energy (DE) EoS parameter behaves like quintessence for power-law expansion of the model. A correspondence between the holographic dark energy (DE) models with the quintessence dark energy (DE) is also established. Quintessence potential and dynamics of the quintessence scalar field are reconstructed, which describe accelerated expansion of the universe. The statefinder diagnostic pair {r,s} is adopted to characterize different phases of the universe.     

Weak lensing,dark matter and dark energy

Weak gravitational lensing is rapidly becoming one of the principal probes of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. In this brief review we outline how weak lensing helps determine the structure of dark matter halos, measure the expansion rate of the universe, and distinguish between modified gravity and dark energy explanations for the acceleration of the universe. We also discuss requirements on the control of systematic errors so that the systematics do not appreciably degrade the power of weak lensing as a cosmological probe.     

A dynamical approach to the cosmological constant

This Letter presents an exact analytic solution of a simple cosmological model in presence of both nonrelativistic matter and scalar field where Einstein's cosmological constant Λ appears as an integration constant. Unlike Einstein's cosmological constant ascribed to vacuum energy, the dark energy density and the energy density of the ordinary matter decrease at the same rate during the expansion of the universe. Therefore the model is free of the coincidence problem. Comparing the predictions using this model with the current cosmological observations shows that the results are consistent.     

Dark Energy Models and Cosmic Acceleration with Anisotropic Universe in f（T） Gravity

This paper is devoted to studing the accelerated expansion of the universe in context of f（T） theory of gravity. For this purpose, we construct different f（T） models and investigate their cosmological behavior through equation of state parameter by using holographic, new agegraphic and their power-law entropy corrected dark energy models. We discuss the graphical behavior of this parameter versus redshif~ for particular values of constant parameters in Bianchi type I universe model. It is shown that the universe lies in different forms of dark energy, namely quintessence, phantom, and quintom corresponding to the chosen scale factors, which depend upon the constant parameters of the models.     

Effects of Low Anisotropy on Generalized Ghost Dark Energy in Galileon Gravity

The definition of the Galileon gravity form is extended to the Brans-Dicke theory. Given, the framework of the Galileon theory, the generalized ghost dark energy model in an anisotropic universe is investigated. We study the cosmological implications of this model. In particular, we obtain the equation of state and the deceleration parameters and a differential equation governing the evolution of this dark energy in Bianchi type I model. We also probe observational constraints by using the latest observational data on the generalized ghost dark energy models as the unification of dark matter and dark energy. In order to do so, we focus on observational determinations of the Hubble expansion rate(namely, the expansion history) H(z). As a result, we show the influence of the anisotropy(although low) on the evolution of the universe in the statefinder diagrams for Galileon gravity.     

Cosmological Model Universe Consisting of Two Forms of Dark Energy

Considering a spatially flat FRW metric we obtain a model universe consisting partly of quintessence form of dark energy and partly of cosmological constant form of dark energy; and after studying their physical,dynamical and kinematical properties it is found that our model is a new and viable form of model universe containing dark energy.