2019年诺奖解读：物理宇宙学

 2019年10月8日，瑞典皇家科学院宣布将今年的诺贝尔物理学奖的一半授予詹姆斯·皮布尔斯（James Peebles），以表彰他在物理宇宙学方面的理论贡献和发现。詹姆斯·皮布尔斯，1935年生于加拿大温尼伯，现为美国普林斯顿大学教授。在过去几十年中，他在宇宙微波背景辐射（CMB），宇宙中的结构形成，暗物质和暗能量等众多方向做出了重大贡献。他是现代宇宙学大厦的主要奠基者之一。     

On the detectability of Galactic dark matter annihilation into monochromatic gamma-rays

Monochromatic γ-rays are thought to be the smoking gun signal for identifying dark matter annihilation. However, the flux of monochromatic γ-rays is usually suppressed by virtual quantum effects since dark matter should be neutral and does not couple with γ-rays directly. In this work, we study the detection strategy of the monochromatic γ-rays in a future space-based detector. The flux of monochromatic γ-rays between 50 GeV and several TeV is calculated by assuming the supersymmetric neutralino as a typical dark matter candidate. The detection both by focusing on the Galactic center and in a scan mode that detects γ-rays from the whole Galactic halo are compared. The detector performance for the purpose of monochromatic γ-ray detection, with different energy and angular resolution, field of view, and background rejection efficiencies, is carefully studied with both analytical and fast Monte-Carlo methods.     

暗物质及暗物质粒子探测

文章首先对暗物质的概念作了简单介绍,接着介绍了暗物质的发现过程和暗物质存在的证据等.随后,介绍了目前人们对暗物质粒子基本性质的理解和目前比较流行的暗物质模型,并解释了弱相互作用重粒子(WIMP)为什么获得人们最多的关注.文中还简单介绍了目前探测暗物质粒子的三种实验方法:对撞机探测法、直接探测法和间接探测法.最后,介绍了目前暗物质探测的最新进展,包括来自DAMA,CoGent,PAMELA,ATIC,Fermi等实验的最新结果.     

Performance of the muon detector A under TIBET Ⅲ array

In order to observe gamma rays in the 100 TeV energy region, the 4500 m² underground muon detector array using water Cherenkov technique is constructed, forming the TIBET Ⅲ+MD hybrid array. Because the showers induced by primary gamma rays contain much fewer muons than those induced by primary hadrons, significant improvement of the gamma ray sensitivity for TIBET Ⅲ+MD array is expected. In this paper, the design and performance of the MD-A detector with large Tyvek bag is reported.     

分子碰撞振动激发的一种计算方法

研究原子和双原子分子碰撞的振动激发过程，需要求争一组振动耦合微分方程组，给出了此方程组的一种数值求解方法，推导了ＩＯＳ近似下的振动激发截面公式，将方程化简为无量纲形式，然后给出了解方程的方法，最后给出应用这种方法计算的一个例子，并与实验结果进行了比较。     

Perspective of Galactic dark matter subhalo detection on Fermi from the EGRET observation

The perspective of the detectability of Galactic dark matter subhaloes on the Fermi satellite is investigated in this work. Under the assumptions that dark matter annihilation accounts for the ``GeV excess' of the Galactic diffuse $\upgamma$-rays discovered by EGRET and the $\upgamma$-ray flux is dominated by the contribution from subhaloes of dark matter, we calculate the expected number of dark matter subhaloes that Fermi may detect. We show that Fermi may detect a few tens to several hundred subhaloes in a 1-year all-sky survey. Since EGRET observation is taken as a normalization, this prediction is independent of the particle physics property of dark matter. The uncertainties of the prediction are discussed in detail. We find that the major uncertainty comes from the mass function of subhaloes, i.e., whether the subhaloes are ``point like' (high-mass rich) or ``diffuse like' (low-mass rich). Other uncertainties like the background estimation and the observational errors will contribute a factor of 2—3.     

WIMPs 暗物质

 暗物质是21 世纪宇宙学和粒子物理研究的热点问题。WIMPs 是一种流行的暗物质粒子候选者,即weakly interacting massive particles 的缩写,译为“弱作用重粒子”。目前我国计划中的暗物质粒子探测实验项目都是围绕着WIMPs 暗物质开展的。本文将详细地阐述与WIMPs 暗物质相关的基本问题,并力图澄清一些易于误解的概念。     

轴子--粒子物理和宇宙学的新前沿

—、引言粒子物理、宇宙学和天文学的深度结合催生了当下粒子宇宙学研究的高速发展。继2017年引力波之后,2019的物理学诺贝尔奖再次光顾了宇宙学领域,并颁给了从事宇宙学理论研究的Peebles教授。目前,正当宇宙学研究在观测层面大步前进时,理论家和实验家们近年来将目光投向新的宇宙学热点,一个长期被理论预言的基本粒子“轴子(Axion)”。     

Energy spectrum of cosmic protons and helium nuclei by a hybrid measurement at 4300 m a.s.l.

The energy spectrum of cosmic Hydrogen and Helium nuclei has been measured below the so-called "knee" by using a hybrid experiment with a wide field-of-view Cherenkov telescope and the Resistive Plate Chamber(RPC) array of the ARGO-YBJ experiment at 4300 m above sea level. The Hydrogen and Helium nuclei have been well separated from other cosmic ray components by using a multi-parameter technique. A highly uniform energy resolution of about 25% is achieved throughout the whole energy range(100–700 TeV). The observed energy spectrum is compatible with a single power law with index γ =-2.63±0.06.     

永攀科学高峰的戴元本老师

我们考入了中国科学院理论物理研究所,非常幸运地成为戴元本先生的学生,从此开始向他学习做学问、做事和做人之道.亲聆他的教诲,对于我们的一生都受益匪浅.戴先生对科学的执着的追求、严谨求实的科学态度和老一辈科学家所特有的朴实的作风,深深地感染和激励着我们,并给予我们无限的启迪!