氢氧燃烧及爆轰驱动激波管

分析并观察了沿驱动段轴向分布多火塞燃烧驱动段的性能．提出主膜处同一管截面均匀分布三火花塞引燃的点火方法．用这种点火方法驱动产生的入射激波强度重复性较高,激波后气流速度、温度和压力的定常性亦大大改善,可满足气动试验实际要求．提出在驱动段尾端串接卸爆段来消除爆轰波反射高压,从而可使反向爆轰驱动段用来产生高焓高密度试验气流．这种反向爆轰驱动产生的入射激波重复性高,激波衰减弱．在主膜处的收缩段产生的反射波可缓解爆轰波后跟随的稀疏波的不利影响,从而使前向爆轰驱动具有实用性．在产生的入射激波强度相同条件下,前向爆轰驱动所需的爆轰驱动段可爆混合气初始压力可较反向爆轰低近一个量级．     

Oxyhydrogen combustion and detonation driven shock tube

The performance of combustion driver ignited by multi-spark plugs distributed along axial direction has been analysed and tested. An improved ignition method with three circumferential equidistributed ignitors at main diaphragm has been presented, by which the produced incident shock waves have higher repeatability, and better steadiness in the pressure, temperature and velocity fields of flow behind the incidence shock, and thus meets the requirements of aerodynamic experiment. The attachment of a damping section at the end of the driver can eliminate the high reflection pressure produced by detonation wave, and the backward detonation driver can be employed to generate high enthalpy and high density test flow. The incident shock wave produced by this method is well repeated and with weak attenuation. The reflection wave caused by the contracted section at the main diaphragm will weaken the unfavorable effect of rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave, which indicates that the forward detonation driver can be applied in the practice. For incident shock wave of identical strength, the initial pressure of the forward detonation driver is about 1 order of magnitude lower than that of backward detonation. The project supported by State Science and Technology Committee, National Natural Foundation of Science of China (19082012), Chinese Academy of Sciences and Project of National High Technology of China. In memory of academician Kuo Yonghuai's 90th anniversary.     

Test-time extension behind reflected shock waves using CO2–He and C3H8–He driver mixtures

To study combustion chemistry at low temperatures in a shock tube, it is of great importance to increase experimental test times, and this can be done by tailoring the interface between the driver and driven gases. Using unconventional driver-gas tailoring with the assistance of tailoring curves, shock-tube test times were increased from 1 to 15 ms for reflected-shock temperatures below 1,000 K. Provided in this paper is the introduction of tailoring curves, produced from a one-dimensional perfect gas model for a wide range of driver gases and the production and demonstration of successful driver mixtures containing helium combined with either propane or carbon dioxide. The He/CO₂ and He/C₃H₈ driver mixtures provide a unique way to produce a tailored interface and, hence, longer test times, when facility modification is not an option. The tailoring curves can be used to guide future applications of this technique to other configurations. Nonreacting validation experiments using driver mixtures identified from the tailoring curves were performed over a range of reflected-shock temperatures from approximately 800 to 1,400 K, and some examples of ignition-time experiments that could not have otherwise been erformed are presented.     

Detonation driver for enhancing shock tube performance

The development of a shock-induced detonation driver for enhancing the performance of a shock tube is described. The detonation wave is induced by the expansion of helium or air. Various gaseous fuel-oxidizer combinations are examined. This method produces a detonation wave which propagates downstream that transitions into a shock wave in the driven section. High-enthalpy flows with a maximum total temperature of 4200 K and a maximum total pressure of 34 atm in the driven tube are achieved. The problems of achieving the so-called perfectly-driven mode as well as those of inadequate fuel-oxidizer mixing are discussed.Received: 26 April 2002, Accepted: 23 December 2002, Published online: 28 April 2003     

Simulation of a complete reflected shock tunnel showing a vortex mechanism for flow contamination

Simulations of a complete reflected shock tunnel facility have been performed with the aim of providing a better understanding of the flow through these facilities. In particular, the analysis is focused on the premature contamination of the test flow with the driver gas. The axisymmetric simulations model the full geometry of the shock tunnel and incorporate an iris-based model of the primary diaphragm rupture mechanics, an ideal secondary diaphragm and account for turbulence in the shock tube boundary layer with the Baldwin-Lomax eddy viscosity model. Two operating conditions were examined: one resulting in an over-tailored mode of operation and the other resulting in approximately tailored operation. The accuracy of the simulations is assessed through comparison with experimental measurements of static pressure, pitot pressure and stagnation temperature. It is shown that the widely-accepted driver gas contamination mechanism in which driver gas ‘jets’ along the walls through action of the bifurcated foot of the reflected shock, does not directly transport the driver gas to the nozzle at these conditions. Instead, driver gas laden vortices are generated by the bifurcated reflected shock. These vortices prevent jetting of the driver gas along the walls and convect driver gas away from the shock tube wall and downstream into the nozzle. Additional vorticity generated by the interaction of the reflected shock and the contact surface enhances the process in the over-tailored case. However, the basic mechanism appears to operate in a similar way for both the over-tailored and the approximately tailored conditions.Communicated by R. R. Boyce     

高超声速激波风洞研究进展

回顾了高超声速激波风洞的研制与发展,并依据高超声速实验研究对地面实验模拟技术的要求,分别介绍了应用轻气体、自由活塞和爆轰驱动技术研制的主要激波风洞的性能、特点和存在问题.重点介绍了爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞的3种主要运行模式:反向、正向爆轰驱动与双爆轰驱动. 根据这些运行模式的工作原理,分析了应用这些驱动技术产生的高温、高压气源的特点,探讨了不同驱动技术可能影响激波风洞性能的关键问题与解决方法.目前发展的激波风洞已经能够用于开展马赫数3$\sim$30的高超声速流动的试验模拟研究,但是试验气流的品质还不能满足高超声速科技研究的需求.为了获得可靠的实验结果, 通过不断改进、完善、提高激波风洞的性能,尽可能复现高超声速飞行条件是今后主要的研究方向.      

激波/边界层相互作用诱导的激波风洞气体污染问题

应用多组分NS方程和频散可控耗散格式(DCD)计算了爆轰驱动激波风洞中反射激波/ 边界层/接触面的相互作用过程,分析了驱动气体与试验气体在壁面射流作用下的掺混机制及 其对风洞试验时间的影响. 为了延长风洞的试验时间,提出在风洞贮室内增设环形隔板, 以隔离壁面射流,延长风洞试验时间的方法. 计算结果表明：环形隔板确实可以限制驱动气 体与试验气体的过早掺混,显著增加激波风洞的有效试验时间.     

探索发展激波风洞爆轰驱动技术

发现了燃烧驱动激波管中入射激波马赫数异常升高的起因. 实验显示爆轰驱动能力强于燃烧驱动, 从而推动爆轰驱动技术的发展. 采用卸爆管消除爆轰波反射高压以及双爆轰驱动段全部消除爆轰波后的Taylor稀疏波, 使反向和前向爆轰驱动模式具有实用价值. 反向爆轰驱动技术还成功用来延长激波风洞试验时间.      

激波管双爆轰驱动段性能的数值模拟研究

采用频散可控的耗散格式(DCD)，求解Euler方程和一种改进的二阶段化学反应模型， 对氢氧反向-正向双爆轰驱动段激波管进行了数值模拟. 计算结果表明：当辅驱动段与主驱动 段初始压力比小于临界值时，Taylor波仍会出现，但波扇夹角较单一前向爆轰驱动段小，入 射激波马赫数衰减率变小；当初始压力比等于临界值时，主驱动段中的Taylor波完全被消除， 入射激波马赫数不再衰减. 当初始压力比大于临界值时，在主驱动段中能产生过驱动爆轰波， 不仅Taylor波被完全消除，而且驱动能力较单一前向爆轰驱动段强.     

Performance of a detonation driven shock tunnel

A detonation driven shock tunnel is useful as a ground test facility for hypersonic flow research. By attaching a convergent section ahead of the primary diaphragm in the driver section, the downstream operation mode became available to generate a high-enthalpy test flow. A 100 mm diameter shock tunnel was for the first time installed in the Laboratory of High-Temperature-Gas Dynamics (LHD), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and after its continuous refitments, a high performance detonation driven shock tunnel was achieved to generate high-enthalpy and high-Reynolds number test flows. A new method to burst a metal diaphragm with the downstream operation mode is discussed.Received: 13 December 2003, Accepted: 26 August 2004, Published online: 26 November 2004[/PUBLISHED]W. Zhao: Correspondence to     

用于爆轰驱动的射流起爆实验研究

爆轰驱动激波风洞的自由来流模拟范围与驱动气体的爆轰极限密切相关,爆轰极限越宽则模拟范围越大。驱动气体一般是通过点火管进行起爆的,提高点火管的起爆能力可以拓宽爆轰极限。为了提高点火管起爆能力,就点火管口径、点火气体爆轰敏感性和单/双点火管3种因素的影响进行了实验研究。在不同的点火管初始条件下,对驱动段波速进行了测量。结论如下:(1)提高点火管口径可以显著提升起爆能力;(2)点火气体爆轰敏感性对起爆能力有影响,点火管为缩径内型面时,低敏感性气体起爆能力更强,点火管为等径内型面时则低敏感性气体和高敏感性气体的起爆能力大体持平;(3)在保证射流同步的前提下,双点火管能够提高起爆能力,为保证射流同步性需使用化学恰当比的氢氧混气等爆轰敏感性强的点火气体。     

Characteristics of an annular vertical diaphragmless shock tube

Abstract. This paper reports on the characteristics of a compact vertical diaphragmless shock tube, which was constructed and tested in the Shock Wave Research Center to study experimentally the behavior of toroidal shock waves. It is 1.15 m in height and has a self-sustained co-axial vertical structure consisting of a 100 mm i.d. outer tube and an 80 mm o.d. inner tube. To create a ring shaped shock wave between the inner and outer tubes, a rubber sheet is inserted to separate a high pressure driver gas from a test gas, which is bulged with auxiliary high pressure helium from the behind. When the rubber membrane is contracted by the sudden release of the auxiliary gas so as to break the seal, shock waves are formed. Special design features of the shock tube are described and their role in producing repeatable shock waves is discussed. Its special opening characteristics make possible the production of annular shaped shock waves that are unlikely met with a conventional tube that uses rupturing diaphragms. Performance of the shock tube is evaluated in terms of the shock wave Mach numbers and the measured flow properties. It eventually showed a higher degree of repeatability and the scatter in the shock wave Mach numbers Ms was found to be 0.2% for Ms ranging from 1.1 to 1.8. The shock wave Mach number so far measured agreed very well with the simple shock tube theory. Received 3 February 1999 / Accepted 6 April 2000     

Measurement of Reflected-shock Bifurcation Over a Wide Range of Gas Composition and Pressure

To determine the extent and magnitude of reflected-shock bifurcation in shock-tube chemistry studies at elevated pressures, experiments were performed using a simple laser schlieren technique and a fast- response pressure transducer. The laser schlieren diagnostic provided a quantitative measurement of the normal-shock passage, an event normally obscured in pressure signals by the bifurcated region. A range of gas mixtures covering molecular weights from 14.7 to 44.0 and specific heat ratios from 1.29 to 1.51 was explored. The results were combined with a standard gas dynamic model to determine the time of arrival of the normal shock wave, the size and strength of the bifurcated region, and the characteristic passage times of dominant features. All results could be expressed in empirical correlations as functions of the gas properties and shock speed. The measured size of the bifurcation zone increased with increasing shock velocity and decreasing specific heat ratio, but displayed no pressure dependence for the conditions of this study (P ₅ = 11 − 265 atm., T ₅ = 780 − 1740 K).     

激波诱导火焰失稳与爆轰的条件研究

采用九阶WENO和十阶中心差分格式数值求解激波与火焰作用过程,考察了激波强度、火焰尺寸对激波与球形火焰作用过程的影响。结果表明,增大激波强度或火焰尺寸均可在流场中引发爆轰,但激波强度的影响更大,并且其引发的爆轰可使火焰迅速膨胀,放热率提高,从而影响燃烧特性;此外,爆轰波传播过程中会迅速消耗可燃预混气,合并原有的反射激波,并在流场中形成局部高压区,极大地改变流场结构。     

高超声速飞行复现风洞理论与方法

针对高超声速飞行伴随的热化学反应流动,本文回顾了郭永怀先生的科研理念和学科布局,综述了他亲手成立的高温气动团队在高超声速飞行风洞实验模拟理论与方法方面的研究进展.高温气体的迅速产生与迅速应用是一种理想的风洞运行方法,而激波管就是这样一种实验装备.论文首先介绍了激波管技术的基本理论与方程,指出将其用于高超声速流动实验模拟时所具有的独特优势.然后讨论了应用激波风洞复现需要的高超声速飞行状态的可行性、基本方程和需要解决的关键问题.针对这些关键问题,进一步介绍了如何应用爆轰现象研发激波风洞驱动技术的理论,并给出了基于爆轰驱动方法的技术发展和工程应用验证.最后,论文介绍了爆轰驱动激波风洞的界面匹配条件,该条件奠定了长实验时间激波风洞运行基础,是其他驱动方法尝试解决而没能完全解决的难题.高温气动团队关于高超声速飞行复现风洞的理论与技术研究,实现了郭永怀先生的战略规划,成就了国际领先的高超声速热化学反应流动研究平台.      

激波与爆轰波对撞的数值模拟研究

用二阶精度NND差分格式和改进的二阶段化学反应模型模拟了爆轰波与激波的对撞过程,研究了不同强度入射激波对爆轰过渡区域的影响. 当对撞激波较弱时,透射爆轰波演变主要受流动膨胀作用的影响,可划分为对撞影响区、爆轰恢复区和稳定发展区3个阶段. 在爆轰恢复区和稳定发展区,前导激波压力经历一个过冲、然后向稳定爆轰过渡的过程,表现了爆轰波熄爆和再起爆的物理特征. 当对撞激波较强时,可燃混合气体的高热力学参数导致了更高的化学反应活化程度,形成了弱爆轰向稳定爆轰的直接转变.      

激波聚焦诱导点火和爆轰的数值研究

以二维轴对称多组分Euler方程为基础，采用非正交结构化网格和改进的波传播算法，模拟了激波在抛物形反射壁面聚焦反射诱导点火和爆轰的过程，描述了其流场形态。讨论了预混气组成、入射激波强度及反射壁面形状对点火和爆轰的影响。结果表明，激波在抛物形反射壁面顶点处聚焦反射可形成局部高温高压区域，该区域在一定条件下可点燃预混气甚至形成爆轰，其中低稀释剂浓度的预混气、较大的入射激波Mach数和较深的反射壁面有利于可燃预混气形成爆轰。     

Gaseous detonation driver for a shock tunnel

The concept of a shock tunnel with gaseous detonation driver is discussed. A detonation driver presents an alternative to a free-piston driver because comparable values of high enthalpy can be attained, however, without the fast movement of a heavy piston. Wave diagrams, pressure and temperature distributions are presented. Finally, first experimental results are given.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Mass spectrometric measurements of driver gas arrival in the T4 free-piston shock-tunnel

Available test time is an important issue for ground-based flow research, particularly for impulse facilities such as shock tunnels, where test times of the order of several ms are typical. The early contamination of the test flow by the driver gas in such tunnels restricts the test time. This paper reports measurements of the driver gas arrival time in the test section of the T4 free-piston shock-tunnel over the total enthalpy range 3–17 MJ/kg, using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The results confirm measurements made by previous investigators using a choked duct driver gas detector at these conditions, and extend the range of previous mass spectrometer measurements to that of 3–20 MJ/kg. Comparisons of the contamination behaviour of various piston-driven reflected shock tunnels are also made. PACS 07.75.th; 47.40.-x     

底面起爆的圆弧钝感炸药爆轰传播规律的数值模拟研究

用爆轰冲击波动力学的广义几何光学模型ＧＧＯ２Ｄ编码计算了底面起爆的圆弧钝感炸药的爆轰波传播过程,以及同一圆心角上不同半径的爆轰走时,计算结果与实验符合得很好。