亲水性二苯甲胺树脂制备及用于肽合成研究

通过反相悬浮共聚合成了含酯基的聚丙烯酰胺树脂, 再经乙二胺取代和两步缩合反应引入二苯甲胺功能基团。讨论了反应条件对各步反应的影响。测定了该载体与几种保护氨基酸的缩合率并合成了模型肽。缩合率和模型肽的纯度都令人满意。     

TTT活泼酰胺法在固相肽合成中的应用——促生长激素释放肽的合成及其生物活性

通过合成促生长激素释放肽,对四氢噻唑-2-硫酮(TTT)活泼酰胺法在固相肽合成中的应用进行了研究。实验结果表明,TTT活泼酰胺同载体上的氨基组分的缩合反应速度很大,每步缩合反应的产率很高(>99.3％),最终产品的纯度也很令人满意。此外,还报道了合成肽的生物活性。     

片段缩合法合成亮丙瑞林

将亮氨酸作为C末端氨基酸,采用片段缩合策略(2+7)合成亮丙瑞林.液相法合成困难序列Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-Pro-NHEt时,以DIC为缩合试剂,THF作为溶剂,Pro-NHEt·HCl与Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH的物质的量比为1:1.25,产率可达84.8%.采用固相法合成的全保护七肽片段产率为81.3%.全保护的七肽片段与Arg(Pbf)-Pro-NHEt在液相中缩合时,以DMF:DMSO(V:V=1:1)为溶剂,HATU/HOBt/DIEA为缩合剂,得全保护的九肽.切割侧链后得到目标产物亮丙瑞林.     

多肽固相合成中的支持体问题

自从1954年第一次合成具有生物活性的多肽-催产素,至今将近20年中,随着医学事业及分子生物学研究的需要,多肽合成有了飞跃的发展。一系列的多肽及蛋白质,如促肾上腺皮质激素(39肽),胰岛素(两条肽链共51个氨基酸残基),增血糖素(29肽),调血钙激素(32肽)和它们的类似物以及一些蛋白质的较大片段,如核糖核酸酶 T_1的氨端47肽等均已合成。这些产物都是用发展较早的所谓经典法合成的,它的特点是反应物在有机溶剂中均相进行缩合。随着肽链的延长,反应物在有机溶剂中的溶解度将显著下降,它们的有效缩合和最终产物的分离提纯都发生很大困难。近年来虽然在保护基及缩合剂的选用和分离方法的革新等方面取得了很大的发展,但目前用经典法合成大肽仍停留在四、五十肽水平。Hirschmann 在1969年用均相法合成核糖核酸酶 S-蛋白(104肽)的报导中,虽利用尽量减少侧链保护基     

带保护基的胰岛素A链羧端十二肽的合成

已知合成的胰岛素A链羧端带保护基的十二肽酯Ⅰ在不同条件下皂化,得十二肽Ⅱ,其物理性质略有差异,经制成牛胰岛素A链井进一步制成半合成牛胰岛素粗产物后,其生物活力相当于天然胰岛素的1—4％。根据二条不同的路线直接合成了带保护基的胰岛素A链羧端十二肽Ⅱ,路线一:由已知的四肽Ⅲ制成其酰肼衍生物,再转变为相应的迭氮化物后与脱N-苄氧羰基和γ-叔丁基的五肽Ⅴ(即Vb)缩合成九肽Ⅵ,Ⅵ经脱除N-保护基后与已知的三肽酰肼Ⅶ以迭氮化物法缩合郎得十二肽Ⅱ.路线二:三肽酰肼Ⅶ先制成迭氮化物再与脱N-保护基的已知二肽酯ⅩⅩⅢ反应成五肽酯ⅩⅩⅣ,再经肼解得五肽酰肼ⅩⅩⅤ,然后按迭氮化物法与脱苄氧羰基的二肽Ⅹ缩合成七肽酯ⅩⅩⅥ,再肼解得七肽酰肼ⅩⅩⅦ,最后通过迭氮化物法与五肽V_b缩合,亦得相同的十二肽Ⅱ.由这两种方法直接合成的十二肽Ⅱ,其质量较皂化所得为优,并已用于牛胰岛素A链的合成与结晶牛胰岛素的半合成和全合成。五肽Ⅴ和七肽ⅩⅩⅥ都曾各按二条不同的路线合成,而得到相同的产物,本文报导的合成肽段均经分析证明为化学纯的均一物质。     

含半胱氨酸多肽的研究——Ⅲ.牛胰岛素A链带保护基的氨端九肽的合成

本文报告带保护基的牛胰岛素A链氨端九肽酯■和相应的九肽酰肼■与九肽酸■的合成.苄氧羰基甘氨酰-异亮氨酰-缬氨酰-γ-叔丁酯谷氨酸乙酯(III)分别由已知的苄氧羰基缬氨酰-γ-叔丁酯谷氨酸乙酯经催化氢解法脱去N-保护基后与苄氧羰基甘氨酰-异亮氨酰肼(VIII)按迭氮化合物法缩合,以及由已知的苄氧羰基甘氨酰-异亮氨酰-缬氨酸(VIII)与γ-叔丁酯谷氨酸乙酯按碳二亚胺法合成.III经肼解或皂化分别得四肽酰肼■和四肽酸■.苄氧羰基谷氨酰胺酰-S-苄基半胱氨酰-S-苄基半胱氨酰-丙氨酰-O-乙酰丝氨酸甲酯(V)分别由已知的苄氧羰基-S-苄基半胱氨酰-S-苄基半胱氨酰-丙氨酰-丝氨酸甲酯XII_a或苄氧羰基-S-苄基半胱氨酰-S-苄基半胱氨酰-丙氨酰-O-乙酰基丝氨酸甲酯XII以溴化氢-乙酸脱去N-保护基后与苄氧羰基谷氨酰胺对硝基苯酯(XIII)按活化酯法缩合而得.如以溴化氢-三氟乙酸脱去XIIa的N-保护基后与XIII按活化酯法缩合则得Va,合成Va的另一方法是将已知的苄氧羰基谷氨酰胺酰-S-苄基半胱氨酰-S-苄基半胱氨酰肼XIV通过迭氮化物法与丙氨酰-丝氨酸甲酯(X)缩合而得.五肽V经溴化氢-乙酸脱去N-保护基后与四肽酰肼IV或四肽酸IV_a分别通过迭氮化物法和碳二亚胺法缩合得到同一的九肽甲酯(I).化合物I用三氟乙酸脱去叔丁酯后肼解得九肽肼(II).化合物I经皂化得相应的九肽酸IIa.     

天冬酰胺的环化缩合反应及其在合成拮抗剂与吗啡肽中的应用

天冬酰胺的环化缩合反应及其在合成拮抗剂与吗啡肽中的应用;四氢嘧啶酮;构象;内源性吗啡肽     

碳酸酯把手改构Wang树脂及其性能

基于碳酸酯结构易于亲核脱除的原理, 使用氯甲酸氯甲酯改构Wang树脂, 并探究了改构树脂与首位氨基酸的缩合效率. 实验结果表明, 改构后的Wang树脂与20种Fmoc保护氨基酸均能达到70%以上的缩合效率; 且对于带有较大侧链基团的Fmoc保护氨基酸, 通过降低树脂取代度或延长反应时间可提高其连接率. 为了验证改构后的碳酸酯型树脂在裂解时侧链未受到影响, 设计合成了3种模型肽, 并用温和裂解剂3-吡啶甲醛肟铯盐进行裂解. 实验结果表明, 利用改构树脂能得到侧链全保护的肽片段, 可初步应用到长链困难肽的合成中.     

肽的研究——Ⅴ.新的带保护基牛胰岛素A链氨端五肽和九肽的合成

本文叙述带保护基的牛胰岛素A链氨端五肽Ⅰ(N-苄氧羰基甘氨酰-异亮氨酰-缬氨酰-γ-叔丁酯谷氨酰-谷氨酰胺酰肼基甲酸叔丁酯)及九肽Ⅱ(N-苄氧羰基甘氨酰-异亮氨酰-缬氨酰-谷氨酰-谷氨酰胺酰-S-苄基半胱氨酰-S-苄基半胱氨酰-丙氨酰-丝氨酰脐)的合成。Ⅰ是由已知三肽Ⅲ(N-苄氧羰基异亮氨酰-缬氨酰-γ-叔丁酯谷氨酸乙酯)经二种不同的合成步骤分别缩合而得,五肽Ⅰ经三氟乙酸脱去γ-叔丁基和N-叔丁氧羰基后与已知四肽Ⅷ(S-苄基半胱氨酰-S-苄基半胱氨酰-丙氨酰-O-乙酰丝氨酸甲酯溴氢酸盐)借迭氮法缩合而得九肽酯Ⅸ再经肼解而得九肽肼Ⅱ。合成的三肽、四肽、五肽和九肽的化学纯度曾经纸层析、纸电泳、元素分析及氨基酸组成分析证明,其光学纯度(除九肽Ⅱ和Ⅸ外)皆曾经亮氨酸氨肽酶水解及水解物的氨基酸组成测定证明为L型,九肽Ⅸ是由光学纯L型的肽Ⅰ与Ⅷ经迭氦法缩合而成,因此Ⅸ以及Ⅱ很可能为光学纯L型。     

环肽合成方法的研究进展

介绍了纯环肽与杂环肽合成的方法、策略及其优缺点,列举了一些常用缩合试剂,探讨了反应溶液浓度、线型肽前体化合物的结构及构象等因素对环化反应的影响.     

Highly efficient on-DNA amide couplings promoted by micelle forming surfactants for the synthesis of DNA encoded libraries

DNA encoded libraries (DELs) represent powerful new technology for finding small molecule ligands for proteins and are increasingly being applied to hit finding in medicinal chemistry. Crucial to the synthesis of high quality DELs is the identification of chemical reactions for their assembly that proceed with very high conversion across a range of different substrates, under conditions compatible with DNA-tagged substrates. Many current chemistries used in DEL synthesis do not meet this requirement, resulting in libraries of low fidelity. Amide couplings are the most commonly used reaction in synthesis of screening libraries and also in DELs. The ability to carry out highly efficient, widely applicable amide couplings in DEL synthesis would therefore be highly desirable. We report a method for amide coupling using micelle forming surfactants, promoted by a modified linker, that is broadly applicable across a wide range of substrates. Most significantly, this works exceptionally well for coupling of DNA-conjugated carboxylic acids (N-to-C) with amines in solution, a procedure that is currently very inefficient. The optimisation of separate procedures for coupling of DNA-conjugated acids and amines by reagent screening and statistically driven optimisation is described. The generality of the method is illustrated by the application to a wide range of examples with unprecedented levels of conversion. The utility of the (N-to-C) coupling of DNA-conjugated acids in DEL synthesis is illustrated by the three cycle synthesis of a fully DNA-encoded compound by two cycles of coupling of an aminoester, with intermediate ester hydrolysis, followed by capping with an amine. This methodology will be of great utility in the synthesis of high fidelity DELs.

Highly efficient forward and reverse on-DNA amide couplings were developed exploiting hydrophobic linkers in combination with the micelle forming surfactant TPGS-750M. The method is highly effective for a wide range of substrates in the synthesis of DNA-encoded libraries.     

Core-Clickable PEG-Branch-Azide Bivalent-Bottle-Brush Polymers by ROMP: Grafting-Through and Clicking-To

The combination of highly efficient polymerizations with modular "click" coupling reactions has enabled the synthesis of a wide variety of novel nanoscopic structures. Here we demonstrate the facile synthesis of a new class of clickable, branched nanostructures, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-branch-azide bivalent-brush polymers, facilitated by "graft-through" ring-opening metathesis polymerization of a branched norbornene-PEG-chloride macromonomer followed by halide-azide exchange. The resulting bivalent-brush polymers possess azide groups at the core near a polynorbornene backbone with PEG chains extended into solution; the structure resembles a unimolecular micelle. We demonstrate copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) "click-to" coupling of a photocleavable doxorubicin (DOX)-alkyne derivative to the azide core. The CuAAC coupling was quantitative across a wide range of nanoscopic sizes (～6-～50 nm); UV photolysis of the resulting DOX-loaded materials yielded free DOX that was therapeutically effective against human cancer cells.     

Studies toward the total synthesis of phalarine: a survey of some biomimetic possibilities

Biomimetically inspired oxidative coupling strategies toward the total synthesis of phalarine (1) are described.     

Total synthesis of cribrostatin IV: fine-tuning the character of an amide bond by remote control

We report the enantioselective total synthesis of cribrostatin IV (1). Key features of this synthesis involve the convergent coupling of two highly functionalized homochiral components followed by a "lynchpin" Mannich cyclization to establish the pentacyclic core (cf. 19 --> 20).     

A concise synthesis of beta-asparaginyladenylate

Stable analogues of acyladenylate intermediates, such as N-acylphosphoramidates, are useful probes of tRNA aminoacylation and enzyme mechanism, and have potential application as enzyme inhibitors. We now report a concise, "one-pot" synthesis of beta-asparaginyladenylate using a novel coupling protocol that yields the target N-acylphosphoramidate in three reactions from readily available precursors. This simple synthetic procedure may represent a general approach for the preparation of functionalized N-acylphosphoramidates from amides that do not undergo coupling under the conditions of existing literature protocols.     

Ring expansion-annulation strategy for the synthesis of substituted azulenes and oligoazulenes. 2. Synthesis of azulenyl halides, sulfonates, and azulenylmetal compounds and their application in transition-metal-mediated coupling reactions

A "ring expansion-annulation strategy" for the synthesis of substituted azulenes is described based on the reaction of beta'-bromo-alpha-diazo ketones with rhodium carboxylates. The key transformation involves an intramolecular Buchner reaction followed by beta-elimination of bromide, tautomerization, and in situ trapping of the resulting 1-hydroxyazulene as a carboxylate or triflate ester. Further synthetic elaboration of the azulenyl halide and sulfonate annulation products can be achieved by employing Heck, Negishi, Stille, and Suzuki coupling reactions. Reaction of the azulenyl triflate 84 with pinacolborane provides access to the azulenylboronate 91, which participates in Suzuki coupling reactions with alkenyl and aryl iodides. The application of these coupling reactions to the synthesis of biazulenes, terazulene 101, and related oligoazulenes is described, as well as the preparation of the azulenyl amino acid derivative 110.     

Total synthesis of lamellarins D, L, and N

Total synthesis of cytotoxic marine alkaloids, lamellarins D, L, and N, has been achieved by using Hinsberg-type pyrrole synthesis and palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of the 3,4-dihydroxypyrrole bistriflate 6 as the key reactions. The total yields of lamellarins D, L, and N from the common intermediate 6 are 54, 58, and 50%, respectively.     

重金属镉离子人工合成抗原的荧光特性分析

以1-(4-异硫氰苄基)乙烯基二胺-N,N,N′,N′-四乙酸为双功能螯合剂,偶联Cd2+与血清蛋白质分子, 合成了Cd2+人工抗原.利用荧光光谱分析了Cd2+人工合成抗原的荧光特性并得到合成反应的偶联比为11∶ 1～16∶ 1;通过荧光相图分析表明, Cd2+人工抗原合成过程中血清蛋白质的折叠状态符合"二态模型";偏振荧光光谱检测结果显示, Cd2+人工抗原合成中血清蛋白质色氨酸残基的微区构象发生一定变化,导致载体蛋白质构象改变.     

Regioselective synthesis of 3-deazacarbovir and its 3-deaza-adenosine analogues

We herein report the hitherto unknown synthesis of 3-deazacarbovir and its adenosine analogue. The major highlight in the synthesis of adenosine analogs is to use 6-N,N-diboc protected 3-deazapurines 9 and 11 for regioselective Mitsunobu coupling as well as unexplored palladium catalyzed coupling with these substrates. Synthesis of 3-deazacarbovir 1 has been accomplished by the regioselective palladium catalyzed coupling of 6-N,N-diphenylcarbamoyl protected 3-deazaguanine base 18 with dicarbonate 14. All the target nucleosides were screened for anti-HIV-1 activity and none of them have significant activity as well as toxicity up to 100 μM.     

Azidomethyl-ruthenocene: facile synthesis of a useful metallocene derivative and its application in the 'click' labelling of biomolecules

A convenient synthesis of azidomethyl-ruthenocene and its use in the covalent labelling of amino acids, peptides and a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomer derivative by Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne coupling (Cu-AAC, "click chemistry") are described.