钴原子催化活化乙烷的反应机理

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法分别在两种不同基组水平上, 研究了Co原子催化乙烷反应的反应机理, 优化了反应过程中各反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的构型, 并在同一水平上计算了反应中各驻点的振动频率, 运用自然键轨道理论(NBO)方法分析了各物质的成键情况和轨道间相互作用. 在两种不同基组水平上研究所得的反应历程及相应的能量变化趋势是一致的, 其活化过程可分为C—C键活化及C—H键活化, 分别释放出CH4和H2, 反应速控步骤的活化能后者较前者低, 因此, C—H键的活化较C—C 键活化容易进行.     

卡宾与醚C-H键插入反应的理论研究——(Ⅰ)卡宾与二甲醚的插入反应

用量子化学从头计算方法在MP2/6-31G(d)水平上计算了单重态的CH₂与二甲醚中C-H键插入反应的过程,并在MP₄/6-31G(d)水平上计算了反应物、过渡态和产物的能量。反应仅具有一个8.1kJ/mol的早期势垒,反应过程是卡宾的一个亲电-亲核过程,在插入过程中,卡宾空的p轨道和占有一对孤电子的σ轨道分别指向C-H键的H原子和C原子。     

非血红素配合物[FeⅣ(O)(TMC)(NCMe)]2+与[FeⅣ(O)(TMCS)]+的几何结构、电子结构、成键性和反应活性比较

采用密度泛函理论计算了[FeⅣ(O)(TMC)(NCMe)]2+ 和[FeⅣ(O)(TMCS)]+的电子结构、反应活性和Fe—O的成键性. 几何构型的优化采用非限制性的B3LYP混合密度泛函方法, 重原子Fe的优化采用是LanL2dZ基组, C, H, O, N和S的优化采用TZV基组, 理论计算结果与实验结果相符. 通过对轨道系数和键级的分析发现, TMC配位基对Fe—O的π键几乎没有影响. 由于竖直方向的硫甲基配位基的轨道与Fe的3d轨道具有较强的重迭, 而乙腈配位基作为轴向配体时, 这种重迭则小得多, 导致了两种配合物在电子结构和反应活性上存在一定的差别.     

邻近C-H键对中心金属原子的配位作用—[Fe(PH3)3(C8H13)]+的定域分子轨道研究

采用INDO方法计算了{Fe[P(OMe)_3]_3(C_8H_(13))}~+的简化离子[Fe(PH_3)_3(C_8H_(13))]~+,将正则分子轨道用Edmiston-Ruedenberg定域化方法变换为定域分子轨道,结果表明:在对应C_1-H_(1A)键的定域分子轨道中,明显包含有铁原子轨道成分(7.8％),Fe-H_(1A)和Fe—C_1键级分别为0.190和0.302。指出C_1-H_(1A)键是以一对成键σ电子配位到铁原子上的。C_8H_(13)环以包含三个碳原子的η~4—共轭体系与铁原子相互作用。铁以二价(d~6-Fe(Ⅱ)的形式存在于该离子中。C_1-H_(1A)键的配位满足了文献[15]提出的Fe(Ⅱ)的共价12价。     

Pd催化的配体导向C—H键乙酰化反应的理论研究

Pd催化的配体导向C-H键官能化反应已经成为有机化学中一种重要的合成手段. 我们用B3PW91密度泛函方法研究了Pd催化的配体导向C-H键乙酰化反应中催化剂和底物配合步骤以及C-H键活化步骤中的热力学性质. 研究发现, 具有不同导向基团的反应物之间竞争反应的选择性取决于导向基团与Pd(OAc)₂的配合步骤, 配合反应稳定常数大的较容易生成乙酰化的产物. 另一方面, 反应的选择性与C-H键的活化步骤无关, 并且与导向基团的配位原子的气相碱性、原子上的电荷密度以及最高占据轨道能量都没有相关性.     

单原子铂和氮化硼载体之间电子作用及其对丙烷脱氢反应催化性能的影响

随着世界范围内大规模页岩气资源的发现和开采,如何进一步高效转化页岩气生成高附加值化学品是提升页岩气资源利用率和增加经济收益的关键.页岩气主要的组分是甲烷,同时还包含10%左右的乙烷和丙烷.另一方面,由于当前丙烯的市场价格远远超过丙烷,因此丙烷到丙烯的催化转化是高效利用我国页岩气资源的有效途径.丙烷直接脱氢制丙烯是工业上常见的催化转化丙烷的方法.丙烷直接脱氢面临的主要问题是反应中积碳覆盖活性位导致催化剂失活.最近,单原子催化剂在烷烃碳氢键活化过程中表现出优异的催化性能,尤其在抑制深度反应、减少积碳方面有突出效果.然而,单原子催化剂在苛刻反应条件下容易团聚失活,因此选择合适的载体材料是单原子催化剂设计的关键.本文利用氮化硼作为单原子铂催化剂载体,考察了其在丙烷直接脱氢反应中的催化性能.第一性原理计算表明,氮化硼载体上硼和氮空穴是单原子铂稳定的锚定点,同时单原子铂在硼和氮空穴上表现出截然相反的电子结构.电荷分析表明,在硼和氮空穴位上的单原子铂分别失去0.71 e和得到1.06 e个电荷.PDOS分析表明,在硼空穴上单原子铂在费米能级之上有更多的空轨道,有利于得到电子.通过密度泛函理论计算构建了从丙烷到丙烯的完整反应路径.计算结果表明,负载在硼空穴上的单原子铂比在氮空穴上的具有更好的碳氢键活化能力.在硼空穴和氮空穴上第一个碳氢键断裂能垒分别是0.64和0.82电子伏特,第二个碳氢键断裂能垒分别是0.26和1.10电子伏特.计算还详细分析了产物脱附过程,结果表明氢气先于丙烯脱附的路径能垒更小.同时丙烯脱附能垒已经接近或者超过丙烷碳氢键活化能垒.因此,对于丙烷直接脱氢反应,催化剂要兼顾丙烷碳氢键活化和产物脱附两个方面.虽然负载在硼空穴上的单原子铂催化剂有着优异的丙烷碳氢键活化能力,但产物丙烯由于强相互作用而难以脱附.另一方面,负载在氮空穴上的单原子铂对于碳氢键活化和产物脱附具有比较均衡的反应活性.综上所述,氮化硼载体和单原子铂催化剂之间的电子结构作用对丙烷直接脱氢反应的催化性能有着重要影响.负载在硼和氮空穴的单原子铂表现出截然相反的电子结构,电子结构差异导致不同的催化性能.基于计算结果,负载在氮空穴上的铂单原子具有优异的丙烷直接脱氢催化性能.本工作为进一步加深理解单原子催化中载体的作用提供了理论依据.     

低碳烷烃与二氧化碳催化转化研究进展

页岩气革命为低碳经济发展提供了重要契机.在低碳烷烃(甲烷和乙烷)催化转化过程中,以二氧化碳作为氧化剂参与反应,通过C–H键的选择性活化可将页岩气转化为优质化工原料——合成气和乙烯,是一种低碳烷烃转化与二氧化碳资源化利用的工艺路线.本文总结了近年来甲烷干重整与乙烷和二氧化碳反应中与C–H键活化相关的研究进展,分析了甲烷干重整中镍基催化剂积碳及乙烷和二氧化碳反应中产物选择性的主要影响因素,并对该研究未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

金属碳、卡宾阳离子[M—X]~+(M=Au,Ag,Cu;X=C,CH2)与甲烷反应机制研究

在CCSD(T)-REL//B2GP-PLYP水平下构建[Au(CH_2)]~+与甲烷反应的可靠反应势能面,分析了C—H键活化过程中的几何结构变化情况;对反应IRC路径上关键点进行自然键轨道(NBO)电荷和分子轨道分析,从理论上推定该氢转移过程属于氢负离子(H~-)转移.对[M—X]+(M=Au,Ag,Cu;X=C,CH_2)与甲烷反应进行对比,分析了甲烷作为氢供体反应过程的内在影响因素.M—X键能和反应活性中心C上直接参与反应的低能轨道对反应活性均起重要作用,两者协同调控微观反应机制.     

硅(100)非重构表面上乙炔吸附反应的理论研究

采用量于力学AM1半经验分子理论轨道方法计算了在Si(100)非重构光滑附氢表面上乙炔化学吸附反应过程中的体系生成热,由此得到各步骤反应的活化焓和反应热数值.结果表明,乙炔分子容易在Si(100)表面上形成稳定的双位σ键吸附.     

亚烷基锗烯与环氧乙烷及环硫乙烷抽提氧和硫反应的量子化学研究

用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP和从头算MP2方法在6-311G(d, p)水平上对亚烷基锗烯与环氧乙烷的氧转移及环硫乙烷的硫转移的反应机理进行了系统的研究, 计算了势能面上各驻点的构型参数、振动频率和能量; 并用CCSD(T)/6-311G(d)方法进行了单点能校正. 结果表明, 亚烷基锗烯与环氧乙烷和环硫乙烷抽提氧和硫的反应存在顺反两种反应方式, 分别生成锗杂烯酮(P1)、硫代锗杂烯酮(P4)以及锗杂环氧乙酮(P2)、锗杂环硫乙酮(P5), 环状产物P2和P5能继续与环氧乙烷或环硫乙烷反应, 进一步生成更稳定的产物甲醛(P3-1)、一氧化锗(P3-2)及锗烯的二硫化物(P6), 且反式反应是主要的反应通道. 同时还研究了该反应中环氧乙烷C—O键和环硫乙烷C—S键的解离过程, 并与亚烷基卡宾和环氧乙烷及环硫乙烷的抽提反应进行了比较.     

Transition metal-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond activation

This tutorial review deals with recent developments in the activation of C-C bonds in organic molecules that have been catalyzed by transition metal complexes. Many chemists have devised a variety of strategies for C-C bond activation and significant progress has been made in this field over the past few decades. However, there remain only a few examples of the catalytic activation of C-C bonds, in spite of the potential use in organic synthesis, and most of the previously published reviews have dwelt mainly on the stoichiometric reactions. Consequently, this review will focus mainly on the catalytic reaction of C-C bond cleavage by homogeneous transition metal catalysts. The contents include cleavage of C-C bonds in strained and unstrained molecules, and cleavage of multiple C-C bonds such as C[triple bond]C triple bonds in alkynes. Multiple bond metathesis and heterogeneous systems are beyond the scope of this review, though they are also fascinating areas of C-C bond activation. In this review, the strategies and tactics for C-C bond activation will be explained.     

Preparation and Isolation of a Chiral Methandiide and Its Application as Cooperative Ligand in Bond Activation

The activation of element–hydrogen bonds by means of metal–ligand cooperation has received increasing attention as alternative to classical activation processes, which exclusively occur at the metal center. Carbene complexes derived from methandiide precursors have been applied in this chemistry enabling the activation of a series of E?H bonds by addition reactions across the M?C bond. However, no chiral carbene complexes have been applied to realize stereoselective transformations to date. Herein, we report the isolation and structure elucidation of an enantiomerically pure dilithiomethane, which could be prepared by direct double deprotonation. The obtained dilithium salt was used for the preparation of the first chiral methandiide‐derived carbene complex, which was applied in stereoselective cooperative S?H bond activation.     

Theoretical study of the reaction of Sc with SCO in gas phase

In order to elucidate the mechanism of reaction M⁺ + SCO, both triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the reaction of Sc⁺ + SCO have been theoretically investigated using the DFT (B3LYP/6-311+G*) level of theory. The geometries for reactants, intermediates, transition states and products were completely optimized. All the transition states were verified by the vibrational analysis and the intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations. The involving potential energy curve-crossing dramatically affects reaction mechanism, reaction rate has been discussed, and the crossing points (CPs) have been localized by the approach suggested by Yoshizawa et al. The present results show that the reaction mechanism are insertion–elimination mechanism both along the C–S and C–O bond activation branches, but the C–S bond activation is much more favorable in energy than the C–O bond activation. All theoretical results not only support the existing conclusions inferred from early experiment, but also complement the pathway and mechanism for this reaction.     

多元硝酸酯热解反应的理论研究

运用SCF-MO－AM1方法，在RHF和UHF水平上，计算研究了四种多元硝酸酯在12种稳定构象下的热解反应．均裂氧硝基键（O-NO2）产生RCH2O·和·NO2的活化能较低，是硝酸酯热解的主要途径；通过α－H转移产生RCHO和HONO的环消除反应具有较高活化能均裂ONO2键的活化能与该键的Wiberg键级之间存在良好的线性关系     

Theoretical study on the ring-opening isomerization reaction mechanism of the ring isomers of N8H8

Ring-opening isomerization from ring-shaped isomers to chain-shaped isomers of N(8)H(8) has been studied by a density function B3LYP method at 6-311+ +G** level. 20 ring-shaped isomers have been found to be able to transform into chain-shaped isomers, with 20 possible transition states got by ring-opening structure optimization. Furthermore, the ring-openings have been found in the longer N-N single bond by analyzing the length change of N-N bond of ring-shaped isomers in ring-opening processes. In addition, with the activation energies in ring-opening processes, the differences of the activation energies in isomerization between the isomers have been found according to the classification of rings. The activation energies in ring-opening isomerization of six-membered ring-shaped isomers are higher than that of the four-membered ring-shaped isomers. It indicates that six-membered ring-shaped isomers difficult in ring-opening in the isomerization are the steadiest ring-shaped isomers of N(8)H(8) while four-membered ring-shaped isomers easy in ring-opening are the most unstable.     

Palladium-catalyzed formation of highly substituted naphthalenes from arene and alkyne hydrocarbons

Several highly substituted naphthalenes 3 have been synthesized in a one-pot reaction by treatment of arenes 1 with alkynes 2 in the presence of palladium acetate and silver acetate. In this Pd-catalyzed protocol, an arene provides a benzo source for the construction of a naphthalene core through twofold aryl C-H bond activation. Reaction of triphenylphosphine with diphenylethyne (2 a) under the catalysis of Pd(IV) complexes produced 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene (3 ba) in 62 % yield. Here, triphenylphosphine undergoes one aryl C-P bond cleavage and one aryl C-H bond activation to serve as a benzo moiety. Crystal structures of cycloadducts 3 ea, 3 ga, and 3 ac have been analyzed. The twisted naphthalenes arise not only from the overcrowded substituents but also from the contribution of the CH(3)-pi interaction.     

Experimental and theoretical examination of C-CN and C-H bond activations of acetonitrile using zerovalent nickel

Experimental and density functional theory show that the reaction of acetonitrile with a zerovalent nickel bis(dialkylphosphino)ethane fragment (alkyl = methyl, isopropyl) proceeds via initial exothermic formation of an eta(2)-nitrile complex. Three well-defined transition states have been found on the potential energy surface between the eta(2)-nitrile complex and the activation products. The lowest energy transition state is an eta(3)-acetonitrile complex, which connects the eta(2)-nitrile to a higher energy eta(3)-acetonitrile intermediate with an agostic C-H bond, while the other two lead to cleavage of either the C-H or the C-CN bonds. Gas-phase calculations show C-CN bond activation to be endothermic, which contradicts the observation of thermal C-CN activation in THF. Therefore, the effect of solvent was taken into consideration by using the polarizable continuum model (PCM), whereupon the activation of the C-CN bond was found to be exothermic. Furthermore the C-CN bond activation was found to be favored exclusively over C-H bond activation due to the strong thermodynamic driving force and slightly lower kinetic barrier.     

Trapping-mediated dissociative chemisorption of cycloalkanes on Ru(001) and Ir(111): influence of ring strain and molecular geometry on the activation of C-C and C-H bonds.

We have measured the initial probabilities of dissociative chemisorption of perhydrido and perdeutero cycloalkane isotopomers on the hexagonally close-packed Ru(001) and Ir(111) single-crystalline surfaces for surface temperatures between 250 and 1100 K. Kinetic parameters (activation barrier and preexponential factor) describing the initial, rate-limiting C-H or C-C bond cleavage reactions were quantified for each cycloalkane isotopomer on each surface. Determination of the dominant initial reaction mechanism as either initial C-C or C-H bond cleavage was judged by the presence or absence of a kinetic isotope effect between the activation barriers for each cycloalkane isotopomer pair, and also by comparison with other relevant alkane activation barriers. On the Ir(111) surface, the dissociative chemisorption of cyclobutane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane occurs via two different reaction pathways: initial C-C bond cleavage dominates on Ir(111) at high temperature (T > approximately 600 K), while at low temperature (T < approximately 400 K), initial C-H bond cleavage dominates. On the Ru(001) surface, dissociative chemisorption of cyclopentane occurs via initial C-C bond cleavage over the entire temperature range studied, whereas dissociative chemisorption of both cyclohexane and cyclooctane occurs via initial C-H bond cleavage. Comparison of the cycloalkane C-C bond activation barriers measured here with those reported previously in the literature qualitatively suggests that the difference in ring-strain energies between the initial state and the transition state for ring-opening C-C bond cleavage effectively lowers or raises the activation barrier for dissociative chemisorption via C-C bond cleavage, depending on whether the transition state is less or more strained than the initial state. Moreover, steric arguments and metal-carbon bond strength arguments have been evoked to explain the observed trend of decreasing C-H bond activation barrier with decreasing cycloalkane ring size.     

基于铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的研究进展

过渡金属催化的C-H键活化及在此基础上的C-C键形成的反应因其高原子经济性和高效的合成效率而备受人们的关注.铁元素具有含量丰富、廉价、易得、环境友好等优点,在催化反应中得到了越来越广泛的应用.近几年来,人们关于Fe催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键反应的研究也取得了一定的进展.本文对铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的最新研究进展作了综述,并且按照铁催化剂的不同价态进行了分类归纳,也对催化机理进行了阐述与总结.     

Heats of formation and kinetics of decomposition of nitroalkanes

Heats of formation of solid, liquid, and gaseous nitroalkanes have been shown mostly to obey group additivity. Group values have been obtained for carbon atoms attached to one, two, and three nitro groups. The heat of formation of 1,1,1,3,5,5,5,-heptanitropentane, either solid or liquid, cannot be fitted to the scheme, even allowing for gauche effects. The differences between observed and estimated values for 1,1,1-fluorodinitroalkanes and 1,2-dinitroethane are larger than expected and should be further investigated. Activation energies have been calculated for decomposition by five-center elimination of HONO from mononitro- and dinitroalkanes using thermochemistry and estimated activation energies for the reverse reactions. The key data for these estimates were previously reported activation energies for the decomposition of nitroethane and 1,2-dinitropropane. The calculations also gave values for the heats of formation (in kcal/mole) of nitroethylene 12.4, and 1-nitropropylene 5.6, and 2-nitropropylene 1.6. Activation energies were calculated for the competing unimolecular reaction, C? N bond fission, from thermochemistry and previously reported activation energies for the decomposition of 1,1- and 2,2-dinitropropane. Comparison of Arrhenius parameters for the two competing processes, namely, HONO and C? N bond fission, shows that, for the geminate dinitroethanes and dinitropropanes, C? N bond fission is faster about 370°K and, for the mononitroalkanes and for all the mononitroalkanes and dinitroalkanes, C? N bond fission is faster above 770°K.