磁镊结合DNA发夹的方法在RecA蛋白介导的同源重组机制研究中的潜在应用

同源序列识别与链交换过程是同源重组领域的重要研究方向.RecA蛋白作为重组酶家族的重要成员而一直被广泛研究.利用smFRET以及传统磁镊、光镊等技术,人们对同源重组过程的分子机制有了较深入的了解,然而,这些技术无法同时兼顾大量程与高精度的需求.本文提出一种传统磁镊结合DNA发夹结构的研究方案,并以大肠杆菌中的RecA介导的同源重组过程为例来阐述该方法的优点.使用本实验方案,我们实时观察到以下过程:1)RecA介导的链交换平均速度与已有结果一致,但并非匀速,而是以台阶式的跳变进行;2)直接观察到RecA第二结合位点与被置换链的动态相互作用过程,测量到第二结合位点与被置换链之间的结合力为3.0 pN,与光镊结合磁镊测量出的结果相符;3)能够区分链交换的方向性并观察到按照不同方向进行链交换的反应细节.本文提供了一个可以兼顾精度和测量范围的实验方法,并以RecA蛋白为例设计实验验证了其可靠性.磁镊结合DNA发夹结构的方法具备用于研究RecA或其他同源重组蛋白工作机理的潜质.因此,本文的工作有望成为单分子生物学领域研究同源重组过程的一个重要方法.     

可天宁印迹聚合物分子识别特性的光谱与XPS研究

以可天宁(COT)为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,合成了一种新型的分子印迹聚合物。采用紫外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱和1H NMR波谱研究了印迹聚合物的结合位点和识别机理。结果表明,该聚合物通过协同氢键作用形成1∶2型配合物,专一地结合可天宁分子。MAA分子羧基上的氢原子是氢键的质子给予体;COT分子吡啶环上的氮原子以及羰基上的氧原子是质子的接受体,是与MAA形成氢键作用的选择性识别位点。     

1-氨基萘印迹聚合物分子识别特性的光谱学研究

采用分子自组装印迹技术合成了一种对1-氨基萘有高度选择性的分子印迹聚合物新材料。应用紫外光谱、红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱和1H核磁共振波谱等研究了印迹聚合物的结合位点和识别机理。结果表明模板分子与功能单体通过氢键作用形成1:1型配合物,配合物的稳定常数K=5.537×104L/mol。1-氨基萘分子氨基上的氮原子是质子接受体,功能单体甲基丙烯酸分子羧基上的氢原子是氢键的质子给予体,是与1-氨基萘形成氢键作用的选择性识别位点。利用平衡吸附试验研究了印迹聚合物的结合特性,表明印迹聚合物对1-氨基萘分子具有特异的识别性能。     

ITC研究达卡巴嗪与DNA反应动力学

利用等温滴定量热(ITC)、光谱、粘度测量等方法,研究了小牛胸腺DNA与抗癌药物达卡巴嗪的相互作用。结果表明:达卡巴嗪与DNA作用后,吸收光谱会出现增色、蓝移和粘度减小等现象。采用ITC法得到了结合常数以及结合位点数,发现达卡巴嗪与DNA以非经典嵌插式及表面作用两种方式结合。对于嵌插式,ΔH10,ΔS10,K1=5.63×10~4,结合位点数0.10;对于药物分子仅与DNA表面发生作用而并未嵌入到DNA分子的疏水部分的结合方式,ΔH_20,ΔS_20,K_2=1.00×10~3,结合位点数9.99。同时发现紫外法得到的结合常数是Ka=6.70×10~4,与ITC的嵌插式吻合。     

紫外光谱与ITC法研究乌头碱与粘虫DNA相互作用

DNA是生物体遗传信息的载体,研究药物与DNA的相互作用对探讨其作用机理及新药的设计合成具有重要意义。利用紫外吸收光谱技术,微量量热法,等温滴定量热法以及分子模拟技术研究了乌头碱在水溶液中的溶解行为,探讨了乌头碱与粘虫DNA、鲑鱼精DNA、小牛胸腺DNA的相互作用。实验发现,乌头碱在水溶液中的溶解过程为准一级反应,半衰期(t_1/2)为0.691 h。乌头碱分别与三种DNA作用均为体现出沟槽和表面两种结合形式：沟槽结合时,结合常数Ka₁为105,结合位点数为0.40~0.60,且反应为焓驱动的自发过程;表面结合时,乌头碱分子仅与DNA表面发生作用而并未嵌到DNA分子的疏水部分,结合常数Ka₂为103,结合位点较大。分子模拟显示,乌头碱均以氢键作用力结合在三种DNA分子的沟槽区,且乌头碱分子中C₈上的酯基对粘虫DNA,鲑鱼精DNA和小牛胸腺DNA链上的碱基有特异性识别,依次为T33,T34和G16,C9,C8。模拟计算获得反应的结合能与实验测定所得ΔG值接近,同时,依据实验数据判定的作用力类型在分子模拟中得到印证,即理论计算与实验基本吻合。     

荧光光谱法研究紫草素与DNA的相互作用

在pH 7.4的Tris-HCl介质中,以盐酸小檗碱(BR)为荧光探针,研究了紫草素(SHI)与鲱鱼精DNA的相互作用。结果表明,SHI与BR竞争结合DNA上的位点;SHI对DNA-BR体系的荧光有猝灭作用,猝灭机制为静态猝灭和动态猝灭共存,SHI与DNA之间为嵌插和静电两种作用方式;热变性实验进一步证明嵌插结合是SHI与DNA的主要结合模式。最后由Scatchard方程求得二者的结合常数为3.48×104 L·mol-1。     

用单分子技术研究Sso7d与DNA的相互作用

为了维持基因的稳定性,每种生物体都含有一套独特的染色质蛋白来保护脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的结构,观察染色质蛋白对DNA结构的作用过程和结果,可以帮助人们了解这些蛋白的具体功能和作用机理.硫化叶菌是一种能在高温下存活的古细菌,Sso7d是硫化叶菌的一种染色质蛋白.深入地了解Sso7d和DNA链的相互作用,有助于解释硫化叶菌的DNA为何能在高温环境下保持活性,本文通过原子力显微镜(AFM)和磁镊两种单分子操作手段,研究了Sso7d与DNA的相互作用.AFM的实验结果给出了Sso7d与DNA的作用过程:结合Sso7d后,DNA首先发生弯折,然后出现loop结构,最终DNA会团聚为致密的核结构.利用磁镊装置测量了Sso7d的结合对打开DNA双链的影响,实验结果表明Sso7d的结合导致打开DNA双链的力的增大,经过数据分析,计算出Sso7d与DNA结合的结合能?G=3.1k_BT,平均每5.5个碱基对(bp)结合一个Sso7d,较高的结合密度和较大的结合能,两方面的作用结果,解释了Sso7d能够稳定DNA结构的原因.     

天青Ⅰ分光光度法测定DNA

研究了生物染色剂天青 与脱氧核糖核酸在碱性条件下的结合反应 ,影响因素和最佳反应条件 ,建立了一种测定 DNA的新方法。在 p H=8.4的三羟甲基氨基甲烷 -盐酸 (Tris- HCl)缓冲溶液中 ,鱼精 DNA(fs DNA)及小牛胸腺 DNA(ct DNA)的线性范围分别为 0 .5— 10 .0 mg· L-1(fs DNA)、0 .5— 8.0 mg·L-1(ct DNA) ,相关系数为 0 .996 8(fs DNA)、0 .996 5 (ct DNA) ,表观摩尔吸光系数 ε60 9.90 nm(fs DNA) =2 .5×10 4L· mol-1· cm-1、ε60 9.90 nm(ct DNA) =3.1× 10 4L· mol-1· cm-1,用于合成样品的测定 ,结果令人满意     

稀土N,N′-双(2-吡啶甲酰胺)-1,2-乙烷配合物合成及与DNA的作用

合成了四种N,N′-双(2-吡啶甲酰胺)-1,2-乙烷(H2L)稀土配合物.经过对元素分析,红外光谱,紫外光谱,热重分析和摩尔电导值的分析,确定配合物的组成为:[Ln(H2L)(NO3)2](NO3)·3H2O(Ln=Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb).光谱测试结果表明:配体H2L中酰胺羰基氧和吡啶氮分别与稀土离子配位,硝酸根为双齿配体,Im(Ⅲ)与H2L形成了1∶1的螯合物.另外,通过紫外光谱、荧光光谱和表面增强拉曼光谱方法对Sm配合物与DNA之间的作用进行了初步的研究.实验结果显示随着DNA的加入[Sm(H2L)(NO3)2](NO3)·3H2O配合物在265 nm处的紫外吸收峰逐渐减小,并产生红移现象,得到配合物与DNA的结合常数为1.24×105.Sm配合物使EB-DNA体系发生荧光猝灭,由于配合物和EB争夺与DNA的结合位点,从而使体系中游离的EB增多.表面增强拉曼光谱峰的变化亦显示随着.DNA的加入配合物的谱峰强度减弱,同时1 282cm-1处的谱峰消失,说明配体的吡啶环在一定程度上插入了DNA的双螺旋平面,导致吡啶环的电子云密度发生改变.以上结果表明配合物和DNA发生了显著的作用.     

基于单丝行为的平面型丝阵Z箍缩模拟

平面型丝阵负载是近年来Z箍缩实验中研究较多的一种非圆柱型丝阵负载.基于平面型丝阵中单丝的静磁场分析并结合单丝的径向运动方程,计算获得了聚爆过程中负载电流在每根丝上分配、每根丝所受磁场力、丝阵负载区磁场分布、负载总电感及聚爆过程中负载动能变化等规律.模拟计算了平面型丝阵负载Z箍缩聚爆轨迹及聚爆时间,并与"强光一号"加速器上进行的平面型丝阵实验结果进行了对比.结果表明,基于单丝行为的模拟误差约为10%,可较为准确地获得平面型丝阵负载聚爆时间.计算结果有助于深入理解平面型丝阵负载Z箍缩物理过程,同时该模型可用于平面型丝阵负载参数设计.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.