基于相关光子的光辐射定标方法研究

为提高定标精度,提出一种基于相关光子的光辐射定标方法,它是一种独立于基于辐射源和基于探测器的定标方法。利用351．1 nm的激光抽运BBO晶体产生的相关光子,建立了一套基于相关光子的光辐射定标系统,分析了它的原理和实验装置,给出符合测量系统,并对结果进行了讨论。结果表明,该系统定标的光电倍增管(R2949)在702．2 nm的量子效率为(5．960±0．003)%,与其在这一波长的量子效率典型值的相对误差约为1．0%,测量结果的相对合成标准不确定度为2．61%。     

基于纠缠光子方法测量光电探测器量子效率的研究

光辐射传感器的定标是保证遥感数据精度及可利用价值的基础支撑技术。现行辐射定标方法都需要建立高精度初级标准及标准传递链，传递环节是误差的主要来源。纠缠光子理论为实现“无标准传递”的辐射定标开辟了崭新的技术途径。报道了在光子计数模式下利用非线性光学的非经典效应绝对定标光电探测器的新方法，测量是通过BBO非线性晶体的参量下转换形成的702nm简并的纠缠光子方法来实现的。实验测得光电倍增管在该波长处的量子效率，结果显示有0.1%的偏差。该方法本身具有绝对性，不依赖于任何外部定标的辐射标准。     

基于参变下转换效应的光辐射定标方法

介绍了一种新型的基于参变下转换效应的光辐射绝对定标方法,利用固体钛宝石激光器倍频后产生的351 nm的激光光源抽运非线性BBO晶体,制备了一对简并的参变下转换光子对(波长为702 nm),并利用晶体的角度调谐特性,制备了另一对非简并的参变下转换光子对(波长为633 nm和789 nm).定标了光电倍增管的量子效率,介绍了实验原理和定标装置,系统分析了测量过程中引入的不确定度.结果表明,参变下转换效应光辐射定标方法的相对合成不确定度小于5.5%.参变下转换定标方法与传统的基于标准探测器的辐射定标方法作了一个比对,表明两种定标方法相对误差小于10%.     

Quantum efficiency calibration of opto-electronic detector by means of correlated photons method

A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal.An absolute calibration system of detector quantum efficiency is performed.And its principle and experimental setup are introduced.A continuouswave (CW) ultraviolet (351 nm),diode-pumped,frequency-doubled,and solid-state laser is used to pump BBO crystal.The quantum efficiencies of the photomultiplier at 633,702,and 789 nm are measured respectively.The coincidence peaks are observed using coincidence circuit.Some measurement factors including the filter bandwidth of trigger channel,the detector position alignment and polarization of the pump light are analyzed.The uncertainties of this calibration method are also analyzed,and the relative uncertainties of total calibration are less than 5.8%.The accuracy of this method could be improved in the future.     

Calibration chain design based on integrating sphere transfer radiometer for SI-traceable on-orbit spectral radiometric calibration and its uncertainty analysis

In order to satisfy the requirement of SI-traceable on-orbit absolute radiation calibration transfer with high accuracy for satellite remote sensors,a transfer chain consisting of a fiber coupling monochromator(FBM) and an integrating sphere transfer radiometer(ISTR) was designed in this paper.Depending on the Sun,this chain based on detectors provides precise spectral radiometric calibration and measurement to spectrometers in the reflective solar band(RSB) covering 300–2500 nm with a spectral bandwidth of 0.5–6 nm.It shortens the traditional chain based on lamp source and reduces the calibration uncertainty from 5% to 0.5% by using the cryogenic radiometer in space as a radiometric benchmark and trap detectors as secondary standard.This paper also gives a detailed uncertainty budget with reasonable distribution of each impact factor,including the weak spectral signal measurement with uncertainty of 0.28%.According to the peculiar design and comprehensive uncertainty analysis,it illustrates that the spectral radiance measurement uncertainty of the ISTR system can reach to 0.48%.The result satisfies the requirements of SI-traceable on-orbit calibration and has wider significance for expanding the application of the remote sensing data with high-quality.     

HgCdTe-IRFPA成像器件光谱响应率标定方法比较与误差分析

红外焦平面成像器件的光谱响应率是天基红外遥感的基本物理指标。为了准确应用该项参数去除器件在制造工艺中的不均匀性对产品质量的影响，必须在系统使用之前对其重新标定，获取真实值。总结了目前较为普遍的IRPFA产品光谱响应率标定方法，通过比较选择标准代替法对产品进行标定。根据所得到测量数据，分析了其可能存在的误差，总结了在对IRPFA产品进行标定时应注意的问题。同时提出了一种调整积分时间的方法，以弥补有些波段标定黑体辐射功率过低带来误差过大的缺陷。     

低温辐射计的结构优化方案设计

传统低温辐射计的布儒斯特窗口会对传递探测器的绝对光谱响应率定标产生较大的影响。文中阐述了低温辐射计对传递探测器的传统定标过程;分析定标过程中因布儒斯特窗口及窗口复现导致定标精度降低的原因;提出一种新的定标结构。该结构中低温辐射计和传递探测器安置于同心弧形轨道上,二者通过精密电机的控制可以分时切入定标光路,实现传递探测器相对于低温辐射计的绝对定标。新的定标结构能够完全消除布儒斯特窗口在传递探测器定标过程中的影响,降低测量激光功率约50%的不确定度,可以进一步降低辐射定标溯源基准的不确定度,提高定标的精度。     

基于中温黑体的近红外光纤光谱仪辐射定标的方法研究

中温黑体是红外谱段常用的高精度辐射标尺设备,而近红外是处于其有效辐射范围边缘的谱段,所以该谱段的定标研究相对较少。研究了基于中温黑体的近红外光纤光谱仪辐射定标方法,主旨是探讨定标精度如何受定标模型的结构参数选择的影响,进而为近红外光谱辐射计量溯源提供技术参考。采用50～1 050 ℃的可调中温黑体对近红外光纤光谱仪(950～1 700 nm)进行辐射定标。针对定标的关键环节重点讨论了两个内容,首先是辐射传输模型的几何因子匹配问题,比较分析了传统的双圆盘辐射传输模型和光纤直接耦合模型。对于光纤光谱仪的辐射定标来讲,采用光纤直接耦合形式的辐射传输模型,结构上更简单,耦合效率更高。其次重点分析了辐射定标中模型的结构参数对定标精度的影响,其影响的原因是定标数据本身属性中的尺度结构特征,即通常所说的非线性问题。因此对于定标精度要求较高时,需要采用非线性定标模型进行校正,并尽可能保证测试点采样的尺度均衡,这是小样本数据解释非线性结构关系时无法回避的样本选择问题。数据分析结果表明,定标方程的不同结构参数的选择策略对定标精度有显著影响,校正方程的样本残差标准差带变化范围为±0.1%～±1%。     

基于相关光子的单光子探测器量子效率测量系统

为准确测量近红外波段单光子探测器量子效率,搭建了基于自发参量下转换效应的测量系统.系统利用中心波长为518nm的脉冲激光泵浦周期极化磷酸氧钛钾晶体,通过自发参量下转换过程产生相关光子对,分别测量了Si和InGaAs雪崩光电二极管单光子探测器在778nm和1 550nm波长点的量子效率,并对测量不确定度进行了分析.实验表明,该装置可以测量近红外单光子探测器量子效率参量,测量不确定度均优于1%.     

Diffuse surface calibration method to improve accuracy and dynamic range of aerosol elastic light scattering measurements

A new method to calibrate detectors for elastic light scattering (ELS) measurement based on diffuse scattering from a Lambertian surface is presented. The method produces a calibration signal that is approximately seven orders of magnitude larger than a propane gas Rayleigh scattering calibration. The method also allows for calibration of detectors such as photodiodes, which are not sensitive enough to detect Rayleigh scattering for calibration but possess characteristics desirable for the measurement of soot ELS. Since the method is only suitable for backward scattering calibrations, transfer of calibration data from a backward- to a forward-oriented detector is accomplished with a secondary laser and integrating sphere. In demonstration experiments, calibration constants for photomultiplier tube (PMT) detectors obtained using both Rayleigh scattering and diffuse surface scattering agreed within experimental uncertainties as did measurements of in-flame scattering coefficients obtained with PMTs and photodiodes. However, achievable uncertainties with the diffuse-surface calibration approach were significantly reduced. More importantly, by enabling the use of photodiode detectors in ELS measurements, the new method facilitates operation at higher photon fluxes resulting in improved signal-to-noise ratios, reduced influence of photon shot noise, and the ability to achieve higher dynamic range in transient measurements.     

高精度光谱辐射标准探测器的温度特性研究

高精度辐射定标技术是现代空间遥感的主要支撑技术之一。基于滤光片辐射计的新型光辐射标准探测器在野外、机载和星上高精度辐射定标中具有广阔的应用前景。温度特性是工程应用中影响标准探测器绝对精度和稳定性的一项关键因素。在20～60℃的宽温度范围内,对基于硅陷阱探测器的滤光片辐射计温度特性进行了系统测试和定量研究,在所获取的完备的实验数据基础上设计并研制了一套精密温控系统。实验结果显示在加入精密温控后,滤光片辐射计的温度系数降低了约一个数量级,从而有利于在不同温度工作平台上保持标准探测器的高精度。     

共线和非共线模式下单光子探测器定标比对实验研究

采用相关光子法定标单光子探测器的量子效率对提高光学载荷的辐射定标准确度具有重要意义.利用355nm连续激光泵浦BBO晶体产生Ⅰ类自发参量下转换,在共线和非共线两种相位匹配模式下分别测量了单光子探测器雪崩光电二极管在736nm波段的量子效率.结果表明,共线和非共线两种模式测量结果的合成不确定度分别为0.71%和0.39%,相对偏差均优于0.4%,这两种模式都可以定标探测器量子效率,且具有很好的一致性.最后比较了两种模式定标探测器量子效率的优缺点,该研究为以后利用相关光子法对遥感器进行辐射定标提供了晶体相位匹配模式选择的依据.     

两种多光谱高温计无源温区标定方法抗随机误差能力研究

两种多光谱高温计无源温区标定方法,即依据图形相似性原理的标定方法和依据高温计传递函数的标定方法。为验证两种方法的实用性,通过对黑体辐射出度加入不同大小的随机误差模拟不同测量精度的多光谱高温测量系统,对这两种方法的抗干扰能力进行了研究。实验结果证明,依据图形相似原理的标定方法具有强抗随机误差能力,适用于随机误差较大的测量系统。当随机误差很小时,其精度低于依据传递函数的标定方法,但当随机误差增加到一定范围,其精度远高于后者。基于高温计传递函数的标定方法虽在一定的随机误差范围内具有高的外推标定精度,但抗随机误差能力较弱,适用于随机误差小的测量系统。     

紫外探测器的辐射定标及标准传递

针对定量化遥感的深入研究和探测器测量精度的提高,本文对紫外波段探测器的标定方法和标准的传递进行了研究。介绍了紫外探测器低温辐射计的工作原理、标准建立过程及发展现状,探讨了美国国家标准研究院（NIST）传递标准探测器的选取和标准传递过程。文中的研究为探测器定标方法的研究提供了理论基础,对提高标准探测器定标精度,促进其工程化应用具有借鉴意义。     

Polycrystalline lead selenide: the resurgence of an old infrared detector

The existing technology for uncooled MWIR photon detectors based on polycrystalline lead salts is stigmatized for being a 50-year-old technology. It has been traditionally relegated to single-element detectors and relatively small linear arrays due to the limitations imposed by its standard manufacture process based on a chemical bath deposition technique (CBD) developed more than 40 years ago. Recently, an innovative method for processing detectors, based on a vapour phase deposition (VPD) technique, has allowed manufacturing the first 2D array of polycrystalline PbSe with good electro optical characteristics. The new method of processing PbSe is an all silicon technology and it is compatible with standard CMOS circuitry. In addition to its affordability, VPD PbSe constitutes a perfect candidate to fill the existing gap in the photonic and uncooled IR imaging detectors sensitive to the MWIR photons. The perspectives opened are numerous and very important, converting the old PbSe detector in a serious alternative to others uncooled technologies in the low cost IR detection market. The number of potential applications is huge, some of them with high commercial impact such as personal IR imagers, enhanced vision systems for automotive applications and other not less important in the security/defence domain such as sensors for active protection systems (APS) or low cost seekers. Despite the fact, unanimously accepted, that uncooled will dominate the majority of the future IR detection applications, today, thermal detectors are the unique plausible alternative. There is plenty of room for photonic uncooled and complementary alternatives are needed. This work allocates polycrystalline PbSe in the current panorama of the uncooled IR detectors, underlining its potentiality in two areas of interest, i.e., very low cost imaging IR detectors and MWIR fast uncooled detectors for security and defence applications. The new method of processing again converts PbSe into an emerging technology.     

The calibration of activated charcoal detectors in a small Rn exposure chamber

Passive methods for radon measurements, especially those based on radon adsorption, require observation of proper calibration methods.

The calibration method for diffusion-barrier charcoal detectors in a small (211 dm³) radon chamber has been proposed. The theoretical dependence of radon concentration vs. time inside the chamber during the exposure of charcoal detectors has been obtained and verified experimentally. For this purpose, the chamber volume as well as diffusion and adsorption parameters of the detector were taken into consideration.

For two types of detectors the conformity of calibration factors obtained in two ways: calculated from theoretical points (550 or 683 Bqm⁻³/cps depending on detector type) and from experimental points (553 or 691 Bqm⁻³/cps), was achieved.

The proposed method makes it possible to calibrate different kinds of radon-adsorbing detectors (not only charcoal canisters) in small chambers without the necessity of using any reference, active device.     

联合特征子空间分布对齐的标定迁移方法

近红外光谱分析技术近年来在各种领域的定性、定量分析等方面得到广泛的应用。多元标定技术则是光谱分析领域中最先进的技术,而环境条件、测量仪器或测量物质自身的变化,都可能导致多元标定模型不再适用于新样本的预测。重新标定和重新建模必然会浪费大量时间和资源。一种解决方案是标定迁移,将源域已有的标定模型扩展到目标域中,避免重复建模的代价。在化学计量学的相关文献中,绝大多数迁移方法都需要在两台仪器相同条件下都测量一组迁移标准样品,但在近红外光谱测量技术中,由于标准样品具有挥发等特性,使得构建仪器标定迁移方法的标准样品难以获得和保存。针对这些问题,提出了一种联合特征子空间分布对齐（JSDA）的标定迁移方法,此方法可以在从仪器没有标准样本的情况下建立标定迁移模型。JSDA首先建立源域和目标域数据特征的联合主成分分析（PCA）子空间;然后通过对齐映射在联合特征子空间中的源域特征分布和目标域特征分布来校正标定模型;最后,应用最小二乘模型构建校正后源域上的标定模型,该模型可直接用于目标域的标定。实验结果表明与已有成熟的标定迁移方法相比,JSDA在公开的真实数据集上的预测性能比较有优势,验证了该模型在实际应用中的有效性和优越性。     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合神经网络测定土壤中的Cr和Ba

提出了一种基于人工神经网络的激光诱导击穿光谱技术实现元素成分高准确度定量分析的方法.采用基于动量和自适应学习速率梯度下降算法的反向传播神经网络,结合激光诱导击穿光谱技术的方法测定土壤中Cr和Ba元素的含量,得到了Cr和Ba的含量以及多次重复预测的相对标准偏差,并与采用传统的内标法得到的检测结果相比较.研究结果表明:基于动量和自适应学习速率梯度下降算法的反向传播神经网络分析方法,与激光诱导击穿光谱技术相结合能更好地实现对土壤样品中Cr和Ba元素的定量检测.相对内标法,神经网络分析方法与激光诱导击穿光谱技术相结合可以很明显地提高检测准确度和精密度,对采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术定量检测土壤重金属污染具有很好的应用价值.     

基于LCTF的多光谱面阵CCD相机的辐射定标

基于液晶可调谐滤光片(LCTF)的多光谱面阵CCD相机是一种新型的多(高)光谱成像系统,它利用液晶的电控双折射效应和偏振光的干涉原理,在面阵CCD上记录任意一个波长的图像信息.由于LCTF和帧转移型面阵CCD工作方式的特殊性,普通的定标方法不能满足遥感应用的精度需求.提出用积分球+标准探测器的定标系统对相机进行性能检测...     

成像光谱仪星上光谱定标的数据处理

为了提高仪器光谱定标精度,降低谱线偏移对地物反射光谱数据反演精度的影响（特别是大气吸收峰附近）,根据星上光谱定标的特点,介绍了星上光谱定标数据处理的常用方法。通过对实验室光谱定标时两种典型工况的比较,实现了星上定标数据处理算法的地面仿真,验证了算法的可行性,并比较了各自的优缺点。结果表明,基于谱线匹配的标准差法、相关系数法和最小差值法计算精度较高,但计算效率较低;基于多项式拟合的极值法计算精度较低,但是计算效率较其他算法提高1个数量级。用极值法对数据进行预处理,快速确定谱线偏移量,再用谱线匹配算法在小范围内精确计算谱线偏移量,可以在不影响计算精度的前提下提高运算速度,计算精度优于1 nm,满足成像光谱仪星上光谱定标的精度要求。