N-烷基化聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺梳状高分子中烷基侧链对刚性主链堆积行为的影响

基于聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(PPTA), 采用N-烷基化方法制备了系列PPTACns(烷基侧链碳原子数n=8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18)刚性主链梳状高分子, 利用DSC, XRD和FTIR等方法研究了其主链堆积行为、 分子链构象及热性能等与烷基侧链长度及结晶特性之间的关系. XRD和DSC结果表明, 当烷基侧链碳原子数达到14时, 烷基侧链发生结晶. XRD结果显示, PPTACns具有层状结构, 烷基侧链长度对主链层间距影响显著. FTIR研究发现, 烷基侧链的聚集状态对PPTACns分子链的构象产生较大影响, 伴随着烷基侧链结晶的熔融, PPTACns的分子链构象发生显著改变. 烷基侧链处于熔融状态的PPTACns的ν_C=O和γ_C-H谱带峰位与烷基侧链不结晶的PPTACn接近.     

聚(丙烯酸-co-甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯)梳状高分子的侧链结晶行为

以不同分子量的甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(mPEG1000MA或mPEG2000MA)为大单体,与丙烯酸(AA)、甲基烯丙基磺酸钠(SMAS)等单体通过自由基聚合反应合成了一系列具有不同分子量、不同侧链长度、不同侧链密度的聚(丙烯酸-co-甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯)梳状高分子.用乌氏黏度计测定梳状高分子的特性黏数以表征其分子量大小.采用示差扫描量热法(DSC)测量梳状高分子中甲氧基聚乙二醇(mPEG)侧链的结晶温度和熔点.分析认为,当mPEG1000MA与AA共聚后,处于玻璃态的PAA主链对mPEG侧链的物理限制作用很大程度上影响了mPEG侧链的结晶行为.这种在受限环境中mPEG的结晶温度和结晶熔点均发生明显漂移,低于PEG在本体中的结晶.结晶温度和熔点的偏移受到主链长度、侧链疏密、侧链长度、磺酸侧基含量等诸多分子结构和组成因素的影响.研究结果表明:共聚物中侧链越稀疏,侧链结晶受限作用越明显;mPEG侧链分子量越大,其结晶受到主链的限制作用越弱;在梳状高分子主链上引入磺酸侧基官能团后,侧链的结晶的受限程度增加,并且由于非晶侧链的增多,表现出明显的侧链玻璃化转变.     

侧链结构对磺化聚芳醚性能及微观形貌的影响

比较了3种主链结构相同而侧链结构不同的磺化聚芳醚(SPAE)材料的性能. 分析了侧链结构对聚合物的吸水、 溶胀及质子传导行为的影响. 结果表明, 在相同的离子交换容量(IEC)条件下, 具有柔顺脂肪族侧链的聚芳醚材料具有较高的质子传导率. 其原因是由于柔顺的脂肪族侧链比刚性的芳香族侧链更易运动, 有利于侧链末端磺酸基团的聚集, 进而形成离子簇. 3种聚合物微观形貌的分析结果表明, 含柔顺侧链结构的聚合物薄膜具有更大的质子传输通道, 其结果与聚合物的宏观吸水和传导现象相吻合.     

高三尖杉酯碱和三尖杉酯碱的合成研究

天然药物高三尖杉酯碱和三尖杉酯碱是从三尖杉植物的叶和茎中分离得到的微量生物碱,是手性化合物。结构上,二者不仅含有一个共同的母核三尖杉碱,酯基侧链的α位也均为手性叔醇。因母核三尖杉碱和酯基侧链较大的空间位阻,两个结构片段的酯化偶联具有较大的挑战性。设计合成位阻较小的侧链中间体是酯化反应发生的关键。因此,化学家们相继合成了结构多样的α-羰基羧酸侧链以及含有杂环的侧链中间体,如四元内酯杂环侧链、四氢呋喃杂环侧链、六氢吡喃杂环侧链、七元内酯杂环侧链,并成功地完成了高三尖杉酯碱、三尖杉酯碱和同属其他活性生物碱的合成。本文基于本课题组的相关研究,根据侧链片段的构建策略和方法,综述了天然药物高三尖杉酯碱、三尖杉酯碱以及其他天然产物的合成研究。不仅总结了近几年来的新进展,还对我国老一辈的科学家们在此方面作出的贡献进行了回顾。     

环形侧链聚合物刷的合成与表征

通过grafting-onto方法合成高侧链接枝密度的环形侧链聚合物刷并进行结构表征.先通过开环易位聚合(ROMP)制备带有炔基侧基的线形聚降冰片烯衍生物主链(l-PND),通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和铜催化的叠氮-炔环加成(Cu AAC)反应制备带有一个叠氮基的环形聚丙烯酸叔丁酯侧链(c-Pt BA),再利用Cu AAC反应将环形侧链高密度地接入主链,得到环形侧链聚合物刷.通过核磁氢谱(1H-NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和红外光谱(IR)对聚合物主/侧链及聚合物刷的结构和组成进行了表征.该聚合物刷主链聚合度为400,高接枝密度的环形侧链使主链构象伸展.聚合物刷在原子力显微镜(AFM)下呈单分子蠕虫形貌(柱状形貌),分子长度为200 nm,直径为30 nm.     

侧链调控在有机光电高分子材料中的应用研究进展

有机光电聚合物材料是由共轭主链与柔性侧链组成,具有制备简单、成本低廉、重量轻及可制成柔性器件等突出优点,近年来成为国内外研究的前沿和热点.目前对聚合物材料主链结构的优化研究较多,基于侧链调控的报道则相对较少.对主链共轭高分子光电材料侧链调控的目的主要是改善材料的溶解性能,然而,侧链修饰的影响远非如此.研究发现,侧链修饰后聚合物材料的吸收光谱、能级分布、载流子迁移率、器件共混膜形貌以及界面形态等光电性能方面可发生不同程度的变化.此类研究成果无疑将对设计与优化有机聚合物材料分子结构、活性层形貌与界面形态以及器件制备方法和加工工艺具有指导意义.同时,随着器件制备方法的不断改进以及加工工艺的不断发展,为进一步改善器件效率,提高纳米活性材料的形貌调控与界面形态优化能力,基于有机光电高分子材料侧链调控的研究价值日益突显.因此,结合高分子光电材料应用领域的研究现状,以聚合物分子侧链结构优化设计为出发点,基于侧链调控为主题,以不同的修饰侧链为研究对象,对光电高分子材料侧链调控中拟解决的问题及本实验室的相关工作做主要综述.     

侧基甲壳效应和甲壳型液晶高分子

侧链液晶高分子体系里,液晶基元可以通过尾接或腰接的方式与主链相连.一般认为,在液晶基元与主链间插入一段长度合适的＂柔性间隔基＂可有效实现主、侧链间的动力学去偶合,从而有利于侧基液晶基元之间的有序排列.作为一类特殊的腰接型侧链液晶高分子,甲壳型液晶高分子中体积较大的侧基（如棒状液晶基元）通过非常短的间隔基或仅通过一个碳-碳键直接横挂至主链上,这导致了强烈的甲壳效应,使得主链被迫伸展.因此,可从与＂柔性间隔基＂完全不同的角度出发,充分利用主链和侧基间的偶合作用,设计甲壳型液晶高分子.本文综述了腰接型侧链液晶高分子中的侧基甲壳效应、甲壳型液晶高分子中由主链与侧基相互作用所导致的特殊构象以及液晶相结构.研究表明,侧基甲壳效应在调控甲壳型液晶高分子的形状、尺寸以及螺旋结构等方面有重要作用.甲壳型液晶高分子可作为刚-柔嵌段共聚物的刚性链段,也可作为主/侧链结合型液晶高分子的主链部分参与到多层次分级超分子有序结构的构筑之中.     

蠕虫状链模型下梳状共聚物分子的均方回转半径的理论分析及其在聚羧酸系减水剂分子中的应用

利用蠕虫状链模型对梳状共聚物分子的均方回转半径进行了理论分析,建立了回转半径与主链轮廓长度、主链持久长度、侧链轮廓长度、侧链持久长度、侧链数目以及侧链沿主链的分布情况(均匀分布和梯度分布)之间的定量数学关系.在此基础上,以被称为"第一代聚羧酸系高性能减水剂"(以下简称为MPEG-type PCE)的甲基丙烯酸(MAA)/烯酸甲酯(MAA-MPEG)梳状共聚物分子为研究对象,结合实验数据,对其聚电解质主链的持久长度进行了分析,并考察了主侧链长度、刚柔性、侧链分布、接枝密度等分子结构参数对PCE回转半径的影响,最后对模型的局限性作简要说明.梳状共聚物分子的蠕虫状链模型物理图像简洁,参数意义明确,应用于PCE分子体系时较之前所报道的柔性链模型要更为合理,能够为分析PCE的分子结构与溶液构象和吸附构象之间的关系提供更科学的视角.     

星形梳状聚合物在稀溶液中的链构象

利用布朗动力学模拟研究了星形梳状聚合物链在稀溶液中的构象变化。研究结果表明,当星形梳状链的接枝密度小于0.2时,构象表现为星形,而随着接枝密度的增加,其构象逐渐变为球形。此外,拉伸因子也能较好地反映出链从星形向球形的构象转变。星形梳状链主干链的刚性受侧链长度的影响较小,但其受其接枝密度的影响较大。随着侧链长度的增加,侧链的持续长度也相应增加,但相对刚性强度随着侧链长度的增加而减弱。本文揭示了星形梳状聚合物在稀溶液中构象与分子参数的关系,有助于促进相关的表征研究。     

一种新型侧链液晶聚合物的喇曼光谱研究

根据传统的侧链型液晶聚合物理论,在液晶基元和主链之间必须有柔性链相连。最近我们设计并合成了单体为2,3-双(对烷氧基苯甲酰氧基)苯乙烯的侧链液晶聚合物,该聚合物突破了文献[1]的理论,把液晶基元从重心位置横挂于主链之上,其间无柔性链段,只以单键相接。我们用喇曼光谱研究了该新型侧链液晶聚合物,表明它存在上述结构特点。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.