托卡马克等离子体的快波模转换和吸收

本文对托卡马克位形,用动力理论研究了非均匀热等离子体的ICRF快波模转换及有关的阻尼机制。结果表明,对于多种离子成分的等离子体,在离子-离子混杂共振层和二次谐波回旋共振层附近,存在快波和离子伯恩斯坦波(IBW)之间的模转换;模转换层附近的色散关系与k_(?),离子种类浓度以及等离子体密度有明显的相关性。适当选择这些参数可大大改善快波能量的吸收和吸收的局域性。而在一种离子成分的等离子体中、无模转换过程发生。     

快波模式转换效率的理论分析和数值模拟

利用相位积分法, 在传统的布登模型基础上, 考虑了高场侧截止层的影响, 构建了三体模型, 求出了快波通过单一衰减层的传输系数、反射系数和模式转换系数. 在双离子情况下, 模拟的结果与Kazakov等人的结果相符合. 针对EAST实验, 将双离子模型推广至三离子模型, 分析了不同相位、少子浓度、频率和纵场强度对快波模式转换效率的影响, 为未来离子回旋加热实验提供参考. 关键词： 模式转换加热 离子回旋波加热 相位积分     

A Resonant-Cavity ICRF Coupler for Large Tokamaks

A new resonant cavity ICRF coupler is proposed for large tokamaks. The design features a novel resonant cavity, an RF magneticfield orientation that effectively radiates fast Alfvén waves, matching to 40-? transmission lines, and an electric-field orientation so that the strongest RF electric fields are orthogonal to the main toroidal magnetic field, thereby benefiting from magnetic insulation. As a result, the power handling capability is excellent. For the case of the "Big-Dee" Doublet III tokamak, a single 35 × 50-cm coupler can launch 20 mW of fast Alfvén waves. Extrapolation to fusion reactor parameters is straightforward.     

Dynamic polarizability and the theory of the ion-acoustic turbulence in a plasma containing ions of two species

A damping rate of the induced scattering of fast ion-acoustic waves on ions, the explicit form of which depends on the plasma polarizability at the frequency of beats of the interacting waves, was determined for a nonisothermal plasma containing hot electrons and cold ions of two species. In the case of a plasma containing mobile light ions and slow heavy ions, a new phenomenon of significant decrease in the probability of induced scattering was established. This effect is related to the fact that a contribution to the dielectric function of slow ions, determining the scattering amplitude, depends on both spatial and frequency dispersion. It is shown that this decrease in the induced scattering probability leads to a growth of the turbulent noise level and to a change of the anomalous transport coefficients in the limit of large turbulent Knudsen numbers. The same effect is responsible for a relative decrease in the runaway electron production.     

HT-7 Tokamak离子回旋波和低杂波等离子体逃逸电子行为研究

HT-7 Tokamak拥有离子回旋波(ICRF)和低杂波(LHW)两套加热系统.ICRF主要对加热离子有比较好的加热效果,LHW则主要是通过电子Landau阻尼加热电子.除此之外,在ICRF和LHW协同加热的条件下,可以对等离子体产生更有效的加热效果,增加等离子体的聚变反应截面,增加聚变中子产额.本文报道了LHW对改善ICRF和等离子体耦合的重要作用,ICRF和LHW加热等离子体中电子温度随时间的演化过程,计算了放电过程中电子逃逸的阈值能量,分析了逃逸电子的产生过程,以及放电过程中的中子产额.研究结果发     

快波模式转换电子加热

利用全波方法对环形轴对称托卡马克等离子体中快波模式转换电子加热的机理进行了讨论,并针对EAST超导托卡马克上未来ICRF实验中可能的快波模式转换电子加热方案进行了模拟计算,为进一步ICRF实验方案设计优化提供了理论依据。     

Dissipative ion acoustic solitary waves in collisional,magneto‐rotating,non‐thermal electron–positron–ion plasma

The linear and non‐linear dynamics of ion acoustic waves are investigated in three‐component magnetized plasma consisting of cold inertial ions and non‐thermal electrons and positrons. The non‐thermal components are modelled by the hybrid distribution, representing the combination of two (kappa and Cairn's) non‐thermal distributions. The relevant processes, including the slow rotation of plasma along the magnetic field axis and collision between ions and neutrals, are taken into consideration. It is shown that the non‐linear dynamics of the considered system are governed by the Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation in modified form. In the general dissipation regime, the effects of the two non‐thermal distributions on the solitary waves are compared. The effects of other plasma parameters, such as collisional and rotational frequency, are also discussed in detail.     

粒子轨道损失对低杂波离子随机加热的影响

本文讨论了约束对低杂波离子随机加热效率的影响。计算发现,增大等离子体电流或使电流分布趋于中心可以改善快离子的约束,提高加热效率。 关键词：     

ICRF集体电子密度起伏的FIR激光散射

本文给出了在UCLA的Microtor装置上,用远红外(FIR)激光散射,对离子回旋共振频率范围(ICRF)的外驱动集体电子密度起伏的测量,并对这些结果进行了分析,发现实验结果直接与两种离子等离子体的快波模转换理论相符合。此外,也描述了本实验所用激光散射系统,简单地讨论了有待进一步探讨的问题。     

低能质子环束流与等离子体相互作用过程的一维混合模拟研究

运用一维混合模拟方法, 研究了垂直于等离子体磁场入射的低能质子环束流与等离子体的相互作用过程. 结果显示: 由质子环束流激发的等离子体波首先经历指数式快速增长的线性阶段, 随后出现饱和、衰减和相对稳定的非线性阶段. 在线性阶段, 质子束投掷角散射使波模共振作用迅速减弱, 波的增长很快出现饱和. 随后, 持续的投掷角散射, 使入射质子在速度空间从环状分布渐变为均匀分布, 同时初始阶段的右手共振不稳定性逐渐消失, 在最后相对稳定阶段只存在阿尔芬波. 研究发现, 背景等离子体的有效加热始于非线性阶段, 等离子体波的形成有助于将质子束动能转换为背景等离子体的热能.     

Nonlinear propagation of fast and slow magnetosonic waves in collisional plasmas

Low-frequency fast and slow magnetosonic waves propagating in electron ion plasmas with damping effects through ions and neutral atoms collisions are investigated. Linear wave analysis is performed to obtain dispersion relation. The reductive perturbation method is applied and it is shown that fast and slow modes of nonlinear magnetosonic wave are governed by damped Korteweg-de Vries (DKdV) equation in the presence of ion neutral collisions in plasmas. The analytical solution of DKdV soliton is presented under the assumption of weak collisional effects and numerical solutions of DKdV equation are also obtained using two-level finite difference scheme with the help of Runge–Kutta method at different plasma parameters. The damping of nonlinear fast and slow magnetosonic wave structures at different times are discussed in the context of space plasma situations where ions and neutral atoms collisions exist.     

Weak compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the solar corona

This Letter presents a calculation of the power spectra of weakly turbulent Alfvén waves and fast magnetosonic waves ("fast waves") in low- plasmas. It is shown that three-wave interactions transfer energy to high-frequency fast waves and, to a lesser extent, high-frequency Alfvén waves. High-frequency waves produced by MHD turbulence are a promising explanation for the anisotropic heating of minor ions in the solar corona.     

Electrostatic cnoidal waves and soliton structures in multi‐ions plasmas

Using a reductive perturbation technique (RPT), the Korteweg‐de Vries (KdV) equation for nonlinear electrostatic waves in multi‐ion plasmas is derived with appropriate boundary conditions. Furthermore, compressive and rarefactive cnoidal wave and soliton solutions are discussed. In our model, the multi‐ion plasma consists of light dynamic warm ions, heavy cold ions, and inertialess electrons, which follows the Maxwell‐Boltzmann distribution. It is observed that in such an unmagnetized multi‐ion plasma, two characteristic electrostatic waves i.e., slow ion‐acoustic (SIA) waves and fast ion‐acoustic (FIA) waves, can propagate. The results are discussed by considering two types of multi‐ion plasmas i.e., H⁺–O⁺–e plasma and H^?–O⁺–e plasma that exist in space plasmas. It is found that for H⁺–O⁺–e plasma, the SIA cnoidal wave and soliton form both positive (compressive) and negative (rarefactive) potential pulses, which depend on the temperature and density of the light and warm ions. However, only electrostatic positive potential structures are obtained for FIA cnoidal wave and soliton in H⁺–O⁺–e plasma. In the case of H^?–O⁺–e plasma, the SIA cnoidal wave and soliton form only compressive structures, while the FIA cnoidal wave and soliton compose rarefactive structures. The effects of light ions' density and temperature on nonlinear potential structures are investigated in detail. The parametric results are also demonstrated, which are applicable to space and laboratory multi‐ion plasma situations.     

Fractional Resonances between Waves and Energetic Particles in Tokamak Plasmas

From numerical simulation and analytical modeling it is shown that fast ions can resonate with plasma waves at fractional values of the particle drift-orbit transit frequency when the plasma wave amplitude is sufficiently large. The fractional resonances, which are caused by a nonlinear interaction between the particle orbit and the wave, give rise to an increased density of resonances in phase space which reduces the threshold for stochastic transport. The effects of the fractional resonances on spatial and energy transport are illustrated for an energetic particle geodesic acoustic mode but they apply equally well to other types of MHD activity.     

Two-dimensional finite-element method analysis of various antennasfor ICRF plasma heating

Two-dimensional finite-element analysis is performed for ion-cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) antennas with various cross-sectional configurations. Interest is mainly focused on the quantitative difference in the input impedance among various antennas such as the normal loop antenna, the antenna with surrounding limiter walls, and the antenna buried into the cutoff cavity. For analytical simplicity, the cold plasma approximation is used. The numerical results show how the input impedance is affected by the presence of the limiter walls or the cutoff cavity. The code described can be applied to the designs of ICRF antennas with a wide range of plasma parameters and antenna geometries     

Modulation of waves due to charge-exchange collisions in magnetized partially ionized space plasma

A nonlinear time dependent fluid simulation model is developed that describes the evolution of magnetohydrodynamic waves in the presence of collisional and charge exchange interactions of a partially ionized plasma. The partially ionized plasma consists of electrons, ions and a significant number of neutral atoms. In our model, the electrons and ions are described by a single fluid compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model and are coupled self-consistently to the neutral gas, described by the compressible hydrodynamic equations. Both the plasma and neutral fluids are treated with different energy equations that describe thermal energy exchange processes between them. Based on our self-consistent model, we find that propagating Alfvénic and fast/slow modes grow and damp alternately through a nonlinear modulation process. The modulation appears to be robust and survives strong damping by the neutral component.     

Fast and Slow Mode Solitary Waves in a Five-Component Plasma

We have investigated fast- and slow-mode solitary profiles in a five-component plasma consisting of positively and negatively charged pair ions, hydrogen ions, and hotter and colder electrons. Of these, the heavier ions and colder photoelectrons are of cometary origin while the other components are of solar origin; the electrons are described by kappa distributions. The Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation is derived, and solutions for fast- and slow-mode solitary structures are plotted for parameters relevant to comet Halley. We found that the presence of hydrogen ions determines the polarity of the fast- and slow-mode solitary structures. Also, variations of equilibrium number density of hydrogen ions and charge numbers on the heavier pair ions act differently on the fast- and slow-mode solitary structures. The addition of hydrogen ions significantly affects the amplitude of the solitary structures for the fast mode. Further, the cyclotron frequency of the lighter and heavier ions has a noticeable effect on the width of the solitary waves.     

ICRF Heating Theory

The fundamental aspects of plasma heating in the Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) are presented, with an emphasis on heating tokamak devices. Topics include wave propagation, minority heating, ion-ion hybrid mode conversion, second harmonic heating, evolution of the ion velocity distribution, and ICRF antenna design.     

Electrostatic solitons in unmagnetized hot electron-positron-ion plasmas

Linear and nonlinear electrostatic waves in unmagnetized electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasmas are studied. The electrons and positrons are assumed to be isothermal and dynamic while ions are considered to be stationary to neutralize the plasma background only. It is found that both upper (fast) and lower (slow) Langmuir waves can propagates in such a type of pair (e-p) plasma in the presence of ions. The small amplitude electrostatic Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) solitons are also obtained using reductive perturbation method. The electrostatic potential hump structures are found to exist when the temperature of the electrons is larger than the positrons, while the electrostatic potential dips are obtained in the reverse temperature conditions for electrons and positrons in e-p-i plasmas. The numerical results are also shown for illustration. The effects of different ion concentration and temperature ratios of electrons and positrons, on the formation of nonlinear electrostatic potential structures in e-p-i plasmas are also discussed.