自由活塞斯特林发动机活塞位移测量

自由活塞斯特林发动机活塞往复振动位移对研究发动机特性具有重要意义,然而该类发动机活塞位于高压封闭腔体内且结构较为紧凑,其活塞往复振动位移难于直接进行测量。加速度传感器具有尺寸小、安装方便和工作稳定等特点,提出了采用加速度传感器测量活塞位移的方法。根据加速度传感器测量位移的原理,建立了一套加速度传感器测量自由活塞斯特林发动机活塞位移的标定试验系统,以位移传感器为基准测试并分析了不同活塞振幅和不同振动频率下加速度传感器测量位移的误差大小。实验结果表明,在活塞振幅小于8 mm,振动频率大于20 Hz条件下,加速度传感器测量位移的误差小于5%。因此加速度传感器可以用于测量自由活塞斯特林发动机的活塞往复运动位移。最后成功把加速度传感器测量的自由活塞斯特林发动机活塞振动位移用于发动机循环指示功的实验研究。     

敏感材料和固态传感器的发展

木文介绍当前敏感材料和固态传感器发展的情况．新型敏感材料和新工艺的出现，使传感器不断趋向于微型化、智能化，而且性能也愈来愈好．固态传感器是当前主要发展方向．文中介绍了半导体传感器、固体陶瓷传感器、功能有机薄膜传感器、光纤传感器、表面波传感器和复合敏感材料传感器等方面的发展．在半导体传感器中着重介绍当前新兴的微机械加工技术和利用微机械加工技术及大规模集成电路技术发展出的智能传感器．     

航空发动机喷流起电机理建模与试验研究

以研究航空发动机喷流起电的机理以及喷流起电对飞行器整体带电特性的影响为目的, 对起电机理进行了建模和实验验证. 首先以流体运动方程为基础, 建立了航空发动机带电粒子浓度的动态仿真模型, 仿真得到发动机燃烧过程中的各类粒子浓度变化情况. 其次, 设计了用于发动机喷流起电探测的静电感应传感器, 对装配涡扇发动机的某型飞行器进行了地面试验测试, 得到了发动机启动、稳定运行、加速、减速、停止等状态的动态电位. 仿真及实验结果详细地描述了发动机喷流起电的机理, 以及喷流起电会使飞行器带负电的结论, 为进一步分析飞行器飞行过程中整体带电特性提供了指导. 关键词： 航空发动机 喷流起电 传感器     

敏感技术物理及应用专题系列(V) 智能传感器技术

本文对智能传感器作了简要介绍，概述了其特征和发展情况，并用实例说明了实现智能传感器的几种途径．最后对智能传感器技术发展提出了一些看法．     

光纤化学传感器

从导波光学的角度介绍了光纤化学传感器的工作原理，并分别介绍各类型化学传感器的特点及其应用．近年来，纤维光学技术迅速地深入到分析化学的许多领域，越来越引起人们的注意，出现了以光纤为传输线的探头式化学传感器．已经报道的光纤化学传感器种类很多．本文以有代表性的例子来说明它们的工作原理和优点．     

航空发动机尾气静电带电机理分析与试验研究

航空发动机工作时燃烧室内发生复杂的物理化学变化,生成大量带电粒子,导致发动机尾气静电带电;理论分析了发动机喷流尾气中带电粒子产生演化过程和带电影响因素,讨论对比了多种测试原理与传感器方案,确立了非接触式静电感应测试方案,研制了共轴喇叭状静电传感器和静电监测系统,开发了自动测试软件并对某型航空发动机进行了机载尾气静电带电试验研究,验证了测试平台的有效性,成功获得了大量喷流尾气静电信号;研究结果表明:航空发动机正常工作时喷流尾气中带电粒子总体显正极性,平均体电荷密度约为0.077 nC/m³,发动机等效充电电流为2.26 nA。     

我国首款V型12缸发动机点火成功

日前，我国第一款自主研发的V型12缸发动机——CA12GV，在中国第一汽车集团公司技术中心点火成功．这标志着我国掌握了顶级轿车发动机的开发技术．     

浅谈传感器

本文介绍了传感器的一些概念，指出了传感器技术的发展方向．     

用全属应变片组成应力传感器的教学研究

用全属应变片组成应力传感器的教学研究尹昭泰，赵立娟（吉林大学物理系，长春１３００２３）在当今的科学技术中，各类传感器的应用方兴未艾．在国外早已将传感器引３入学生实验．我国虽已把传感器的实验列入计划，但至今多未能实现，我们在这方面做了一些工作，供大家参...     

用力敏传感器测量液体表面张力系数

从力敏传感器测力的原理出发，总结了用力敏传感器测量液体表面张力系数实验的诸多优点，并阐述了这个实验的现实意义．     

基于一组Kalman滤波器信息融合的故障诊断

为了能及时准确地诊断发动机的传感器和执行机构故障,本文提出了基于一组Kalman滤波器信息融合的方法进行故障诊断。首先根据传感器特性设计了一组滤波器用于传感器故障诊断、隔离,每个滤波器针对一个传感器进行设计;其次根据执行机构故障特性设计了一组Kalman滤波器进行执行机构偏差估计,从而对执行机构进行故障诊断、隔离;接着给出了传感器、执行机构信息融合的诊断方案;最后分别给传感器、执行机构添加故障进行方案验证,仿真结果得出在传感器或者执行机构任意部件出故障的情况下,该融合方法可以有效地诊断并隔离出有故障的传感器或者执行机构。     

In-cylinder gas temperature and water concentration measurements in HCCI engines using a multiplexed-wavelength diode-laser system: Sensor development and initial demonstration

A wavelength-multiplexed, fiber-optic-based, line-of-sight, diode-laser absorption sensor is developed for crank-angle-resolved measurements of temperature and water concentration in a homogeneous-charge-compression-ignition (HCCI) engine. An initial demonstration of its use on two optical HCCI engines at Sandia National Laboratories is reported. The measurements encompassed both motored- and fired-engine operation for temperatures between 300 and 1700 K and pressures between 1 and 55 bar. A spectroscopic line selection process identifies the most appropriate water absorption linepair for thermometry under these conditions. Key solutions to suppress crank-angle-dependent noise in the transmitted laser signals are reported, including careful spectroscopic design and optical engineering to accommodate beam-steering, engine vibration and polarization-related interference. Data obtained through this sensor can provide critical engine characteristics such as combustion efficiency, peak combustion temperature, and autoignition temperature. The flexibility of the wavelength-multiplexed architecture allows the straightforward addition of other wavelengths to potentially enable the simultaneous measurement of other important engine parameters such as temperature non-uniformity, and fuel, CO, and CO₂ concentrations.     

基于线阵CCD的光学转速传感器的研究

为克服传统的转速测量方法在瞬时转速测量方面存在的不足，研究了旋转体转速在空间坐标系中的关系，利用线阵CCD技术设计了一种新型光学转速传感器，建立起一种简单的速度压缩模型，解决了旋转机械瞬态性能分析中瞬态转速测量存在的缺陷。     

专家控制技术在船舶机舱监测报警系统中的应用研究

为提高船舶自动化程度,实现无人机舱,将专家控制技术应用到机舱监测报警系统中;详细阐述了专家控制系统的结构、原理,从受控对象、专家控制器、规则库、推理机四方面介绍了建模过程;并结合结构功能、知识表示、传感数据预处理完成了智能机舱监测报警系统的建立;最后通过大连海事大学开发的DMS-2015轮机模拟器对专家控制型机舱监测报警系统进行了验证,结果表明,该系统的应用,使机舱故障报警更加精确,故障排除更加方便,大大降低了轮机员工作值班的疲劳强度,而且为船舶机舱监测报警提供了一个新思路。     

In situ sensor for cycle-resolved measurement of temperature and mole fractions in IC engine exhaust gases

We present a multi-species mole fraction and temperature sensor for in situ exhaust gas diagnostic of internal combustion (IC) engines. The sensor is based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) and incorporates four optical channels - two miniature White cells and two double-traversal cells - with base lengths of 6?cm. It has been demonstrated at a hot air test stand and in the exhaust manifold of a single-cylinder research engine, with measured temperatures of up to 1000?K. Stable operation was achieved with absorption lengths of up to 192?cm (test stand) and 97?cm (engine). Employing time-division multiplexed detection, six species were measured simultaneously in the engine exhaust, at wavelengths ranging from 1.4?µm to 5.2 µm: water vapor (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH₄), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and nitric oxide (NO). The effective measurement rate was as high as 1?kHz, and cycle-to-cycle variations were clearly detected. We show the correlation of the air-fuel equivalence ratio with the spectroscopically measured mole fraction of each species. At a cycle-resolved rate, detection limits for the legally regulated species NO and NO₂ were 1?ppm and 4?ppm, respectively. The sensor is intended to help improve the understanding of IC engine emission behavior during fast transients.     

Optical fibre temperature sensor in the cryogenic range

The realization of an optical fibre sensor applied to cryogenic temperature measurement in harsh environments is presented. The measurement principle is based on the analysis of the decay-time of the fluorescence emitted by special doped crystals, the excited state lifetimes of which are greatly dependent on temperature. The sensor is intended to work in the presence of strong perturbations encountered on the testing benches of the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen turbo-pumps of the Ariane 5 Vulcan engine developed by ‘la Societé Européenne de Propulsion (SEP)’.     

基于发动机模型的无人机燃油估计算法的设计

针对某型无人机油量传感器容易受到任务设备的无线电信号干扰或出现机械卡死,导致测量失准的问题,对发动机油耗进行建模辨识,提出一种燃油估计算法并在无人机监控软件中对此算法进行编程实现。通过飞行试验对实际油耗和估算油耗进行对比验证,结果表明此燃油估计算法可以作为飞机实际油耗的准确参考,能够作为传感器的有效备份。     

汽车发动机转速传感器瞬变脉冲敏感性研究

为了研究瞬变脉冲下汽车发动机转速传感器的电磁敏感性,根据转速传感器功能与电磁效应现象提出了其电磁敏感度门限判定依据。以霍尔式转速传感器为研究对象,搭建转速测试平台,采用瞬变脉冲注入方式,分别测试了不同注入端口和不同脉冲重复频率条件下转速传感器的敏感度。试验结果表明:在瞬变脉冲干扰下,转速传感器性能降级具有随机性,失效概率符合正态分布累积分布函数;从电源线注入时传感器敏感度门限明显低于从信号线注入的情况,失效带宽也更窄;随着脉冲重复频率的增大,传感器的敏感度逐渐降低,最终趋于稳定。     

Application of multi-channel spectral analysis to identify the source of a noise amplitude modulation in a diesel engine operating at idle

We are interested in the low frequency amplitude modulation of the noise generated by an engine operating at idle. This phenomenon, perceived inside the car, is particularly annoying. Modulated vibrations are transmitted to the frame mainly by one of the three engine mounts. The combustion is the first potential source to be inspected, but pragmatic observations on consecutive measurements show that it is not the cause of the amplitude modulation. Spectral analysis tools are applied on multi-channel measurements to identify the source of the phenomenon. A sensor is placed on each potential noise and vibration source. A virtual source analysis show that several uncorrelated sources are contributing to the operating response, particularly on frequencies for which a high amplitude modulation is observed. The computation of residual spectra obtained by means of conditioned spectral analysis proves that the diesel pump is involved in the amplitude modulation. Experiments are carried out to validate this diagnosis. Added masses appropriately placed on the injection circuit strongly attenuate the phenomenon.