注凝成型莫来石增强磷酸铬铝复相陶瓷浆料的流变性及坯体性能研究

本文研究单体用量、分散剂用量、pH值以及球磨时间对莫来石增强磷酸铬铝复相陶瓷注凝成型浆料流变性能的影响,研究了注凝成型的烧结样品的性能和显微结构.结果表明,当pH值为9,分散剂用量为固相质量分数的0.48;,球磨时间为8h,单体浓度为14wt;,可制备出国相含量为53vol;,粘度最低的莫来石增强磷酸铬铝复相陶瓷的注凝浆料.利用SEM、万能力学测试仪、显微硬度计、E5071C矢量网络分析仪等测试手段对该材料进行表征.通过制品的性能参数和显微结构的比较,注凝成型制备的莫来石增强磷酸铬铝复相陶瓷的性能均优于干压成型制备的该陶瓷材料性能.     

低压铸造升液管用Si3N4/SiC复相非致密陶瓷材料显微结构和力学性能

以低压铸造用升液管为研究目的,磨切单晶硅废料Si粉和SiC为原料,Y2O3-Al2O3-Fe2O3为复合烧结助剂,反应烧结法制备Si3N4/SiC复相陶瓷.研究了Y2O3含量对复合材料结构和力学性能的影响,采用XRD、SEM对复合材料的相组成、微观形貌进行分析.结果表明,反应烧结后试样生成Si3N4结合SiC晶粒为主相的烧结体,并含有少量Sialon晶须及未反应的Si.Y2O3含量对复相陶瓷力学性能影响很大,在分析稀土Y2O3作用机理的基础上,得到2.5wt; Y2O3优化试样的力学性能优良,相对密度达到88;,维氏硬度达到1.1 GPa,常温抗弯强度50 MPa.     

LaMgAl11O19加入对8YSZ 材料力学性能的影响

为改善 8YSZ 材料的力学性能,利用呈板片状结构的 LaMgAl11O19 来强韧化 8YSZ 陶瓷,在 1600 ℃下保温 3 h制备了LaMgAl11O19 -8YSZ 复相陶瓷,研究了 LaMgAl11O19 的添加量对 8YSZ 基复相陶瓷的致密度、显微形貌和力学性能的影响.结果表明,添加板片状 LaMgAl11O19可较明显地改善8YSZ陶瓷的力学性能.当 LaMgAl11O19 的添加量为 20 wt;时,8YSZ基复相陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为297.4 MPa和4.0 MPa·m1/2.     

超声波固液反应球磨法制备纳米氧化铜粉末

采用自行设计的超声波固液反应球磨机在蒸馏水中对铜粉进行球磨,成功地制备了纳米级氧化铜粉末,其球磨产物的化学成分、粒度和微观结构分别通过X射线衍射和透射电镜(TEM)进行表征.实验结果表明在超声波作用下的固液反应球磨铜粉可以生成平均粒径在20 nm左右的纳米氧化铜粉末.与没有施加超声波作用的水溶液球磨相比,超声波能对固液化学反应进行干预从而使得纳米氧化铜生成速度提高2倍以上,但对其粒度的影响不明显.     

B4C-TiB2复相陶瓷材料的研究进展

往B4C中添加适量TiB2形成B4C-TiB2复相陶瓷既可以保留B4C的超硬、低密度等优良性能,又可通过提高陶瓷材料的致密度来改进材料的力学性能,还可降低材料的电阻率使其满足电火花加工的要求,因此B4C-TiB2复相陶瓷是最具有潜力的一类B4C基复合材料.本文从粉体制备、烧结致密化、显微结构、力学性能、电学及加工性能等方面就B4C-TiB2复相陶瓷的最新研究进展作了系统的阐述并对其发展方向做了展望.     

LaMgAl11O19-Al2O3复相陶瓷的制备及其力学性能的研究

以板片状结构的LaMgAl11O19作为第二相来对Al2O3陶瓷进行增韧补强,采用无压烧结工艺在1650℃下保温4 h制备了LaMgAl11O19-Al2O3复相陶瓷,研究了LaMgAl11O19的添加量对LaMgAl11O19-Al2O3复相陶瓷的物相组成、体积密度和力学性能的影响,并结合复相陶瓷试样断面的SEM照片分析了其强韧化机理。研究表明,添加一定量的LaMgAl11O19后,LaMgAl11O19-Al2O3复相陶瓷材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性均有明显提高,当添加LaMgAl11O19的质量分数为10%时,LaMgAl11O19-Al2O3复相陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为321 MPa和5.03 MPa.m1/2,其中片状晶的拔出效应、裂纹偏转作用以及裂纹分支等增韧机制发挥了主导作用。     

Si3N4-TiC和Si3N4-TiN复相导电陶瓷的制备及电加工性能研究

以TiC和TiN粉为导电相,利用热压烧结制备了Si3N4-TiC和Si3N4-TiN复相导电陶瓷.比较了TiC和TiN对Si3N4陶瓷相组成、致密度、显微结构、力学性能、导电性能及电火花加工性能的影响.结果表明:高温下TiN与Si3N4具有良好稳定性,烧结后获得Si3N4-TiN复相导电陶瓷,然而高温下TiC却与Si3N4反应形成了TiC0.5N0.5和SiC,烧结后获得Si3 N4-TiC0.5N0.5-SiC复相导电陶瓷.虽然TiN和TiC的引入对Si3N4的硬度和断裂韧性的影响没有明显差别,然而TiC的引入可以更好的改善Si3N4的致密化、导电性能及电火花加工性能;与以TiN为导电相所制备的Si3N4基导电陶瓷相比,以TiC为导电相所制备的Si3N4基复相导电陶瓷电火花加工后表面的粗糙度值和材料去除率更低.     

热压烧结制备AlN/BN复相陶瓷及其性能研究

以氮化铝(AlN)粉和高活性六方氮化硼(h-BN)粉为原料,不添加烧结助剂,采用热压烧结法制备了AlN/BN(20vol;)复相陶瓷.研究了烧结温度(1750～1900℃)对复相陶瓷相对密度、物相组成、显微结构、力学性能、热导率及介电性能的影响.结果表明,在1850℃以上可以制备出相对密度大于98.6;的致密AlN/BN复相陶瓷.试样显微结构均匀,晶粒细小,晶界干净,无明显杂质相,h-BN未形成明显的卡片房式结构.随着烧结温度的提高,试样的相对密度、力学性能、热导率及介电性能(1 MHz)均显著提高.1900℃烧结的试样性能最优,相对密度99.3;,抗弯强度482±42 MPa、断裂韧性4.4±0.4 MPa·m1/2、维氏硬度8.56±0.33GPa、热导率47.2 W·m-1·K-1、介电常数7.64,介电损耗4.62×10-4.     

低温球磨制备5083超细铝合金及性能研究

本文采用低温球磨的方法制备了5083纳米晶铝合金,并用XRD、SEM和DSC等检测手段对样品粉末的微观结构、组织的变化过程和热稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:随着球磨的进行,球磨混合料中Mg相逐渐减少并逐渐固溶于Al中形成合金,粉末颗粒尺寸不断减小;球磨时间和球磨转速是影响合金结构和性能的主要因素,采用低温高速球磨能使合金纳米晶粒更加均匀,有利于Mg固溶于Al中;能谱分析和DSC分析表明,低温液氮球磨过程中形成的氧化物和氮氧化物颗粒对晶粒的钉扎一定程度的提高了5083铝合金的热稳定性。     

热压烧结制备羟基磷灰石/透辉石陶瓷复合材料

采用热压烧结方法制备了羟基磷灰石/透辉石复相陶瓷材料,分析了羟基磷灰石基体与透辉石之间的界面结合、扩展及渗透过程,测试了复合材料的断裂韧性、硬度、抗弯强度与添加剂含量的对应关系,并对复相陶瓷材料的微观结构与力学性能进行了研究.结果表明:在1320℃,28MPa条件下热压烧结制备的复相陶瓷材料,其抗弯强度、断裂韧性均有明显提高,抗弯强度达到90MPa,断裂韧性达到1.07MPa·m1/2.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

On the influence of structural features of DNA on the possibility of metabolic transfer of electrons

Abstract

A fragment of a DNA molecule is considered as one of the channels of metabolic electron transfer. The heterogeneity of the complementary chains is effectively taken into account. This made it possible to find the speed of the electron injected into the DNA conduction band and the current density that it creates. Estimates of electron mobility in nucleic acid chains are made. They were an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical semiconductors. For the specific conductivity of nucleic acid chains, estimates provide a conductivity of one to two orders of magnitude lower than in graphite.     

Effect of alumina on enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali silicate glasses

The enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses containing various concentrations of alumina was determined using an ion-exchange equilibrium method. For glasses with a constant alkali concentration, the enthalpy of mixing was found to become less negative with alumina addition. Consistent with our previous results on the enthalpy of mixing of alumina-free mixed alkali silicate glasses, the magnitude of enthalpy of mixing exhibited a good correlation with the molar volume mismatch of the corresponding two single alkali glasses as well as with the extent of conductivity mixed alkali effect, e.g. excess activation energy of conductivity, ΔE. The reduction of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing with alumina addition can be attributed to the reduction of non-bridging oxygen and ionic field strength. Combining the present results with results obtained earlier, the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing for all mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses with and without alumina was expressed by a simple function of a modified Tobolsky parameter, which takes into account the alkali concentration and the difference in cation-to-effective anion distances. The enthalpy of mixing data of the mixed alkali glasses was then compared with reported experimental data on the conductivity of mixed alkali aluminosilicate glasses. What appears to be conflicting experimental data can be understood in terms of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing and we can conclude that the mixed alkali effect is closely correlated with the negative enthalpy of mixing.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

Ni-ZrO2纳米复合电铸层的制备及纳米颗粒分布均匀性研究

研究了在复合电铸过程中,当其它工艺参数一定时,复合电铸层的沉积速率及其厚度随时间的变化趋势, 以及复合电铸层表面微观形貌随电沉积时间的变化趋势.测定了复合电铸层的组织成分,并就纳米颗粒在复合电铸层表面和横截面上分布的均匀性进行了评价.结果表明,复合电铸层表面平整,组织均匀致密,其组成主要是镍和所复合的纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在复合电铸层中.     

Evolution of the Defect Structure of Zinc-Oxide as a Consequence of Tribophysical Activation

Zinc-oxide powder was tribophysically activated in a high-energy vibro mill in a continual regime in air for 3, 30 and 300 minutes with the purpose of modifying the powders physico-chemical properties. By analyzing of data obtained by X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, the values of distances between corresponding crystallographic planes, average domain sizes of coherent scattering, i.e. crystallites, width of diffraction lines due to the existence of microstrains, and microstrain values, minimal dislocation densities, dislocation density due to microstrain and real dislocation density, and also average distances between dislocations were determined. The dependence of these values on the activation time was established, which enabled analysis of the evolution of the defect structure of zinc-oxide powders during tribophysical activation by grinding in the described regime.     

Some peculiarities of spectral proprieties of leukocytes

This article presents the results of spectral investigations of white blood human cells including absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence (using low-temperature measurements). For this research, the main optical centres were identified and local distribution of emitting and absorbing centres into white blood human cells was determined. In addition, the spectra of normal and pathological (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-CLL) cells were compared.     

立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取

在本征铁弹相变的软模理论的基础上,依据弹性本构关系和居里原理,给出了立方晶系晶体所有可能的自发应变的种类,研究了立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取问题.以Th群和Oh群为例,阐明了不同类的序参量导致晶体对称性变化相同的的原因,提出了该情况下序参量选取的“就少不就多”的原则.得到了发生本征铁弹相变时所有可能的序参量及晶体的对称性的变化.