LaMgAl11O19-Al2O3复相陶瓷的制备及其力学性能的研究

以板片状结构的LaMgAl11O19作为第二相来对Al2O3陶瓷进行增韧补强,采用无压烧结工艺在1650℃下保温4 h制备了LaMgAl11O19-Al2O3复相陶瓷,研究了LaMgAl11O19的添加量对LaMgAl11O19-Al2O3复相陶瓷的物相组成、体积密度和力学性能的影响,并结合复相陶瓷试样断面的SEM照片分析了其强韧化机理。研究表明,添加一定量的LaMgAl11O19后,LaMgAl11O19-Al2O3复相陶瓷材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性均有明显提高,当添加LaMgAl11O19的质量分数为10%时,LaMgAl11O19-Al2O3复相陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为321 MPa和5.03 MPa.m1/2,其中片状晶的拔出效应、裂纹偏转作用以及裂纹分支等增韧机制发挥了主导作用。     

ZrO2添加量对ZTA陶瓷力学性能及冲蚀磨损行为的影响

以α-Al2O3、ZrO(NO3)2.2H2O和氨水为原料,通过高温煅烧制备了ZTA复相陶瓷材料,研究了ZrO2添加量对ZTA陶瓷物相组成、表面微观形貌、力学性能以及常温固体粒子冲蚀磨损性能的影响。结果表明:随着ZrO2添加量增加,材料的力学性能逐渐提高,当ZrO2添加量为10 vol%时,ZTA复相陶瓷抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别达461MPa和5.77 MPa.m1/2,相对于纯Al2O3陶瓷提升量达21.3%和64.9%。ZTA复相陶瓷材料的体积冲蚀率随着ZrO2添加量的增加而降低,当ZrO2添加量小于4 vol%时,其体积磨损率急剧下降,随后趋于平稳;随后当ZrO2添加量为10 vol%时,其冲蚀率达最低,为0.015 mm3/g。其中,纯Al2O3陶瓷材料的冲蚀磨损机制主要为横向裂纹相互交错导致材料的剥落,添加ZrO2后,其冲蚀磨损机制以塑性变形为主。     

基于多元晶粒生长抑制效应的Al2O3-TiC复相陶瓷的制备与性能研究

基于多元晶粒生长抑制效应,利用热压烧结方法制备了细晶高致密的Al2O3-TiC复相陶瓷.研究发现,仅利用第二相TiC的晶界钉扎效应,即使其含量高达30wt;,也不能有效地抑制Al2O3基体的晶粒生长.在TiC作为第二相的基础上,引入微量MgO和Y2O3,通过TiC晶界钉扎、MgO溶质滞阻和Y2O3晶界偏析等多元晶粒生长抑制作用,Al2O3基体晶粒尺寸从5.12 μm显著减小到1.82 μm,Al2O3-TiC复相陶瓷的断裂韧性从3.99±0.18 MPa·m1/2提高到5.24±0.22 MPa·m1/2.研究结果表明:利用多元晶粒生长抑制效应的协同作用,可显著细化Al2O3基复相陶瓷的显微结构,改善其力学性能.     

添加纳米Ti(C7N3)的ZrO2基纳米陶瓷模具材料

本文针对模具对陶瓷材料的要求,从提高陶瓷模具材料的综合力学性能出发,采用纳米复合方法制备出具有较高综合力学性能的纳米陶瓷模具材料.研究了纳米Ti(C7N3)和Y2O3的组分含量对纳米陶瓷模具材料微观结构和力学性能的影响,结果表明添加纳米Ti(C7N3)和Y2O3的氧化锆纳米陶瓷模具材料的力学性能优于纯氧化锆陶瓷材料,纳米颗粒的添加改善了材料的微观结构和力学性能.当纳米Ti(C7N3)和Y2O3的添加量分别为17.15vol;和5 mol;时,材料的综合性能最好,其抗弯强度为814MPa、断裂韧性6.35 MPa· m1/2、维氏硬度11.87 GPa.     

耐高温氧化锆-刚玉-莫来石复相陶瓷的制备及其抗热震性

以煤系高岭土、α-Al2O3和部分稳定氧化锆(PSZ, 3;molY2O3)为原料,制备了耐高温氧化锆-刚玉-莫来石复相陶瓷.采用XRD、SEM等测试技术对样品的物相组成及显微结构进行了表征,研究了PSZ添加量(分别为5wt;、10wt;、15wt;、20wt;、25wt;、30wt;)对样品物理性能、高温塑性变形及抗热震性的影响.结果表明:由于采用含3;molY2O3的PSZ,Y2O3在高温下起到了烧结助剂的作用,致使样品的烧成温度显著降低;同时随着PSZ添加量的增加,样品的抗折强度增加.经最佳烧成温度烧成的各样品的抗折强度分别达到147.4 MPa、161.3 MPa、205.9 MPa、234.4 MPa、294.0 MPa、385.0 MPa.当PSZ的最佳添加量为10wt;时,样品具有较低的高温塑性变形及良好的抗热震性;当PSZ添加量继续增加,样品在高温易产生液相,抗蠕变及抗热震性降低.SEM显微结构研究表明,随着氧化锆添加量增加,样品结构越致密,增强效果越显著.XRD分析结果表明,复相陶瓷具有良好的耐高温性能,热震前后样品的物相组成不变,均为莫来石、刚玉、m-ZrO2和t-ZrO2.     

H3BO3添加对MgAl2O4-CaAl4O7-CaAl12O19复合陶瓷的相演变和力学性能的影响

用固相烧结工艺在1300～1600℃温度下制备了MgAl2O4-CaAl4O7-CaAl12O19(MA-CA2-CA6)耐高温复合陶瓷,研究了H3BO3添加对该陶瓷的主相含量、显微结构和力学性能的影响.结果 表明,H3BO3在MA-CA2-CA6复合材料中产生少量的富硼液相,加速了基体中物质互相扩散和转移,促使CA2相通过溶解沉淀机制生成了片状的CA6和硼酸钙液相,并使CA6晶粒由长板片状向短片等轴状演变,提高了材料的力学性能,有效促进了MA-CA2-CA6复合材料显微结构致密化.经1600℃下烧结的样品,当添加H3BO3含量为5wt;时,样品中CA2相含量由58.63;降为7;,而CA6相含量由31.22;增为75.2;,同时样品的显气孔率减少至9.7;,其体积密度增大到3.18 g/cm3,此时MA-CA2-CA6耐高温复合陶瓷显微结构致密,力学性能最佳.     

Sr_xLa_(1-x)MgAl_(11)O_(19-0.5x)热障涂层材料的固相合成

利用固相法在1600℃左右制备出LaMgAl11O19和Sr0.5La0.5MgAl11O18.75片体,研究SrxLa1-xMgAl11O19-0.5x的合成反应过程,掺杂元素Sr对合成过程以及材料微观结构的影响。用X射线衍射仪(XRD)及场发射扫描电镜(SEM)表征材料的相结构和微观形貌。结果表明:合成出的材料皆为单相的具有磁铁铅矿晶型的六铝酸盐,材料是由许多片状小板随机排列而成;Sr降低了该材料的最终生成温度。     

Yb2 O3含量对ZTA陶瓷相组成、微观结构及力学性能的影响

采用阿基米德排水法、三点弯曲法、单边切口梁法、扫描电子显微镜( SEM)及X射线衍射( XRD)分析手段和设备,研究了不同含量的Yb2 O3对ZTA的相组成、微观结构及力学性能影响,并对烧结后陶瓷样品的密度、力学性能、微观组织结构及相组成进行了研究。研究结果表明：在不添加Yb2 O3时,ZTA的断裂韧性、抗弯强度及硬度均为最大值,分别为7.42 MPa·m1/2、623.10 MPa、1919.60 HV。添加Yb2 O3后,ZTA陶瓷的力学性能及相组成均发生变化,t-ZrO2相变成c-ZrO2相,并且出现新的 Yb3 Al5 O12相。力学性能均有所降低,其中断裂韧性与没有添加Yb2 O3相比,减小了30.7;。     

烧结助剂及β-Si3N4添加量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷性能的影响

通过添加不同烧结助剂(Lu2O3、Y2O3和Al2O3)及β-Si3N4粉末含量,采用常压烧结工艺制备出性能优异的多孔氮化硅陶瓷.研究了烧结助剂种类及β-Si3N4添加量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷物相、微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:当Lu2O3添加量为5 wt;、β-Si3N4为3 wt;时,制备了由长柱状β-Si3N4晶粒组成、平均长径比为6.87、直径为0.6μm长度为4.4～10.4 μm的多孔氮化硅陶瓷,其抗弯强度可达330.7 MPa.β-Si3N4添加量至5 wt;时,柱状晶粒发育良好,长径比增加至7以上,气孔率高达48;,但抗弯强度下降.     

低压铸造升液管用Si3N4/SiC复相非致密陶瓷材料显微结构和力学性能

以低压铸造用升液管为研究目的,磨切单晶硅废料Si粉和SiC为原料,Y2O3-Al2O3-Fe2O3为复合烧结助剂,反应烧结法制备Si3N4/SiC复相陶瓷.研究了Y2O3含量对复合材料结构和力学性能的影响,采用XRD、SEM对复合材料的相组成、微观形貌进行分析.结果表明,反应烧结后试样生成Si3N4结合SiC晶粒为主相的烧结体,并含有少量Sialon晶须及未反应的Si.Y2O3含量对复相陶瓷力学性能影响很大,在分析稀土Y2O3作用机理的基础上,得到2.5wt; Y2O3优化试样的力学性能优良,相对密度达到88;,维氏硬度达到1.1 GPa,常温抗弯强度50 MPa.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...