Ni-Pt/γ-Al2O3催化剂用于甲基环己烷催化脱氢的研究

采用自制的比表面积为349 m²/g的纳米膜γ-Al₂O₃为载体,用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni-Pt/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,采用比表面积测定、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜等手段对所制备的催化剂进行了表征。利用微型连续管式反应器与气相色谱联用装置,考察了Ni-Pt/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对甲基环己烷(MCH)气相脱氢的催化性能。结果表明,使用20%Ni-0.5%Pt/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,在反应温度350℃,混合进样体积空速252 h^-1条件下,甲苯转化率达到96.99%,选择性接近100%。     

分级多孔γ-Al2O3空心微球微波水热法制备及其对刚果红的快速吸附

以KAl(SO₄)₂和尿素为前驱体,通过微波水热法于180 ℃反应20 min,经600 ℃焙烧2 h制得分级多孔γ-Al₂O₃空心微球.所制备的样品被用于吸附典型有机染料刚果红(CR)溶液.结果表明,制备的γ-Al₂O₃空心微球直径为0.8-1.0 μm,厚度约为200 nm.此γ-Al₂O₃空心微球具有高的比表面积(243 m²·g^-1)和分级大孔-中孔结构,此结构非常有利于液相过程中的质量传递.微波水热法制备的γ-Al₂O₃空心微球比水热法制备的γ-Al₂O₃和商用的γ-Al₂O₃样品显示出更快和更强的吸附性能.此样品的吸附数据很好地符合假二级速率方程和Langmuir吸附理论模型.从Langmuir吸附理论模型计算得到微波水热法制备的γ-Al₂O₃空心微球的最大吸附量(q_max) 25 ℃时高达515.4 mg·g^-1.由于具有分等级结构、高比表面积、大的孔容和吸附能力,微波水热法制备的γ-Al₂O₃空心微球样品有望成为一种具有很好应用潜力的环境吸附剂.     

六棱柱状多晶γ-Al2O3的制备、表征及其形成机制研究

以AlCl₃·6H₂O为前驱物,在氨水介质中用水热法制备了具有新颖形貌特征的六棱柱状多晶γ-Al₂O₃颗粒。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)及N₂物理吸脱附等方法对所制备的γ-Al₂O₃颗粒进行了表征,并对其形貌形成机制进行了分析。结果表明,铝前驱物在氨水介质中通过水热处理后,经焙烧可以形成形貌规整的六棱柱状γ-Al₂O₃颗粒,其边长与长度分别约为0.3 μm和2.5 μm。TEM图片显示,六棱柱颗粒是由尺寸在10 nm左右的粒子聚集而成,因而具有多晶γ相特征。所制备的γ-Al₂O₃材料具有发达的孔隙结构,比表面积为274 cm²/g,孔容为0.51 cm³/g,孔径集中分布在5.5 nm周围。研究发现,γ-Al₂O₃六棱柱形貌的形成机制与AlOOH二次粒子在NH₄⁺正电荷作用下发生的最稳态排列形式具有密切的关联。     

新型大孔结构重油加氢催化剂的制备、表征与评价

将聚苯乙烯（PS）颗粒模板加入到铝溶胶中,经干燥、煅烧除去PS模板制备了大孔氧化铝载体;采用低温N₂吸附 脱附和SEM对合成Al₂O₃的孔结构进行了表征;将Co-Mo活性组分担载在大孔氧化铝载体上制得重油加氢催化剂,并以大港焦化蜡油为原料在固定床高压微反装置上对合成的催化剂进行活性评价。实验表明,加入PS模板后,Al2O3的比表面积增加了41.5m²/g,孔体积增加了0.35cm³/g;加氢脱硫活性提高了12%,脱氮活性提高了22%。     

高比表面积Cr2O3-α-AlF3催化剂的制备和应用

采用炭硬模板法制备了高比表面积Cr₂O₃-α-AIF₃催化剂.该催化剂的合成过程主要包括三步:（1）将一定浓度的蔗糖溶液浸渍到Cr₂O₃-γ-Al₂O₃中,然后经过热处理,使得蔗糖分解为炭;（2）将含炭的Cr₂O₃-γ-Al₂O₃固体在400℃用HF气体进行完全氟化;（3）在高温下利用燃烧法除去炭硬模板.对所制备的催化剂进行了X射线衍射（XRD）,氮气吸脱附曲线,氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）,透射电镜（TEM）,扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线能量散射（EDX）技术表征.结果表明,氟化过程对Cr₂O₃-α-AIF₃催化剂比表面积有重要影响,在最佳实验条件下,能够得到比表面积为115 m²·g^-1的催化剂.此催化剂对催化裂解二氟乙烷（HFC-152a）制备氟乙烯（VF）的催化活性明显高于直接氟化制备的Cr₂O₃-α-AIF₃催化剂,这是因为高比表面积的Cr₂O₃-α-AIF₃催化剂具有较大的酸量.     

ZrO2修饰Al2O3纳米片负载钴催化剂的制备及其费托反应性能研究

通过水热法合成了Al₂O₃纳米片（Al₂O₃-CN）,采用浸渍法制备20%（质量分数）钴基催化剂,并应用于费托合成反应。制备的Al₂O₃-CN（226 m²/g）与商业氧化铝（Al₂O₃-C,249 m²/g）具有相近的比表面积,但Al₂O₃-CN孔尺寸分布更加集中。浸渍钴后,与Co/Al₂O₃-C催化剂相比,Co/Al₂O₃-CN催化剂表现出较高的还原度及更均匀的钴颗粒粒径分布。因此,Co/Al₂O₃-CN催化剂表现出更高的CO转化率和低的甲烷选择性。为了进一步提高Co/Al₂O₃-CN的催化性能,采用不同含量ZrO₂对Al₂O₃-CN进行修饰。表征结果表明,随着ZrO₂修饰量的增加,Al₂O₃-CN载体比表面积变化不明显,孔体积和孔径增大;相对应催化剂的钴颗粒粒径减小,活性位点数目增加。在相同反应条件下,经ZrO₂修饰催化剂CO转化率进一步提高,甲烷选择性降低。     

原位共沉淀法制备Ni-Mg-Al-LDHs/γ-Al2O3催化前驱体在甲烷二氧化碳重整反应体系中的性能评价

通过原位共沉淀的方法在γ-Al₂O₃表面上合成了Ni-Mg-Al-LDHs (水滑石), 合成的Ni-Mg-Al-LDHs/γ-Al₂O₃作为催化前驱体经过不同的热处理还原方式得到催化剂Cat-1、Cat-2和Cat-3. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、N₂吸附-脱附测试(BET)以及热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)对催化剂的形貌结构和抗积碳能力进行了表征测试; 通过甲烷二氧化碳重整反应体系对催化剂的反应活性和稳定性进行了评价. 结果表明催化剂前驱体的预处理方式对催化剂的反应性能具有较大的影响. Ni-Mg-Al-LDHs/γ-Al₂O₃ 直接经过H2/Ar 常压高频冷等离子体炬的分解还原所获得的催化剂Cat-3 表现出了最佳的催化活性和稳定性. TEM表征表明催化活性组分在Cat-3上的分散性更好, 颗粒粒径更小. BET结果证明Cat-3具备较大的比表面积(195.8 m²·g^-1). Ni-Mg-Al 水滑石的结构赋予了催化剂活性组分在载体γ-Al₂O₃上均匀的分散性, 同时常压高频冷等离体炬对催化剂的表面结构以及活性组分的还原具有进一步的优化作用, 两者的协同作用使Ni-Mg-Al-LDHs/γ-Al₂O₃在甲烷二氧化碳反应体系中具备优良的催化活性和抗积碳性能.     

湿化学法制备纳米氧化镱的研究

采用通常的溶液沉淀、微乳液及均匀沉淀等溶液方法制备纳米氧化镱.TEM观测显示,采用H₂O₂的溶液沉淀法和采用CTAB的均匀沉淀法,都可得到有较好分散、尺度约为10 nm的球形粒子;XRD分析表明,经650℃焙烧后的氧化镱均为立方结构,采用H₂O₂的溶液沉淀法所得氧化镱的晶粒尺寸为9.4 nm,采用CTAB的均匀沉淀法所得氧化镱的晶粒尺寸为6.9 nm;基于低温N₂吸附表征结果发现,微乳液法制得的Yb₂O₃的比表面积较低,采用H₂O₂的溶液沉淀法可以制得比表面积为47.7m²/g、等效粒径为13.6 nm的Yb₂O₃,采用CTAB的均匀沉淀法所得氧化镱比表面积为63.2m²/g,等效粒径为10.3 nm.表面活性剂与水合氧化镱沉淀物间的相互作用,可能对所得氧化镱的热稳定性有重要影响.     

γ-Fe2O3纳米纤维的丙酮敏感特性

采用静电纺丝法制备了PVP/FeC₆H₅O₇复合纳米纤维, 并将复合纤维在500 ℃高温烧结3 h, X射线衍射分析(XRD)表明, 烧结后的产物为正尖晶石结构的γ-Fe₂O₃晶体. 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测结果表明, 制得了直径均匀、 连续的复合纳米纤维, 其平均直径约为1000 nm; 烧结后的γ-Fe₂O₃纳米纤维保持了其连续性, 但纤维发生了收缩, 直径较烧结前小, 平均约为600 nm. 比表面积分析表明, γ-Fe₂O₃纳米纤维比表面积为57.18 m²/g. 气敏性能测试结果表明, 230 ℃为γ-Fe₂O₃纳米纤维检测丙酮气体的最佳工作温度. 在此温度下, γ-Fe₂O₃纳米纤维对丙酮气体表现出高响应度[S=6.9, c(Acetone)=7.88×10⁴ mg/m³]和线性度(7.88×10²~1.58×10⁵ mg/m³浓度范围内). 同时, γ-Fe₂O₃纳米纤维气体传感器件还表现出良好的长期稳定性.     

混合丁烯齐聚Fe(2/3)xNi1-xSO4-P2O5/γ-Al2O3催化剂制备及性能研究

浸渍法制备了用于混合丁烯齐聚反应的负载型Fe_(2/3)xNi_1-xSO₄-P₂O₅/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,在高压微型固定床反应器上考察了催化剂制备参数和反应条件对混合丁烯齐聚反应转化率和目的产物选择性的影响。结果表明,在3.0 MPa、100 ℃、空速为2 h^-1的反应条件下,Fe/Ni原子比为2,Fe担载量为0.7 mmol/g(γ-Al₂O₃)时,用共浸渍法制备的催化剂对混合丁烯齐聚转化率和二聚物选择性分别高达50.7%和52.2%。此外,SO₄^2-同γ-Al₂O₃相互作用对混合丁烯齐聚反应的有效活性中心有重要影响。     

Biomolecule-Assisted Synthesis of Hierarchical Multilayered Boehmite and Alumina Nanosheets for Enhanced Molybdenum Adsorption

The effective utilization of various biomolecules for creating a series of mesoporous boehmite (γ-AlOOH) and gamma-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) nanosheets with unique hierarchical multilayered structures is demonstrated. The nature and concentration of the biomolecules strongly influence the degree of the crystallinity, the morphology, and the textural properties of the resulting γ-AlOOH and γ-Al₂O₃ nanosheets, allowing for easy tuning. The hierarchical γ-AlOOH and γ-Al₂O₃ multilayered nanosheets synthesized by using biomolecules exhibit enhanced crystallinity, improved particle separation, and well-defined multilayered structures compared to those obtained without biomolecules. More impressively, these γ-AlOOH and γ-Al₂O₃ nanosheets possess high surface areas up to 425 and 371 m² g⁻¹, respectively, due to their mesoporous nature and hierarchical multilayered structure. When employed for molybdenum adsorption toward medical radioisotope production, the hierarchical γ-Al₂O₃ multilayered nanosheets exhibit Mo adsorption capacities of 33.1–40.8 mg g⁻¹. The Mo adsorption performance of these materials is influenced by the synergistic combination of the crystallinity, the surface area, and the pore volume. It is expected that the proposed biomolecule-assisted strategy may be expanded for the creation of other 3D mesoporous oxides in the future.     

Study of CuCl2 Supported on SiO2 and Al2O3

The nature and stability of surface species of CuCl₂ supported on α-Al₂O₃, γ-Al₂O₃, and SiO₂ were investigated by using X-ray diffraction techniques and reflectance spectroscopy. No specific chemical interaction of CuCl₂ is observed on an inert α-Al₂O₃ support, as opposed to hydrated carriers as SiO₂ and γ-Al₂O₃. On these supports the coordination sphere of Cu²⁺ consists of surface groups (OH^? or O^? at drying and activation, resp.), H₂O and Cl^?, with the H₂O ligands decreasing in concentration in the process of impregnation, drying and calcination. γ-Al₂O₃ samples, calcined at 400°C, show γ-Cu₂(OH)₃Cl as opposed to CuAl₂O₄ at higher temperatures. The absence of Cu₂(OH)₃Cl on SiO₂-supported samples is related to the acid-base characteristics of the carriers. The various supports can be arranged in the following order of stability of the complexes formed: γ-Al₂O₃ > SiO₂ ? -Al₂O₃.     

A theoretical and experimental XAS study of monolayer dispersive supported CuO/γ-Al2O3 catalysts

The local structures of supported CuO/γ-Al₂O₃ monolayer dispersive catalysts with different CuO loadings have been investigated by EXAFS and multiple scattering XANES simulations. The EXAFS results show that the first nearest neighbors around the Cu atoms in the CuO/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts are similar to that of the polycrystalline CuO powder, which is independent of the CuO loadings. Moreover, the Cu K-XANES FEFF8 calculations for CuO reveal that the monolayer-dispersed CuO species are of small distorted (CuO₄)_mⁿ⁺ clusters, which is mainly composed of a distorted CuO₆ octahedron incorporated in the surface octahedral vacant sites of the γ-Al₂O₃ support. We consider that the CuO species for the CuO/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts with loadings of 0.4 and 0.8 mmol/100 m² are distorted (CuO₄)_mⁿ⁺ clusters composed mainly of a distorted CuO₆ octahedron incorporated in the surface octahedral vacant sites of the γ-Al₂O₃ support after calcinations at high temperature in air for a few hours. On the contrary, for the CuO/γ-Al₂O₃ with loading of 1.2 mmol/100 m², the local structure of Cu atoms in CuO/γ-Al₂O₃ is similar to that of polycrystalline CuO powder.     

Highly effective water adsorbents based on aluminum oxide

A method of preparation of a stable, high performance water adsorbent with the phase composition η-Al₂O₃ + γ-Al₂O₃ + χ-Al₂O₃ from thermally activated hydrargillite has been developed. The synthesis procedure does not involve a reprecipitation stage. The resulting adsorbent has a high specific surface area (400 m²/g) and a mean pore diameter of 3.5 nm or below. The static capacity of the adsorbent reaches 24.2 g H₂O per 100 g of sorbent, and its dynamic capacity is 8.2 g H₂O per 100 g of sorbent. Service life tests showed the stability of the adsorbent in multiple sorption-desorption cycles. The minimum dew point in drying is ?58.8°C.     

The state of dispersed niobia species on γ-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> and their catalytic performance for condensation of isobutylene and isobutyraldehyde

Catalysts of Nb₂O₅/γ-Al₂O₃ were prepared by aqueous solution impregnation. The state of niobia species on surface of γ-Al₂O₃ is characterized by using the technology of X-ray power diffraction (XRD) and analyzed using the “incorporation model”. The acidity and the nature of acid sites of the catalysts were evaluated by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. The catalytic activity of Nb₂O₅/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts was evaluated by a condensation reaction from isobutene and isobutyraldehyde to 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene. The results of XRD indicate that the dispersion capacity of niobia on γ-Al₂O₃ is about 0.76 mmol Nb per 100m² γ-Al₂O₃, which is almost identical to the theoretical value (0.75 mmol Nb per 100m² γ-Al₂O₃) calculated by the “incorporation model”. The results of Py-IR and catalytic activity evaluation indicate that the acidity feature is related to the state of dispersed niobia species as well as the loading of niobia onto the surface of γ-Al₂O₃ support.     

A New Method for Producing a Nanosized γ-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Powder

A new method for producing a nanosized γ-Al₂O₃ powder was proposed, by which a saturated solution of aluminum oxychloride and sucrose was subjected to sequential heat treatment to 350°C to form a transient species and then to 800°C to form a nanosized γ-Al₂O₃ powder. The optimal treatment parameters were determined. Stages of the process were identified. The transient species and the nanosized γ-Al₂O₃ powder were studied.     

Determination of the maximum monolayer dispersion and dispersed state for WO3 on γ-Al2O3

The maximum monolayer dispersion (the threshold) for WO₃ on γ-Al₂O₃ calcined at 500°, 550°, 600°, and 640°C has been determined quantitatively by XRD (amount of crystalline phase) and XPS (intensity ratios I_w4f/I_Al2). The results show that if the amount of WO₃ loaded is lower than the maximum monolayer dispersion, WO₃ will react with γ-Al₂O₃ to form surface compound due to mutual ionic interaction, and will be dispersed on γ-Al₂O₃ surface as monolayer then. In case the amount is higher than this value, the residual crystalline WO₃ will remain. The maximum monolayer dispersion (threshold) is 0.21 g and 0.20 g WO₃/100 m² γ-Al₃O₃ by XRD and XPS respectively. It agrees with the value (0.189 g WO₃/100 m² or 4.90 × 10^?18 W atoms/m²) calculated from the model on assumption that the WO₃ is dispersed as a closed-packed monolayer on γ-Al₂O₃ surface. Inasmuch as WO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ system is stable up to higher temperature, e.g. 700°C, than MoO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ system, WO₃ seems unfavorable to form new bulk compound with γ-Al₂O₃ at that temperature. However, Al₂(MoO₄)₃ forms perceptibly in MoO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ system at 500°C. Besides, the size of residual crystalline WO₃ in WO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ is much smaller than that of MoO₃ in MoO₃/γ-Al₂O₃. It might be the reason that WO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst is superior to MoO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) or hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) in some cases.     

Influence of aluminium precursor on physico-chemical properties of aluminium hydroxides and oxides Part II. Al(ClO4)3·9H2O

Aluminium hydroxide was precipitated during a hydrolysis of aluminium perchlorate in ammonia medium. The materials were studied with the following methods: thermal analysis, IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and adsorption–desorption of benzene vapours. Freshly precipitated boehmite had a high value of S_BET=211 m² g^–1 determined from nitrogen adsorption, good sorption capacity for benzene vapours, developed mesoporous structure and hydrophobic character. After prolonged refluxing at elevated temperature its crystallinity increased which was accompanied by an increase of specific surface determined from nitrogen adsorption up to 262m²g^–1 , decrease of sorption capacity for benzene vapours and stronger hydrophobic character. The calcinations of all boehmites at temperature up to 1200°C resulted in formation of à-Al₂O₃ via transition form of γ-, δ- and θ-Al₂O₃. The samples of aluminium oxides obtained after calcination at 550 and 900°C were characterised with high values of specific surface area of 205–220 and 138–153 m² g^–1 , respectively. The SBET values calculated for the oxide samples derived from aged hydroxides and calcined at 1200°C are higher than for the analogous sample prepared without the ageing step. It was concluded that the process of ageing at elevated temperature developed thermal stability of aluminium oxides.     

Synthesis and textural evolution of alumina particles with mesoporous structures

Alumina particles with mesostructures were synthesized through a chemical precipitation method by using different inorganic aluminum salts followed by a heterogeneous azeotropic distillation and calcination process. The obtained mesoporous γ-alumina particles were systematically characterized by the X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement. Effects of the aluminum salt counter anion, pH value and the azeotropic distillation process on the structural or textural evolution of alumina particles were investigated. It is found that Cl⁻ in the reaction solution can restrain the textural evolution of the resultant precipitates into two-dimensional crystallized pseudoboehmite lamellae during the heterogeneous azeotropic distillation, and then transformed into γ-Al₂O₃ particles with mesostructures after further calcination at 1173 K, whereas coexisting SO₄²⁻ can promote above morphology evolution and then transformed into γ-Al₂O₃ nanofibers after calcination at 1173 K. Moreover nearly all materials retain relatively high specific surface areas larger than 100 m² g⁻¹ even after calcinations at 1173 K.     

Synthesis of high surface area transitional alumina from Al(OPh)<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Al(OPh)₃ involving sterically hindered phenyl groups on ultrasonic assisted micro hydrolysis yielded a mixture of boehmite and bayerite as deduced from the FTIR and powder X-ray diffraction pattern. In the thermogravimetric trace, the complete removal of decomposable moieties of the hydrolyzed gel occurred around 530 °C. Calcining the gel at temperatures 600, 700, 800 and 900 °C showed crystalline tetragonal δ-Al₂O₃ to be the product at 900 °C as deduced from FTIR, ²⁷Al NMR and PXRD techniques. δ-Al₂O₃ showed a surface area of 135 m²/g with rectangular bar like morphology with the sizes below 50 nm in the TEM images.