Removal of stripe noise with spatially adaptive unidirectional total variation

Multi-detectors imaging system often suffers from the problem of the stripe noise, which greatly degrades the quality of the resulting images. To better remove stripe noise and preserve the edge and texture information, a robust destriping algorithm with spatially adaptive unidirectional total variation (SAUTV) model is introduced. The spatial information of the striping noise is detected by using the stripe indicator called difference eigenvalue, and a weighted parameter determined by the difference eigenvalue information is added to constrain the regularization strength of the UTV regularization. The proposed algorithm can effectively remove the stripe noise and preserve the edge and detailed information. Moreover, it becomes more robust with the change of the regularization parameter. Split Bregman method is utilized to efficiently solve the resulting minimization problem. Comparative results on simulated and real striped images taken with two kinds of imaging systems are reported.     

基于冠层辐射传输模型的地表反射率光谱重建方法

针对基于多光谱数据有限光谱信息重建地表反射率光谱的病态求解难题,提出一种基于冠层辐射传输物理机理并充分考虑像元异质性的地表反射率光谱重建方法,该方法假设混合像元由植被和土壤两种地物类型组成,利用冠层辐射传输模型构造端元光谱查找表,进而通过组分比例因子估算实现基于多光谱图像的高光谱地表反射率模拟。以Landsat ETM+多光谱图像为例的地表反射率超光谱重建验证实验结果表明,模拟的反射率光谱能够较好的反映不同地物特征信息。进一步地,利用模拟的地表反射率拟合Landsat ETM+图像和MODIS图像,各波段模拟图像与实际观测图像之间具有较高的相关系数(Landsat: 0.90~0.99, MODIS: 0.74~0.85),进一步验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于敦煌场地定标的FY-3 MERSI反射太阳波段在轨响应变化分析

鉴于中分辨率光谱成像仪不能实现反射太阳波段的星上绝对辐射定标,提出了基于地表方向模型、矢量辐射传输模型6SV并联合MODTRAN吸收透过率校正的敦煌场替代定标新方法,4年的同步定标结果表明,除了水汽吸收中心波段之外,定标不确定度小于5%,而多数波段优于3%。以Aqua MODIS为辐射基准的大气顶辐射计算试验表明,正演与卫星观测间的平均偏差在波长<1 μm的窗区波段小于3%,波长>1 μm的小于5%(除了2.1 μm波段);此外,经场地定标的MERSI 表观反射率与MODIS具有很好的一致性。基于多年的场地定标结果发现：可采用二次多项式拟合定标系数的时间变化,进而实现逐天的定标更新;波长<0.6 μm的波段衰变较大,波段8(0.41 μm)入轨第一年的衰变率约为14%;在轨初期衰变最大,一年后趋缓,两年后部分波长>0.6 μm的波段出现响应增加现象。     

液体透镜的透射波前特性研究

液体透镜是一种新型光学元件,通过改变表面曲率而调整光焦度。液体透镜的透射波前质量会影响成像质量,将液体透镜应用于精密光学系统需要探明其透射波前变化特性。通过理论和仿真分析液体透镜通光孔径内不同高度入射光线的光程差随曲率半径的变化,以及光程差对光焦度的敏感性,以此研究光瞳空间内光程差微变的一致性。分别测量液体透镜在零、正、负光焦度下的透射波前,通过分析实验数据验证液体透镜的光程差微变的一致性。实验结果表明:光程差微变的空间最大差异约为0.22λ～0.36λ,空间分布离散程度约为0.01λ～0.02λ,得出液体透镜随电流微变产生的光程差微变一致性较好,为液体透镜在精密光学系统中的应用和像差补偿提供了技术支撑。     

MODIS温度变化率与AMSR-E土壤水分的关系的提出与降尺度算法推广

土壤水分参数是陆面过程与水循环的重要影响因素。不同的遥感平台可提供不同时间和空间尺度的土壤水分,它们分别具有各自的优势与不足。利用被动微波辐射计AMSR-E土壤水分和MODIS地表温度、植被指数产品,作者探讨了地表温度变化率和土壤水分的关系,并借鉴地表温度T_s和归一化植被指数NDVI的特征空间理论,构造了温度变化率和土壤水分的三角形特征空间。随着地表温度变化率的增加,土壤水分的分布范围缩小,同时土壤水分的数值降低。作者由此提出了变温植被指数（TVVI）,并指出该指数与土壤水分呈稳定的幂指数函数关系,建立了土壤水分与温度变化率的经验定量模型。之后作者通过上述函数关系和高分辨率MODIS数据,实现了AMSR-E土壤水分数据的降尺度处理。与地面实测数据的比较表明,该降尺度方法的准确性较高。     

太湖藻华水体的遥感监测与预警

受水体富营养化的影响,藻华暴发已成为目前我国湖泊和水库面临的主要环境问题之一.针对藻华水体的动态监测,特别是提前预警技术的研究对于内陆水体的污染防控具有重要意义.该文结合高光谱实验数据,综合运用指数法和遥感影像假彩色合成法.建立了基于MODIS数据的太湖藻华水体遥感信息提取模型,并在此基础上,对2007年3～5月间太湖藻华形成过程进行了遥感实时动态监测研究.通过埘春夏季节蓝藻水华的空间分布特征和藻华不同形成阶段的特征分析,提出了太湖藻华水体预警的技术方法,即当MODIS水体绿度指数GI集中分布于0.6～0.8区间时,可认为太湖水域已进入蓝藻水华大规模暴发前的预警阶段.     

植被结构特征对MODIS光谱干旱指数的影响

基于MODIS光谱反射信息的干旱指数在农业生产实践中有广泛的应用。利用PROSAIL模型和山东2010年的观测数据,研究了植被叶面积指数和生理生长周期等结构特征对MODIS光谱干旱指数的影响。结果表明,MODIS近红外与短波红外三个波段的反射率随植被叶片含水量变化明显,由他们构建的五种MODIS光谱干旱指数能够监测植被叶片水分含量。然而,各干旱指数均受叶面积指数(LAI)的影响,在LAI较低时影响较为严重,随着LAI的增大,这一影响逐渐减弱;植被生理生长周期也会影响干旱指数的大小。因此,在使用MODIS光谱干旱指数进行区域干旱监测时,必须考虑植被结构特征,谨慎分析监测结果。研究结论将为干旱遥感监测提供理论基础。     

基于无人机高光谱遥感的冬小麦全氮含量反演

氮素是作物生长发育必需的营养元素之一,作物的全氮含量是表征其氮素状况的主要指标。田块尺度的冬小麦全氮含量空间分布监测可以辅助其精准定量追肥,减少环境污染。无人机高光谱遥感具有分辨率高、时效性高、成本低等优势,可为作物长势信息反演提供重要数据源。XGBoost（extreme gradient boosting）作为一种新兴集成学习算法,运行效率高,泛化能力强,可以有效的应用于构建冬小麦全氮含量遥感反演模型,预测田块尺度冬小麦全氮含量空间分布。以农业部蒙城砂姜黑土生态环境站内拔节期冬小麦为研究对象,开展以下工作: （1）以低空无人机搭载高光谱成像仪获取冬小麦拔节期冠层成像光谱影像,结合地面采样数据,获取126个样点全氮含量数据;（2）分析拔节期冬小麦冠层光谱特征,并根据Person相关系数分析176个波段的光谱反射率与全氮含量之间的相关性;（3）构建基于XGBoost算法的不同土壤肥力条件下拔节期冬小麦全氮含量无人机高光谱反演模型。结果表明: （1）176个波段（400~1 000 nm）的光谱反射率与冬小麦全氮含量之间具有较强的相关性,除了735.5 nm外其他波段光谱反射率与全氮含量之间的相关系数均大于0.5;（2）基于XGBoost算法构建的拔节期冬小麦全氮含量无人机高光谱遥感反演模型具有较高的反演精度（R2=0.76,RMSE=2.68）;（3）基于XGBoost算法的冬小麦全氮含量反演模型可以获取不同土壤肥力条件下田块尺度的全氮含量空间分布图,总体上呈现较为显著的空间差异。该研究可为冬小麦精准定量追肥提供一定的科学依据,也为发展无人机高光谱遥感的精准农业应用提供了参考。     

Evaluation of sun glint models using MODIS measurements

To understand the performance of various sun glint models, we have carried out comparison studies with measurements from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for several popular sun glitter models, including the Cox-Munk models, Ebuchi-Kizu models, Breon-Henriot models, etc., over the open oceans using MODIS data at the near-infrared (NIR) (859 nm) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands (1240 and 2130 nm). Sun glint models with and without a wind direction dependence were evaluated. To obtain the MODIS-measured glint reflectance from the total reflectance at the top of the atmosphere, we performed atmospheric corrections to remove the effects of atmospheric absorption as well as radiance contributions from molecules (Rayleigh scattering) and aerosols. We have selected 12 MODIS sun glint scenes over various open ocean regions for this study. Our results indicate that overall, the Cox-Munk [1] model with the wind direction dependence has the best performance in terms of correlation coefficients with the MODIS measurements. The Breon-Henriot [8] model performed similarly as from the Cox-Munk model as two models are in fact very close. Findings from these evaluations can improve our ability to accurately remove the sun glint contamination in MODIS imagery and produce robust satellite ocean color and atmosphere products.     

基于改进暗目标法山区HJ CCD影像气溶胶光学厚度反演

国产HJ CCD影像在环境与灾害监测预报方面具有巨大的应用潜力,但其缺少中红外波段无法直接应用传统暗目标法反演气溶胶光学厚度,尤其山区受地形影响,气溶胶时空分布变化显著,影响了HJ CCD影像的大气校正精度。基于山区森林植被分布广的特点引入红波段直方图阈值法自动提取山区浓密植被暗像元,构建红蓝波段地表反射率间的线性关系,利用6S辐射传输模型建立查找表反演暗像元的气溶胶光学厚度,并通过空间插值推演到整幅影像。HJ CCD影像反演结果与MODIS气溶胶产品的空间分布趋势一致性非常好,且前者具有更高的空间分辨率特性,更适合山区气溶胶的遥感监测。二者的散点图拟合曲线为y=0.828 6x-0.001,R2达到0.984 3,表明改进暗目标法能有效地反演山区HJ CCD影像气溶胶光学厚度。工作中对传统暗目标法的改进有效地解决了HJ CCD影像只有可见光、近红外波段,在求解辐射传输方程时信息不足的问题,同时,改进方法中充分考虑了山区复杂地形环境的影响,为山区HJ CCD影像进行逐点大气校正奠定了基础,并为其自动化处理提供了可能。分析还显示,红波段直方图阈值法提取浓密森林暗像元比NDVI阈值法具有明显的优势;查找表建立和暗像元红、蓝波段地表反射率关系都会显著的影响气溶胶光学厚度的反演精度,是进一步改善算法、提高反演精度的重要研究方向。     

The weighted curvature approximation in scattering from sea surfaces

A family of unified models in scattering from rough surfaces is based on local corrections of the tangent plane approximation through higher-order derivatives of the surface. We revisit these methods in a common framework when the correction is limited to the curvature, that is essentially the second-order derivative. The resulting expression is formally identical to the weighted curvature approximation, with several admissible kernels, however. For sea surfaces under the Gaussian assumption, we show that the weighted curvature approximation reduces to a universal and simple expression for the off-specular normalized radar cross-section (NRCS), regardless of the chosen kernel. The formula involves merely the sum of the NRCS in the classical Kirchhoff approximation and the NRCS in the small perturbation method, except that the Bragg kernel in the latter has to be replaced by the difference of a Bragg and a Kirchhoff kernel. This result is consistently compared with the resonant curvature approximation. Some numerical comparisons with the method of moments and other classical approximate methods are performed at various bands and sea states. For the copolarized components, the weighted curvature approximation is found numerically very close to the cut-off invariant two-scale model, while bringing substantial improvement to both the Kirchhoff and small-slope approximation. However, the model is unable to predict cross-polarization in the plane of incidence. The simplicity of the formulation opens new perspectives in sea state inversion from remote sensing data.     

基于光谱匹配的内陆水体反演算法

提出了一种新的基于光谱匹配的内陆水体反演算法。该方法首先使用已知的水面实测光谱和水体组分(叶绿素,悬浮物,黄色物质)的吸收系数,计算得到悬浮物的后向散射系数。第二步是通过水体组分浓度的交叉组合,利用生物光学模型计算光谱反射率,建立包含所有水体组分组合情况的查找表(LUT:look-up table),查找表中每条光谱都对应已知的三种水体组分的浓度。第三步利用MODIS的通道响应函数,把查找表光谱数据变换成MODIS波段反射率。检验查找表的适用性,使用验证数据基于最小距离的匹配原则进行查找,最后得到与之对应的三种水质参数。利用春秋两个季节的数据进行以上的研究,其中秋季建立的查找表代表性较好,其中叶绿素的平均相对误差为38.6%,悬浮物的平均相对误差为28%。本方法既结合了生物光学模型物理意义明确的优点,又回避了单位光学量随时空变化的缺点,是一种可行的方法。     

Modelling Spatial Variations of the Speed of Light

We extend a new method to measure possible variation of the speed of light by using Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and the Hubble function onto an inhomogeneous pressure model of the universe. The method relies on the fact that there is a simple relation between the angular diameter distance maximum and the Hubble function (H) evaluated at the same maximum‐condition redshift, which includes the speed of light c. One limit of such a method was the assumption of the vanishing of spatial curvature (though, as it has been shown, a non‐zero curvature has negligible effect). In this paper, apart from taking into account an inhomogeneity, we consider non‐zero spatial curvature and calculate an exact relation between and H. Our main result is the evaluation if current or future missions such as Square Kilometer Array (SKA) can be sensitive enough to detect any spatial variation of c which can in principle be related to the recently observed spatial variation of the fine structure constant (an effect known as α‐dipole).     

Quantum ratchets with few bands below the barrier

We investigate directed motion in nonadiabatically rocked ratchet systems sustaining few bands below the barrier. Upon restricting the dynamics to the lowest M bands, the total system-plus-bath Hamiltonian is mapped onto a discrete tight-binding model containing all the information both on the intrawell and interwell tunneling motion. A closed form for the current in the incoherent tunneling regime is obtained. In effective single-band ratchets, no current rectification occurs. We apply our theory to describe rectification effects in vortex quantum ratchets devices. Current reversals upon variation of the ac-field amplitude or frequency are predicted.     

Amphiphilic Carbon Dots with Excitation-Independent Double-Emissions

Developing total carbon-based multicolor emissive carbon dots (Cdots), especially amphiphilic Cdots (A-Cdots) with several luminescent bands and limited emissive sites, is still a challenge. Herein, A-Cdots with bright excitation-independent blue/yellow photoluminescence (PL) bands from two types of fluorophores are synthesized by the solvothermal treatment of citric acid and dodecylamine in cyclohexane (c-hexane) solution. Due to the hydrogen-bonding interaction of carboxylic groups linked with A-Cdots and the hydrophobic effects of long-chain alkyl groups, assemblies of A-Cdots with reversed micelle-like structure formed in c-hexane solution lead to remarkable yellow-PL (y-PL) with quantum yield of 33.1%. Time-resolved fluorescence and the distinct solvation effects of A-Cdots conclude that the blue-PL and y-PL are from the radiative recombination of emissive sites of amide and carboxylic groups. For the solvent-dependent optical properties and the amplification effect of dual-color PL, the A-Cdots exhibit good potential in the very sensitive detection of trace impurities in alkane solution, such as ethanol in c-hexane with content as low as 0.033% (v/v). With A-Cdots as phosphors, white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) are successfully constructed with luminous efficiency of 52.72 lm W⁻¹. This work provides a new thinking for the design of multicolor luminous Cdots materials and their potential applications.     

基于野外Vis-NIR光谱的土壤有机质预测与制图

利用野外实时快速获取的土壤光谱进行土壤有机质(SOM)预测与制图是精确农业与土壤遥感制图的必然需要,利用ASD FieldSpec Pro FR野外型光谱仪实时快速获取的光谱数据,去除噪声较大的边缘波段后,进行倒数的对数转换(Log(1/R))为吸收光谱。在分析吸收光谱和光谱指数与SOM关系的基础上,采用偏最小二乘回归法进行SOM的建模预测并借助地统计学方法进行SOM空间变异制图研究。结果表明,建模效果好的指标分别为特征波段(R2=0.91,RPD=3.28),归一化光谱指数(R2=0.90,RPD=3.08),特征波段与3个光谱指数组合(R2=0.87,RPD=2.67),全波段(R2=0.95,RPD=4.36)。光谱指标的克里格制图与实测SOM制图表现出相同的空间变异趋势,不同的指标均达到了较好的预测效果。     

Design Method for Optical Waveguide Filters Having Corrugation Structures by Corrugation Width Modulation

A method to design a corrugated optical waveguide filter by modulating the corrugation width profile is proposed. This method is based on combined applications of the Fourier transformation and the F-matrix formalism. The method achieves the spatial profile of the corrugation width required to design a filter with any specified spectral profile of the reflection coefficient. The idea of the technique is that the spatial variation of the effective refractive index can be transformed, with the help of the F-matrix formalism, to variation of the corrugation width while maintaining a constant amplitude of the refractive index variation. Two examples are given applying the technique to the design of optical waveguide filters with reflectivity profiles of two- and four-rejection bands.     

Determination of curvature and twist by digital shearography and wavelet transforms

A new technique based on digital shearography for determining the transient curvature and twist of a continuously deforming object from a series of speckle patterns is presented. The intensity variation of each pixel is analyzed along the time axis by using a complex Morlet wavelet transform. The absolute sign of the phase variation is determined by introduction of a temporal carrier when the speckle patterns are captured by a high-speed camera. A high-quality spatial distribution of the deflection derivative is extracted at any instant without the need for temporal or spatial phase unwrapping. The continuous Haar wavelet transform is subsequently processed as a differentiation operator to reconstruct the instantaneous curvature and twist of a continuously deforming object.     

基于高光谱的环首都地区数字高程模型与可吸入颗粒物的空间相关性研究

空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度的增加与众多综合因素相关,其空间分散程度与高程DEM间也有一定的相关性。为了研究雾霾的污染与高度的空间相关关系,以环首都地区100 km范围内为研究对象,利用矩形格网尺度法对所研究区域进行不同边长及不同尺度的格网划分,通过无人机获取可见光影像数据和高光谱POS信息数据,对所研究区内的空气污染因子和高程因子进行提取和整合。同时利用地统计学GS+软件的克里格插值法对所提取的变量数据进行空间相关性研究,并利用MODIS遥感影像数据和无人机获取的POS数据与实地调查相结合的方法对地形和环境数据进行非线性回归拟合分析。计算在不同格网尺度下环首都地区空气中的可吸入颗粒物及高程因子的空间相关效应的影响变程,建立二者间的空间相关性优化模型,从而确定可吸入颗粒物浓度随着高程变化的整体趋势。结果表明：高程DEM与空气污染指数API的最大相关影响距离为14.74 km,且随着样本点间的距离增大,DEM的空间自相关性呈现逐渐减弱的规律,即可吸入颗粒物浓度随着高程的增加而减小的整体趋势。同时,建立了高程DEM与环境间的空间相关性模型,该模型符合地统计学的高斯球状模型,相关系数r均高于90%,模型拟合度较高。试验为日后相关部门控制空气污染指数随着高度的变化选择不同树种进行绿化提供了一定的理论和实践指导依据。     

稀土变形奇A核173,175Hf的多准粒子高K转动带的粒子数守恒分析

用处理推转壳模型的粒子数守恒方法分析了稀土奇A变形核^173,175Hf的3准粒子和5准粒子高K转动带,包括转动惯量、顺排角动量,以及推转Nilsson能级上的粒子填布几率随转动角频率的变化.计算中无自由参数.实验观测结果在计算中得到较好地重现.分析了多准粒子带与相邻偶偶核基态带的转动惯量变化规律不同的微观机制.在这里Fermi面邻近高j闯入态的堵塞效应起了举足轻重的作用.