一种水平变化波导中匹配场定位的虚拟时反实现方法

在水平变化波导中,匹配场被动定位的计算量非常大,严重阻碍了其工程应用.本文提出了一种水平变化波导中匹配场定位的虚拟时反实现方法,其抛物方程模型计算网格总数远小于匹配场处理,从而大大减小计算代价.与匹配场处理不同,虚拟时反实现方法是一个利用介质互易性和叠加性的后向传输过程.通过在各水听器位置放置虚拟声源,并在搜索区域产生相应的模糊平面,对各个模糊平面进行相应加权求和,获得的定位模糊平面.利用地中海浅海实验数据验证了虚拟时反实现方法的快速性能.     

Effect of shallow water internal waves on ocean acoustic striation patterns

Contour plots of underwater acoustic intensity, mapped in range and frequency, often exhibit striations. It has been claimed that a scalar parameter 'beta', defined in terms of the slope of the striations, is invariant to the details of the acoustic waveguide. In shallow water, the canonical value is β=1. In the present paper, the waveguide invariant is modelled as a distribution rather than a scalar. The effects of shallow water internal waves on the distribution are studied by numerical simulation. Realizations of time-evolving shallow water internal wave fields are synthesized and acoustic propagation simulated using the parabolic equation method. The waveguide invariant distribution is tracked as the internal wave field evolves in time. Both random background internal waves and more event-like solitary internal waves are considered.     

Effect of shallow water internal waves on ocean acoustic striation patterns

Abstract

Contour plots of underwater acoustic intensity, mapped in range and frequency, often exhibit striations. It has been claimed that a scalar parameter ‘beta’, defined in terms of the slope of the striations, is invariant to the details of the acoustic waveguide. In shallow water, the canonical value is β=1. In the present paper, the waveguide invariant is modelled as a distribution rather than a scalar. The effects of shallow water internal waves on the distribution are studied by numerical simulation. Realizations of time-evolving shallow water internal wave fields are synthesized and acoustic propagation simulated using the parabolic equation method. The waveguide invariant distribution is tracked as the internal wave field evolves in time. Both random background internal waves and more event-like solitary internal waves are considered.     

海洋声学中三维抛物方程非均匀网格模型

在海洋声学中,三维抛物方程模型可以有效考虑三维空间的声传播效应。然而,采用三维抛物方程模型分析三维空间内的声传播问题时,计算时间较长,并且需要消耗较大的计算机内存,因此给远距离声场的快速精确计算带来了很大困难。为此,将非均匀网格Galerkin离散化方法用于三维直角坐标系下的水声抛物方程模型中,深度算子和水平算子Galerkin离散方式由均匀网格变为非均匀网格。仿真结果表明,三维直角坐标系下非均匀网格离散的抛物方程模型,在保持计算精度、提高计算速度的同时,可以实现远距离声场的快速预报。另外,针对远距离局部海底地形与距离有关的三维声传播问题,给出了声场快速计算方法;在海底保持水平的区域,采用经典Kraken模型,重构抛物方程算法的初始场,随后依次递推求解地形与距离有关海底下的三维声场。采用改进模型,证明了远距离楔形波导声强增强效应。      

单水听器波导不变量被动测距

本文主要讨论利用声场干涉现象由单水听器被动测距的可行性及测距性能,为此提出了单水听器波导不变量被动测距方法,通过提取LOFAR图上干涉条纹、使用简正波模型计算波导不变量、频域相关法估计相对速度,最后依据干涉条纹方程得到声源距离估计量。数值仿真和海上实验结果验证了单水听器被动测距的可行性,并具备一定测距性能,在3 dB信噪比环境中,对于7 km处的运动声源,平均测距误差小于5%。本文方法具有设备简单、易于推广至阵列信号处理等特点,为声纳信号处理环境宽容性的提高及环境适配声纳的设计开拓了思路。     

The ray approach for analyzing the modal structure of the sound field in a range-dependent waveguide

Simple ray-approximation formulas are obtained for the mode amplitudes in a waveguide with range-dependent parameters. The idea of the proposed approach is based on the mode expansion of the complex field amplitude determined using the geometrical-optics approximation. A specific example of calculating mode amplitudes is analyzed for a deep-water sound channel with a sound speed profile nonadiabatically varying with distance. The results of the calculation are compared with the numerical solution obtained for the same problem by the parabolic equation method.     

A two-way parabolic equation that accounts for multiple scattering

A two-way parabolic equation that accounts for multiple scattering is derived and tested. A range-dependent medium is divided into a sequence of range-independent regions. The field is decomposed into outgoing and incoming fields in each region. The conditions between vertical interfaces are implemented using rational approximations for the square root of an operator. Rational approximations are also used to relate fields between neighboring interfaces. An iteration scheme is used to solve for the outgoing and incoming fields at the vertical interfaces. The approach is useful for solving problems involving scattering from waveguide features and compact objects.     

Effects of multiple scattering, attenuation and dispersion in waveguide sensing of fish

An ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing system can instantaneously image and continuously monitor fish populations distributed over continental shelf-scale regions. Here it is shown theoretically that the areal population density of fish groups can be estimated from their incoherently averaged broadband matched filtered scattered intensities measured using a waveguide remote sensing system with less than 10% error. A numerical Monte-Carlo model is developed to determine the statistical moments of the scattered returns from a fish group. It uses the parabolic equation to simulate acoustic field propagation in a random range-dependent ocean waveguide. The effects of (1) multiple scattering, (2) attenuation due to scattering, and (3) modal dispersion on fish population density imaging are examined. The model is applied to investigate population density imaging of shoaling Atlantic herring during the 2006 Gulf of Maine Experiment. Multiple scattering, attenuation and dispersion are found to be negligible at the imaging frequencies employed and for the herring densities observed. Coherent multiple scattering effects, such as resonance shifts, which can be significant for small highly dense fish groups on the order of the acoustic wavelength, are found to be negligible for the much larger groups typically imaged with a waveguide remote sensing system.     

Low frequency coupled mode sound propagation over a continental shelf

A two-way integral equation coupled mode method is applied to a continental shelf ocean waveguide proposed for a special session devoted to range-dependent acoustic modeling at the 141st meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. The coupled mode solution includes both sediment trapped and continuum modes. The continuum is approximated by a finite number of leaky modes but neglects the branch cut contribution. Mode coupling matrix elements and the range evolution of the modal amplitudes show the nature of the mode coupling. Transmission loss versus range at 100 Hz predicted by the integral equation approach is compared to the transmission loss predicted by a wide angle parabolic equation method. While there is very good agreement, one observes small differences that can be interpreted as backscattering predicted by the integral equation solution.     

声矢量传感器线阵波导不变量被动测距研究

介绍一种利用水声信道的统计不变特征(波导不变量)实现被动测距的方法。对接收LOFAR(Low FrequencyAnalysis Record)图使用HOUGH变换等边缘提取技术提取条纹,得到波导不变量以及抛物线参数的估计值,进而得到目标的CPA(Closest Point of Approach)点距离。矢量水听器的振速通道数据所得LOFAR图信噪比明显高于声压LOFAR图,可以提高测距精度。仿真和试验数据结果显示本方法能以较高的精度提取CPA点距离。对比波导不变量经验值和在线估计值所得最近点距离结果,发现使用具有一定精度的在线估计波导不变量值可以显著提高测距精度。     

The relation between the waveguide invariant, multipath impulse response, and ray cycles

The waveguide invariant, β, that manifests itself as interference fringes or "striations" in a plot of frequency vs source-receiver separation, is usually thought of as a modal phenomenon. This paper shows that striations can be explained simply through the variation of the eigenray arrival times with range, in short, the variation of the multipath impulse response. It is possible to calculate β for a number of sound speed profiles analytically and to find what β depends on, why it switches from one value to another, how it depends on source-receiver depth, how it depends on variable bathymetry, and how smooth the sound speed profile needs to be for clear fringes. The analytical findings are confirmed by calculating striation patterns numerically starting from eigenray travel times in various stratified environments. Most importantly the approach throws some light on what can be deduced from β alone and the likelihood and utility of striations in reverberation.     

基于波导不变量的空中和水下声源分辨方法

波导不变量反映了水下声场多途传播的干涉结构特征。将波导不变量的提取分析应用于空气中声源产生的水下声场,通过数值仿真分析了波导不变量分布随深度的变化,提出了利用小深度接收声场提取的波导不变量分布来分辨空中和水下声源的方法。分析了空气中声速和风速剖面对该方法的影响,指出在实际海上环境条件下,当出现逆温现象或者当接收器在声源下风方向时,该方法是有效的。      

利用宽带声场干涉结构特性对移动船只距离的连续估计

浅海移动船只的宽带辐射声场在距离-频率上通常表现为有规则的干涉条纹结构,这些条纹的特性(数目和斜率)可用波导不变量理论来表征并已被用于多种水声反演问题中,如沉积层声学参数反演和宽带声源距离的估计。基于波导不变量理论和干涉条纹的结构特性,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器分析移动船只LOFAR图中干涉条纹的距离-频率特征可对其距离进行连续估计。该方法不需要海洋环境的信息和前向拷贝声场计算,具有较高的计算效率。海试数据处理结果和GPS数据计算结果比较一致,证实了本方法的准确性。试验数据处理同样证实该方法对初始距离的选择有着较高的稳健性。      

“Refractivity-from-clutter” based on local empirical refractivity model

Constructing sophisticated refractivity models is one of the key problems for the RFC(refractivity from clutter)technology. If prior knowledge of the local refractivity environment is available, more accurate parameterized model can be constructed from the statistical information, which in turn can be used to improve the quality of the local refractivity retrievals. The validity of this proposal was demonstrated by range-dependent refractivity profile inversions using the adjoint parabolic equation method to the Wallops' 98 experimental data.     

Modeling Rayleigh and Stoneley waves and other interface and boundary effects with the parabolic equation

An improved approach for handling boundaries, interfaces, and continuous depth dependence with the elastic parabolic equation is derived and benchmarked. The approach is applied to model the propagation of Rayleigh and Stoneley waves. Depending on the choice of dependent variables, the operator in the elastic wave equation may not factor or the treatment of interfaces may be difficult. These problems are resolved by using a formulation in terms of the vertical displacement and the range derivative of the horizontal displacement. These quantities are continuous across horizontal interfaces, which permits the use of Galerkin's method to discretize in depth. This implementation extends the capability of the elastic parabolic equation to handle arbitrary depth dependence and should lead to improvements for range-dependent problems.     

Three-dimensional coupled-mode model and characteristics of low-frequency sound propagation in ocean waveguide with seamount topography

Large-scale topography, such as a seamount, substantially impacts low-frequency sound propagation in an ocean waveguide, limiting the application of low-frequency acoustic detecting techniques. A three-dimensional (3D) coupled-mode model is developed to calculate the acoustic field in an ocean waveguide with seamount topography and analyze the 3D effect. In this model, a correction is introduced in the bottom boundary, theoretically making the acoustic field satisfy the energy conservation. Furthermore, a large azimuth angle calculation range is obtained by using the operator theory and higher-order Padé approximation. Additionally, the model has advantages related to the coupling mode and parabolic equation theory. The couplings corresponding to the effects of range-dependent environment are fully considered, and the numerical implementation is kept feasible. After verifying the accuracy and reliability of the model, low-frequency sound propagation characteristics in the seamount environment are analyzed. The results indicate lateral variability in bathymetry can lead to out-of-plane effects such as the horizontal refraction phenomenon, while the coupling effect tends to restore the abnormal sound field and produces acoustic field diffraction behind the seamount. This model effectively considers the effects of the horizontal refraction and coupling, which are proportional to the scale of the seamount.     

Mode equation and its solution for dielectric waveguide with parabolic cross-section

The mode equation for the dielectric waveguide with parabolic cross-section is derived using both the effective index method and WKB theory, and the expression of the mode propagation constant or effective index is solved directly from this mode equation, so that the mode-propagation properties of this kind of waveguide can be analysed conveniently with comparative accuracy.     

浅海随机相位起伏声场中速度估计的互谱分析方法

浅海条件下,目标运动速度是基于波导不变量声源被动定位的关键因素,利用浅海波导环境下的声场简正波理论,研究了浅海随机相位起伏的波束域声场互相关信号的特点,并通过声速剖面的二阶统计量对随机相位扰动进行了有效的补偿,提出利用波束域声场互相关信号进行谱分析的速度估计方法,仿真实验表明了该方法的有效性。利用2013年7月海试实验数据,该方法准确的估计出了目标的速度,并与GPS实测速度对比,速度估计的相对误差在10%以内。     

一种水平变化波导中声传播问题的耦合模态法

针对介质参数及海底边界水平变化波导中的声传播问题,本文基于多模态导纳法提出一种能量守恒且便于数值稳定求解的耦合模态方法.将声压表示为一组正交完备的本地本征函数之和,对声压满足的Helmholtz方程在本地本征函数上作投影,推导出关于声压模态系数的二阶耦合模态方程组.耦合矩阵直观描述水平变化因素对模态耦合的贡献.为避免直接求解二阶耦合模态方程组可能遇到的数值发散问题,将其重构为两个耦合的一阶演化方程组,引入导纳矩阵并使用Magnus数值积分方法获得稳定的声场解.利用该耦合模态方法数值计算水平变化波导中的声场,并与COMSOL参考解比较,结果表明该耦合模态理论能够精确求解水平变化波导中的点源及分布源传播问题.     

Adjoint modeling for acoustic inversion

The use of adjoint modeling for acoustic inversion is investigated. An adjoint model is derived from a linearized forward propagation model to propagate data-model misfit at the observation points back through the medium to the medium perturbations not being accounted for in the model. This adjoint model can be used to aid in inverting for these unaccounted medium perturbations. Adjoint methods are being applied to a variety of inversion problems, but have not drawn much attention from the underwater acoustic community. This paper presents an application of adjoint methods to acoustic inversion. Inversions are demonstrated in simulation for both range-independent and range-dependent sound speed profiles using the adjoint of a parabolic equation model. Sensitivity and error analyses are discussed showing how the adjoint model enables calculations to be performed in the space of observations, rather than the often much larger space of model parameters. Using an adjoint model enables directions of steepest descent in the model parameters (what we invert for) to be calculated using far fewer modeling runs than if a forward model only were used.