拥挤环境中表面活性剂胶束化过程的低场核磁共振研究

利用长弛豫低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)方法研究了由聚乙二醇(PEG)构建的拥挤溶液环境中表面活性剂的聚集行为。通过Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)脉冲序列所得的回波数据及反演拟合数据对不同的表面活性剂-PEG体系进行分析,结果发现:不同分子量和不同浓度的PEG溶液可用低场核磁共振方法进行区分;高浓度的PEG溶液中均能监测到胶束形成过程,而较低浓度的PEG溶液不利于其胶束化过程监测;NaCl对含有离子型表面活性剂体系的影响较为明显,而对含有非离子型表面活性剂的体系几乎无影响。该研究丰富了低场核磁共振弛豫技术在表面活性剂胶束表征过程中的应用,同时对理解生物体系中分子的自组装及功能也具有重要意义。     

甲基丙烯酸3-磺酸钾丙酯-苯乙烯共聚物与N,N,N-三甲基十六烷基溴化铵相互作用研究

两亲分子由于具有自组装性质,如表面活性剂分子自组装形成胶束,囊泡,天然的磷脂分子自组装形成脂质体,继而参于生物膜的形成,这是大家所熟悉的．高分子两亲分子尤其是两亲性两嵌段高分子具有自组装性质,并形成规整性好的聚集体［１～３］．聚电介质 表面活性剂体系...     

甲基丙烯酸3—磺酸钾丙酯—苯乙烯共聚物与N,N,N—三甲基十六烷基化铵相 …

两亲分子由于具有自组装性质,如表面活性剂分子自组装形成胶束,囊泡,天然的磷脂分子自组装形成脂质体,继而参于生物膜的形成,这是大家所熟悉的．高分子两亲分子尤其是两亲性两嵌段高分子具有自组装性质,并形成规整性好的聚集体［１～３］．聚电介质表面活性剂体系...     

含氟表面活性剂水溶液的物理化学性能

一、测定了全氟醚系列阳离子季胺盐及非离子型氧化物含氟表面活性剂、最低表面张力、临界胶束浓度、表面过剩吸附量、分子在表面上占有截面积、以及在环已烷及汽油上的扩散系数。二、得到下列几个结论: 1.FCI-n_2季胺盐,FCI-n_3季胺盐,FCO-n_2氧化物最低表面张力均为15.1达因/厘米,FCO-n_1氧化物表面张力17.2达因/厘米低于FCI-n_1季胺盐18.5达因/厘米。 2.全氟醚系列氧化物的临界胶束浓度比相应的全氟醚季胺盐低。     

介孔二氧化锆分子筛的合成机理述评

MCM-41介孔分子筛的成功开发，不仅打破了微孔分子筛在吸附、择形催化、吸附分离等领域的应用局限性，而且拓宽了新型材料的制备途径．它使人们在材料合成中由过去仅有的经典单分子作用机制，拓展到多分子的液晶模板机理，即超分子自组装过程．由此可以清楚地看到介孔分子筛的开发为人们探索新材料、新结构提供了另一途径，即引入表面活性剂胶束／液晶导向结构．     

十二烷基聚氧乙烯(n)醚与牛血清白蛋白的团簇化热力学模型

用表面张力和稳态荧光猝灭技术研究非离子表面活性剂十二烷基聚氧乙烯(n)醚(AEO_n)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的团簇化体系,根据质量作用定律建立AEO_n与BSA的团簇化热力学模型.从ΔH°>0,ΔS°>0及ΔG°＜0可以推知,AEO_n束缚胶束与BSA形成软物质团簇是熵驱动的超分子自组装过程,其间的超分子作用力以疏水作用为主.团簇化过程的(ΔG°)_clu与表面活性剂自由胶束化过程的(ΔG°)_mic皆小于零,且c₁＜cmc,可以圆满解释在团簇化体系中表面活性剂形成束缚胶束并与大分子经超分子自组装形成软团簇在先,而表面活性剂分子自组装形成自由胶束在后的实验事实.     

表面活性剂水溶液的电导率研究方法和一些特征数据的提取

电导率是研究水溶液中离子型表面活性剂胶束化行为的重要方法,本文总结了这个灵敏测定技术,分别着重讨论了两个重要特征参数(临界胶束浓度(cmc)和胶束的反离子解离度(α))的提取方法、电导率曲线某些特殊情况的分析以及预胶束化行为的研究,这对运用电导率技术研究当前不断增多的具有强分子间相互作用的表面活性剂(例如Geminis)体系具有参考价值.     

表面活性剂水溶液中芘的激基缔合物形成

在离子型和非离子型表面活性剂水溶液中观察到了芘的激基缔合物荧光, 其荧光强度与单体荧光强度比值对表面活性剂浓度的关系曲线中有一峰值。指出表面活性剂单体分子在水溶液中呈绕曲状构型, 对应上述峰值的表面活性剂浓度为其临界胶束浓度。     

表面活性剂类多肽A6KA6K的自组装及机理研究

为了研究表面活性剂类多肽疏水链段长度及亲疏水氨基酸比例对其自组装结构的影响,本文设计了一种表面活性剂类多肽A6K的二倍体A6KA6K。圆二色谱分析表明的二级结构主要为无规卷曲结构并伴有少量的α-螺旋;透射电子显微镜和动态光散射分析表明,其在水溶液中能自组装形成纳米囊泡状结构。芘荧光分子探针研究表明自组装体存在疏水微区域将芘分子包裹在其中,证明了这种多肽在溶液中可形成胶束类的自组装体,并计算了其临界胶束浓度。相比已报道的表面活性剂类肽A6K,本文设计的肽序列A6KA6K由于在较长疏水链段区域中存在亲水性氨基酸K,对疏水相互作用有影响,使得含有14个氨基酸的肽自组装形成纳米囊泡状结构。     

核磁共振法研究全氟羧酸铵在非水介质中的胶束化

离子型表面活性剂在水中和在非极性溶剂中的胶束化已成为许多研究的课题。离子型表面活性剂在水中,或在具有两个氢键的极性溶剂中(如乙二醇、氨基醇)形成普通胶束,其结构是分子的疏水端聚集在     

Hierarchical cooperative binary ionic porphyrin nanocomposites

Cooperative binary ionic (CBI) solids comprise a versatile new class of opto-electronic and catalytic materials consisting of ionically self-assembled pairs of organic anions and cations. Herein, we report CBI nanocomposites formed by growing nanoparticles of one type of porphyrin CBI solid onto a second porphyrin CBI substructure with complementary functionality.     

Layer-by-layer films from hyaluronan and amine-modified hyaluronan

Hyaluronan is a polysaccharide that is increasingly investigated for its role in cellular adhesion and for the preparation of biomimetic matrices for tissue engineering. Hyaluronan gels are prepared for application as space fillers, whereas hyaluronan films are usually obtained by adsorbing or grafting a single hyaluronan layer onto a biomaterial surface. Here, we examine the possibility to employ the layer-by-layer technique to deposit thin films of cationic-modified hyaluronan (HA+) and hyaluronan (HA) of controlled thicknesses. The buildup conditions are investigated, and growth is compared to that of other polyelectrolyte multilayer films containing either HA as the polyanion or HA+ as the polycation. The films could be formed in a low ionic strength medium but are required to be cross-linked prior to contact with a physiological medium. NIH3T3 fibroblasts were perfectly viable on self-assembled hyaluronan films with, however, a preference for hyaluronan ending films. These findings point out the possibility to tune the thickness of thin hyaluronan films at the nanometer scale. Such architectures could be employed for investigating cell/substrate interactions or for functionalizing biomaterial surfaces.     

Aerosol-OT-gamma-alumina admicelles for the concentration of hydrophobic organic compounds in water

A novel admicelle composing of a dialkylated anionic surfactant, di-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate (Aerosol-OT, AOT) and gamma-alumina was prepared by mixing them in acidic aqueous solution. The amount of the maximum sorption of AOT on 1 g of alumina at pH 2 was ca. 130 mg. By comparing the fluorescence spectra of N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine in different solvents, the solvent property of AOT-gamma-alumina admicelles was corresponding to that of toluene or diethyl ether. Thus, the AOT-gamma-alumina admicelles had greater hydrophobicity than SDS-gamma-alumina admicelles having similar hydrophobicity to 1-octanol or ethyl acetate. Hydrophobic organic compounds, chlorophenols having more than three chloro substituents, octylphenol, nonylphenol, dibutyl phthalate was almost quantitatively (98% or more) collected onto AOT admicelles composing of 1.5 g gamma-alumina and 150 mg AOT. The greater collection yields rather than those in SDS-admicellar system were ascribable to greater hydrophobicity and stability of AOT admicelles. After the 500-fold concentration, traces (nM) of organic contaminants in water samples were successfully detected with an HPLC having a photometric detector.     

Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols on gold prepared in a hexagonal lyotropic liquid crystalline phase of Triton X-100/water system

In this paper, we have reported a new method of preparing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of decanethiol and hexadecanethiol on gold surface by using a lyotropic liquid crystalline phase as an adsorbing medium. The stability and blocking ability of these SAMs were characterized using grazing angle Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The lyotropic liquid crystalline medium possesses a hexagonal structure consisting of a nonionic surfactant Triton X-100, water, and the corresponding thiol, which provides a highly hydrophobic environment to solubilize the alkanethiols and later to facilitate their delivery to the gold surface. We find that the SAMs formed from the hexagonal liquid crystalline phase are highly compact and have excellent electrochemical blocking ability towards the redox probes compared to conventional SAMs prepared from commonly used organic solvents such as ethanol. From the impedance studies, we have determined the capacitance of the monolayer-coated electrodes and the surface coverage of the SAM, which has been found to be >99.98% on gold surface. We have also estimated the extent of ionic permeability through the film and measured the rate constants for the redox reactions on the SAM-modified electrodes. Our results show that the rate constants of [Fe(CN)6](3-/4-) and [Ru(NH3)6](2+/3+) redox couples are very much lower in the case of monolayers prepared in liquid crystalline phase compared to the SAM formed in 1 mM thiol in ethanol solution, suggesting a better blocking ability of the SAMs in the former case. From the grazing angle FTIR spectroscopic studies and capacitance measurements, we have ruled out any coadsorption of surfactant molecules on the Au surface. These results suggest that SAMs of very low defect density and extremely low ionic permeability can be obtained when a hexagonal lyotropic liquid crystalline phase is used as an adsorbing medium.     

Three-stage multilayer formation kinetics during adsorption of an anionic fluorinated surfactant onto germanium. 1. Concentration effect

The adsorption of tetraethylammonium perfluorooctylsulfonate (TEA-FOS) from aqueous solution onto hydroxylated germanium is studied using in situ polarized attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The adsorption is monitored at a series of bulk solution concentrations spanning from well below to above the critical micelle concentration (CMC; 1.0 mM). The kinetics of adsorption is followed by monitoring the intensity of the fluorocarbon bands. The orientation of the fluorocarbon director with respect to the germanium surface is determined by circular dichroism measurements of CF2 stretching bands. At bulk concentrations ranging from 10% of the CMC to at least 500% of the CMC, the adsorption occurs in an unusual sequence of three stages. Initially, rapid adsorption occurs within 200 min, leading to coverage of a monolayer or less. A long period of slow adsorption follows, during which we hypothesize that surfactant molecules form clusters, some of which serve as nuclei for multilayer growth. This stage concludes suddenly with an acceleration in the rate of adsorption, which eventually leads to multilayer formation. Because this is an anionic surfactant adsorbing onto a negatively charged surface at pH 6, the tetraethylammonium ions must mediate the interactions between the surfactant headgroups and the surface. The dichroism measurements show that TEA-FOS is initially oriented randomly or somewhat parallel to the surface, but over time adopts an orientation somewhat normal to the surface. This behavior is consistent with initial adsorption at isolated sites, followed by aggregation into isotropic admicelles, and finally growth into flattened admicelles. The sudden onset of accelerated adsorption can be explained either by autoaccelerating adsorption or nucleation and growth of a hydrophobic multilayer structure.     

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-coated titanate nanotubes for solid-phase extraction of phthalate esters from natural waters prior to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis

As a novel nanomaterial, titanate nanotube has attracted considerable attention recently. However, most of the research work is focused on the preparation of this nanomaterial, and there is lack of information about its application in the fields of environmental monitoring and analytical chemistry. The purpose of our study is to investigate the feasibility of titanate nanotubes as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of several phthalate esters. The titanate nanotubes in this study were prepared by alkaline hydrothermal method. The cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-titanate nanotube system was adopted based on hemimicelles/admicelles formed on the mineral oxide surface. It was shown in the batch experiment that the highest adsorption of phthalate esters onto the CTAB-titania and -titanate nanotube system occurred when the CTAB was varied from 100 to 200mgg(-1) titania or 80 to 300mgg(-1) titanate nanotube separately. According to the fluorescent spectra of a molecular probe, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, and the binding constant of solute in CTAB admicelles, the CTAB-titanate nanotube admicelles was more hydrophobic than CTAB-titania admicelles. Consequently, CTAB-titanate nanotube admicelles system was suitable for concentrating phthalates esters in water. An admicelle column was prepared with 100mg of titanate nanotubes by passing through 100mgg(-1) titanate nanotube of CTAB. And excellent collection yields were obtained for all the analytes when the sample volume was up to 1000mL. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limits found for di-n-propyl-phthalate, di-n-butyl-phthalate, di-cyclohexyl-phthalate, and di-n-octyl-phthalate were 39, 19, 35 and 20ngL(-1), respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of several real water samples and satisfactory recoveries were achieved. All the results indicated the application potential of titanate nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbents to pre-treat water samples.     

Electrochemical polymerization of aniline in SDS admicelles

The electrochemical polymerization of aniline was studied in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) admicelles. The results demonstrate that electrochemical polymerization of aniline can be catalyzed by admicelles. The catalytic efficiency in SDS solutions increased slowly with SDS concentration when the SDS concentration was very low, but increased rapidly when SDS admicelles formed on the electrode surface. The catalytic efficiency decreased with the addition of n-pentanol. The polyaniline films formed in SDS admicelles were nanometer films and the size of particles in the films increased with SDS concentration, but decreased with the addition of n-pentanol. Therefore, n-C₅H₁₁OH can be used to regulate the electrochemical polymerization of aniline in SDS admicelles.     

Self-assembled monolayers of a hydroquinone-terminated alkanethiol onto gold surface. Interfacial electrochemistry and Michael-addition reaction with glutathione

An electroactive self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was fabricated by covalent attachment of a novel hydroquinone-terminated dodecanethiol onto the gold surface and its electrochemical behavior was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The capability of the designed SAM in immobilization of organic molecules onto the gold surface was studied utilizing the Michael-addition as a model reaction. The results obtained from cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance and grazing incidence Fourier transform infrared (GI-FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that, upon applying an anodic potential to the Au-SAM electrode system in the presence of glutathione, the electrochemically generated p-quinone participated in a Michael-addition reaction with glutathione and the corresponding Michael adduct was formed at the solid–liquid interface. The kinetic parameters were then derived for this interfacial Michael-addition reaction.     

Surface modification of self-assembled one-dimensional organic structures: white-light emission and beyond

Surface modification is an important method to functionalize micro-/nanostructures, but substrates are mainly confined to robust inorganic compounds. We develop here a facile method to modify the surface of a fragile organic 1D microstructure. The bulk molecules and surface modifier were designed with orthogonal solubility to protect the molecular crystals from destruction under the reaction conditions. As a proof of concept, white-light-emitting 1D microstructures were obtained by grafting red chromophores onto the surface of self-assembled blue-emissive microwires via a heterophase S(N)2 reaction. Spatial distribution of the two species is visualized by fluorescent lifetime mapping, which reveals a core-shell structure. The ability to postfunctionalize organic 1D structures enables many applications, where the surface property plays key roles, such as an organic P-N junction and a biosensor.     

Particle self-assembly at ionic liquid-based interfaces

This review presents an overview of the nature of ionic liquid (IL)-based interfaces and self-assembled particle morphologies of IL-in-water, oil- and water-in-IL, and novel IL-in-IL Pickering emulsions with emphasis on their unique phenomena, by means of experimental and computational studies. In IL-in-water Pickering emulsions, particles formed monolayers at ionic liquid–water interfaces and were close-packed on fully covered emulsion droplets or aggregated on partially covered droplets. Interestingly, other than equilibrating at the ionic liquid–water interfaces, microparticles with certain surface chemistries were extracted into the ionic liquid phase with a high efficiency. These experimental findings were supported by potential of mean force calculations, which showed large energy drops as hydrophobic particles crossed the interface into the IL phase. In the oil- and water-in-IL Pickering emulsions, microparticles with acidic surface chemistries formed monolayer bridges between the internal phase droplets rather than residing at the oil/water–ionic liquid interfaces, a significant deviation from traditional Pickering emulsion morphology. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed aspects of the mechanism behind this bridging phenomenon, including the role of the droplet phase, surface chemistry, and inter-particle film. Novel IL-in-IL Pickering emulsions exhibited an array of self-assembled morphologies including the previously observed particle absorption and bridging phenomena. The appearance of these morphologies depended on the particle surface chemistry as well as the ILs used. The incorporation of particle self-assembly with ionic liquid science allows for new applications at the intersection of these two fields, and have the potential to be numerous due to the tunability of the ionic liquids and particles incorporated, as well as the particle morphology by combining certain groups of particle surface chemistry, IL type (protic or aprotic), and whether oil or water is incorporated.