Smooth and strongly smooth points in symmetric spaces of measurable operators

We investigate the relationships between smooth and strongly smooth points of the unit ball of an order continuous symmetric function space E, and of the unit ball of the space of τ-measurable operators E(M,t){E(\mathcal{M},\tau)} associated to a semifinite von Neumann algebra (M, t){(\mathcal{M}, \tau)}. We prove that x is a smooth point of the unit ball in E(M, t){E(\mathcal{M}, \tau)} if and only if the decreasing rearrangement μ(x) of the operator x is a smooth point of the unit ball in E, and either μ(∞; f) = 0, for the function f ? S_E^×{f\in S_{E^{\times}}} supporting μ(x), or s(x ^*) = 1. Under the assumption that the trace τ on M{\mathcal{M}} is σ-finite, we show that x is strongly smooth point of the unit ball in E(M, t){E(\mathcal{M}, \tau)} if and only if its decreasing rearrangement μ(x) is a strongly smooth point of the unit ball in E. Consequently, for a symmetric function space E, we obtain corresponding relations between smoothness or strong smoothness of the function f and its decreasing rearrangement μ(f). Finally, under suitable assumptions, we state results relating the global properties such as smoothness and Fréchet smoothness of the spaces E and E(M,t){E(\mathcal{M},\tau)}.     

Stokes and Navier–Stokes problems in a half-space: the existence and uniqueness of solutions a priori nonconvergent to a limit at infinity

The Cauchy problem and the initial boundary value problem in the half-space of the Stokes and Navier–Stokes equations are studied. The existence and uniqueness of classical solutions (u, π) (considered at least C ² × C ¹ smooth with respect to the space variable and C ¹ × C ⁰ smooth with respect to the time variable) without requiring convergence at infinity are proved. A priori the fields u and π are nondecreasing at infinity. In the case of the Stokes problem, the existence, for any t > 0, and the uniqueness of solutions with kinetic field and pressure field are established for some β ∈ (0, 1) and γ ∈ (0, 1 − β). In the case of Navier–Stokes equations, the existence (local in time) and the uniqueness of classical solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations are shown under the assumption that the initial data are only continuous and bounded, by proving that, for any t ∈ (0, T), the kinetic field u(x, t) is bounded and, for any γ ∈ (0, 1), the pressure field π(x, t) is O(1 + |x| ^γ ). Bibliography: 20 titles. To V. A. Solonnikov on his 75th birthday Published in Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 362, 2008, pp. 176–240.     

Strong Subdifferentiability of Convex Functionals and Proximinality

Using strong subdifferentiability of convex functionals, we give a new sufficient condition for proximinality of closed subspaces of finite codimension in a Banach space. We apply this result to the Banach space K(l₂) of compact operators on l₂ and we show that a finite codimensional subspace Y of K(l₂) is strongly proximinal if and only if every linear form which vanishes on Y attains its norm.     

Probabilities of high excursions of Gaussian fields

Let {ξ(t), t ∈ T} be a differentiable (in the mean-square sense) Gaussian random field with E ξ(t) ≡ 0, D ξ(t) ≡ 1, and continuous trajectories defined on the m-dimensional interval T ì \mathbbR^m T \subset {\mathbb{R}^m} . The paper is devoted to the problem of large excursions of the random field ξ. In particular, the asymptotic properties of the probability P = P{−v(t) < ξ(t) < u(t), t ∈ T}, when, for all t ∈ T, u(t), v(t) ⩾ χ, χ → ∞, are investigated. The work is a continuation of Rudzkis research started in [R. Rudzkis, Probabilities of large excursions of empirical processes and fields, Sov. Math., Dokl., 45(1):226–228, 1992]. It is shown that if the random field ξ satisfies certain smoothness and regularity conditions, then P = e^−Q  + Qo(1), where Q is a certain constructive functional depending on u, v, T, and the matrix function R(t) = cov(ξ′(t), ξ′(t)).     

Canonical form with respect to semiscalar equivalence for a matrix pencil with nonsingular first matrix

Polynomial n × n matrices A(x) and B(x) over a field \mathbbF \mathbb{F} are called semiscalar equivalent if there exist a nonsingular n × n matrix P over \mathbbF \mathbb{F} and an invertible n × n matrix Q(x) over \mathbbF \mathbb{F} [x] such that A(x) = PB(x)Q(x). We give a canonical form with respect to semiscalar equivalence for a matrix pencil A(x) = A _0x - A ₁, where A ₀ and A ₁ are n × n matrices over \mathbbF \mathbb{F} , and A ₀ is nonsingular.     

A linear periodic boundary-value problem for a second-order hyperbolic equation

We study the boundary-value problemu _tt -u _xx =g(x, t),u(0,t) =u (π,t) = 0,u(x, t +T) =u(x, t), 0 ≤x ≤ π,t ∈ ℝ. We findexact classical solutions of this problem in three Vejvoda-Shtedry spaces, namely, in the classes of, and-periodic functions (q and s are natural numbers). We obtain the results only for sets of periods, and which characterize the classes of π-, 2π -, and 4π-periodic functions. Translated from Ukrainskii Matematicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 281–284, February, 1999.     

Anharmonic Oscillators in the Complex Plane, $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{PT}}$-symmetry,and Real Eigenvalues

For integers m ≥ 3 and 1 ≤ ℓ ≤ m − 1, we study the eigenvalue problems − u ^″(z) + [( − 1)^ℓ(iz) ^m  − P(iz)]u(z) = λu(z) with the boundary conditions that u(z) decays to zero as z tends to infinity along the rays argz=-\fracp2±\frac(l+1)pm+2\arg z=-\frac{\pi}{2}\pm \frac{(\ell+1)\pi}{m+2} in the complex plane, where P is a polynomial of degree at most m − 1. We provide asymptotic expansions of the eigenvalues λ _n . Then we show that if the eigenvalue problem is PT\mathcal{PT}-symmetric, then the eigenvalues are all real and positive with at most finitely many exceptions. Moreover, we show that when gcd(m,l)=1\gcd(m,\ell)=1, the eigenvalue problem has infinitely many real eigenvalues if and only if one of its translations or itself is PT\mathcal{PT}-symmetric. Also, we will prove some other interesting direct and inverse spectral results.     

A generalization of Euler’s constant

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the limit γ(a) of the sequence , where a ∈ (0, + ∞ ).      

Asymptotic separation for independent trajectories of Markov processes

We say that n independent trajectories ξ₁(t),…,ξ _n (t) of a stochastic process ξ(t)on a metric space are asymptotically separated if, for some ɛ > 0, the distance between ξ _i (t _i ) and ξ _j (t _j ) is at least ɛ, for some indices i, j and for all large enough t ₁,…,t _n , with probability 1. We prove sufficient conitions for asymptotic separationin terms of the Green function and the transition function, for a wide class of Markov processes. In particular,if ξ is the diffusion on a Riemannian manifold generated by the Laplace operator Δ, and the heat kernel p(t, x, y) satisfies the inequality p(t, x, x) ≤ Ct ^−ν/2 then n trajectories of ξ are asymptotically separated provided . Moreover, if for some α∈(0, 2)then n trajectories of ξ^(α) are asymptotically separated, where ξ^(α) is the α-process generated by −(−Δ)^α/2. Received: 10 June 1999 / Revised version: 20 April 2000 / Published online: 14 December 2000 RID="*" ID="*" Supported by the EPSRC Research Fellowship B/94/AF/1782 RID="**" ID="**" Partially supported by the EPSRC Visiting Fellowship GR/M61573     

Local and Global Existence of Solutions to Initial Value Problems of Modified Nonlinear Kawahara Equations

This paper is devoted to studying the initial value problem of the modified nonlinear Kawahara equation the first partial dervative of u to t ,the second the third ＋α the second partial dervative of u to x ,the second the third ＋β the third partial dervative of u to x ,the second the thire ＋γ the fifth partial dervative of u to x = 0,（x,t）∈R^2.We first establish several Strichartz type estimates for the fundamental solution of the corresponding linear problem. Then we apply such estimates to prove local and global existence of solutions for the initial value problem of the modified nonlinear Karahara equation. The results show that a local solution exists if the initial function uo（x） ∈ H^s（R） with s ≥ 1/4, and a global solution exists if s ≥ 2.     

On Maps Preserving Zero Jordan Products

Let R be a ring, A = M _n (R) and θ: A → A a surjective additive map preserving zero Jordan products, i.e. if x,y ∈ A are such that xy + yx = 0, then θ(x)θ(y) + θ(y)θ(x) = 0. In this paper, we show that if R contains \frac12\frac{1}{2} and n ≥ 4, then θ = λϕ, where λ = θ(1) is a central element of A and ϕ: A → A is a Jordan homomorphism.     

Local and Global Existence of Solutions to Initial Value Problems of Nonlinear Kaup-Kupershmidt Equations

This paper is devoted to studying the initial value problems of the nonlinear Kaup Kupershmidt equations δu/δt ＋ α1 uδ^2u/δx^2 ＋ βδ^3u/δx^3 ＋ γδ^5u/δx^5 = 0, （x,t）∈ E R^2, and δu/δt ＋ α2 δu/δx δ^2u/δx^2 ＋ βδ^3u/δx^3 ＋ γδ^5u/δx^5 = 0, （x, t） ∈R^2. Several important Strichartz type estimates for the fundamental solution of the corresponding linear problem are established. Then we apply such estimates to prove the local and global existence of solutions for the initial value problems of the nonlinear Kaup- Kupershmidt equations. The results show that a local solution exists if the initial function u0（x） ∈ H^s（R）, and s ≥ 5/4 for the first equation and s≥301/108 for the second equation.     

An Exceptional Set in the Ergodic Theory of Expanding Maps on Manifolds

Under a general hypothesis an expanding map T of a Riemannian manifold M is known to preserve a measure equivalent to the Liouville measure on that manifold. As a consequence of this and Birkhoff’s pointwise ergodic theorem, the orbits of almost all points on the manifold are asymptotically distributed with regard to this Liouville measure. Let T be Lipschitz of class τ for some τ in (0,1], let Ω(x) denote the forward orbit closure of x and for a positive real number δ and let E(x₀, δ) denote the set of points x in M such that the distance from x₀ to Ω is at least δ. Let dim A denote the Hausdorff dimension of the set A. In this paper we prove a result which implies that there is a constant C(T) > 0 such that dimE(x₀,d) 3 dimM - \fracC(T)|logd| \dim E(x_0,\delta) \ge \dim M - \frac{C(T)}{\vert\!\log \delta \vert} if τ = 1 and dimE(x₀,d) 3 dimM - \fracC(T)log|logd|\dim E(x_0,\delta) \ge \dim M - \frac{C(T)}{\log \vert \log \delta \vert} if τ < 1. This gives a quantitative converse to the above asymptotic distribution phenomenon. The result we prove is of sufficient generality that a similar result for expanding hyperbolic rational maps of degree not less than two follows as a special case.     

Some remarks on proximinality in higher dual spaces

In this paper we consider proximinality questions for higher ordered dual spaces. We show that for a finite dimensional uniformly convex space X, the space C(K,X) is proximinal in all the duals of even order. For any family of uniformly convex Banach spaces {Xα}_{α∈Γ} we show that any finite co-dimensional proximinal subspace of X=c_0⊕Xα is strongly proximinal in all the duals of even order of X.     

Conditions for the existence and uniqueness of bounded solutions of nonlinear differential equations

We establish conditions required for the existence and uniqueness of bounded solutions of the nonlinear differential equation f₁( \fracdx(t)dt ) = f₂( x(t) ) {f_1}\left( {\frac{{dx(t)}}{{dt}}} \right) = {f_2}\left( {x(t)} \right) , t ∈ ℝ.     

A generalized mixed type of quartic–cubic–quadratic–additive functional equations

We determine the general solution of the functional equation f(x + ky) + f(x-ky) = g(x + y) + g(x-y) + h(x) + h(y) for fixed integers with k ≠ 0; ±1 without assuming any regularity conditions for the unknown functions f, g, h, and0020[(h)\tilde] \tilde{h} . The method used for solving these functional equations is elementary but it exploits an important result due to Hosszú. The solution of this functional equation can also be obtained in groups of certain type by using two important results due to Székelyhidi.     

Boundary-value problems for a nonlinear parabolic equation with Lévy Laplacian resolved with respect to the derivative

We present the solutions of boundary-value and initial boundary-value problems for a nonlinear parabolic equation with Lévy Laplacian ∆ _L resolved with respect to the derivative

Linear functional differential equations of neutral type asymptotically autonomous

Summary It is studied the relationship between the solutions of the linear functional differential equations(1) (d/dx) D(x_t)=L(x_t) and its perturbed equation(2) [(d/dx) D(x_t)−G(t, x_t)]= =L(x_t)+F(t, x_t) and is proved, under certain hypotheses which will be precised bellow that, if μ is a simple characteristic root of(1), then there exist a σ > 0 and a non zero vector a such that system(2) has a solution satisfying where δ(t)=αd{F(t, ϕ_μ)+μG(t, ϕ_μ)+F(t, X₀G(t, ϕ_μ))}, ϕ_μ(θ)=c·exp (μθ), −r⩾θ⩾0 and α, d, X₀ are given constants. Entrata in Redazione il 5 gennaio 1972.     

Asymptotic stability and instability criteria for nonautonomous systems

The classical criterion of asymptotic stability of the zero solution of equations x′ = f(t, x) is that there exists a function V (t, x), a(∥x∥) ≤ V (t, x) ≤ b(∥x∥) for some a, b ∈ K such that [(V)\dot] \dot{V} (t, x) ≤ −c(∥x∥) for some c ∈ K. In this paper, we prove that if V^{(m + 1)} \mathop {V}\limits^{(m + {1})} (t, x) is bounded on some set [tk − T, tk + T] × BH(tk → +∞ as k → ∞), then the condition that [(V)\dot] \dot{V} (t, x) ≤ −c(∥x∥) can be weakened and replaced by that [(V)\dot] \dot{V} (t, x) ≤ 0 and − (−[(V)\dot] \dot{V} (tk, x)| + − [(V)\ddot] \ddot{V} (tk, x)| + ⋯ + − V^(m) \mathop {V}\limits^{(m)} (tk, x)|) ≤ −c′(∥x∥) for some c′ ∈ K. Moreover, the author also presents a corresponding instability criterion. [1–10]     

Approximations of the exponential of an operator with periodic coefficients

We consider the operator exponential e ^−tA , t > 0, where A is a selfadjoint positive definite operator corresponding to the diffusion equation in \mathbbRⁿ {\mathbb{R}^n} with measurable 1-periodic coefficients, and approximate it in the operator norm ||   ·   ||_{L²( \mathbbRⁿ ) ? L²( \mathbbRⁿ )} {\left\| {\; \cdot \;} \right\|_{{{L^2}\left( {{\mathbb{R}^n}} \right) \to {L^2}\left( {{\mathbb{R}^n}} \right)}}} with order O( t ^{- \fracm2} ) O\left( {{t^{{ - \frac{m}{2}}}}} \right) as t → ∞, where m is an arbitrary natural number. To construct approximations we use the homogenized parabolic equation with constant coefficients, the order of which depends on m and is greater than 2 if m > 2. We also use a collection of 1-periodic functions N _α (x), x ? \mathbbRⁿ x \in {\mathbb{R}^n} , with multi-indices α of length | a| \leqslant m \left| \alpha \right| \leqslant m , that are solutions to certain elliptic problems on the periodicity cell. These results are used to homogenize the diffusion equation with ε-periodic coefficients, where ε is a small parameter. In particular, under minimal regularity conditions, we construct approximations of order O(ε ^m ) in the L ²-norm as ε → 0. Bibliography: 14 titles.