不同温度冷表面结霜特性研究综述

结霜现象广泛存在于自然界和低温、制冷、航空航天等工程领域。近几十年来,国内外学者通过大量实验和数值模拟研究结霜机理,因为结霜条件不同导致其结论也不尽相同。对普冷、低温及深冷等不同冷表面工况下的霜层生长特性进行了研究,介绍了在不同工况下所观察的霜生长现象,总结了空气温度、湿度、速度及冷表面温度等因素在不同工况下对结霜的影响规律,综述了霜层内传热传质现象的研究现状,并指出在深冷工况下对霜生长的研究是未来研究的重点方向。     

自然对流下亲水表面上抑霜的研究

本文用自行研制的强吸水性涂料制作了亲水表面,并在其上进行了结霜研究。在不同实验条件下进行了吸水表面与普通金属表面上的霜厚及霜表面温度的测量、对比,并研究了影响亲水表面结霜的因素。结果表明,这种涂层具有明显的抑霜效果,在较易结霜的实验条件下可使初始霜晶出现时间延迟15分钟以上,在低于冰点的一定范围内,可以使初始霜晶出现的时间延迟3小时以上,霜厚减少40%以上,霜表面温度低且霜层疏松,在外力的作用下很容易除去。     

强制对流下深冷水平平板结霜行为模拟研究

基于耦合霜层孔隙率修正的格子Boltzmann方法和扩散抑制凝聚方法,建立了强制对流下深冷表面结霜模型,验证了该模型的可靠性,研究了冷表面温度、空气温度、空气相对湿度及空气流速对深冷表面霜层生长的影响。结果表明：空气流速对深冷表面的霜层形貌影响最大;空气相对湿度和空气速度对强制对流下深冷平板上霜层生长的影响较大;在结霜45 min的情况下,空气相对湿度每提高20%,霜层厚度平均提高11.89%,霜层密度平均增加17.76%;空气速度每提高1 m/s,霜层厚度平均降低8.95%,而霜层密度平均增加14.38%。     

快速来流条件下低温平板结霜行为实验研究

实验研究了快速来流条件下-33℃的低温平板在不同来流速度和湿度时的结霜行为。来流温度为38℃、来流速度为13 m·s~(-1)和31 m·s~(-1)、来流相对湿度为7%和50%。研究表明:与自然对流下生成的疏松霜层不同,快速来流条件下生成的霜层较致密、无后期致密化现象;快速来流条件下冷面结霜存在干模态结霜和湿模态结冰两种现象,发生湿模态结冰的条件为来流中水蒸气密度高于4.85 g·m~(-3)且霜面温度升至0℃;不同来流湿度条件下,来流速度对霜层厚度生长速率的影响规律不同。     

基于改进格子Boltzmann焓法模型的霜层生长数值研究

采用介观尺度格子Boltzmann方法数值研究壁面的表面特性对霜层生长的影响.将成核概率模型和改进的焓法相变模型相耦合，建立基于成核概率理论的霜层生长过程格子Boltzmann模型.该模型能够在宏观尺度上模拟霜层生长的加密加厚过程，也可以从微观尺度上描述局部的冰枝生长导致的霜层结构的动态变化，应用该模型能够获得霜层平均厚度、平均密度、结霜量等内部非稳态物理量.开展冷壁面上霜层形成及生长过程的数值研究，获得霜层的拓扑结构时空演化特性，得到不同时刻下结霜量以及霜层的平均厚度、平均密度、平均固相体积分数，探讨冷壁面温度、相对湿度、冷表面浸润性能对结霜的影响.     

凝华结霜霜层导热系数理论分析

研究水蒸汽凝华结霜过程在冷壁上形成的霜层的导热系数,依据随机管子多孔介质霜层模型,假设霜层是由孔隙空间与冰晶骨架构成的多孔介质,其中孔隙空间由随机毛细管及连接管子的接头形成,湿空气中的水蒸汽在霜层的孔隙空间中扩散输运并凝华结霜,根据传热传质学理论,导出霜层导热系数关系式。     

快速来流条件下低温平板常物性霜层一维干模态结霜模拟研究

在快速来流条件下低温平板结霜实验观测的基础上,提出了该种结霜条件下的一维结霜模型。在准稳态的假设前提下,构建了动态结霜的能量方程和质量方程,进行了常物性霜层一维模拟,模拟结果与结霜实验结果吻合较好。进行了单因素变化的一维干模态结霜模拟分析,研究了冷板温度、来流速度、来流湿度、来流温度、霜层密度和霜层热导率等因素变化对结霜的影响规律。在所模拟的参数范围内,来流温度、霜层密度对结霜厚度的影响较小,来流速度、来流湿度、冷板温度和霜层热导率对结霜厚度的影响较大。     

深冷壁面霜层生长的数值模型

文中对深冷壁面结霜过程进行了理论研究。综合考虑对流传热、相变潜热和辐射传热的影响,通过质量平衡、能量平衡,采用准稳态的方法建立了深冷表面的结霜过程数学模型及计算求解方法,研究了霜层生长规律、霜层物性和结霜过程传热量等随时间的变化规律。提供了一种能够进行深冷工况霜层生长规律和霜层物性预测的计算方法。     

分形理论结合相变动力学的冷表面结霜过程模拟

运用分形理论并结合相变动力学模拟冷表面上结霜过程.在相变动力学基础上成功模拟了结霜初始阶段水蒸气在冷表面上凝结、液滴生长及冻结过程,随后运用分形理论的有限制的扩散凝聚(diffusion limited aggregation,DLA) 模型模拟了霜晶在冻结液滴表面上的形成生长过程.模拟结果与实验结果取得良好的一致,模拟过程中凝结液滴出现及冻结的时间与实验结果几乎完全符合;液滴冻结之前其表面接触半径随时间变化的模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,同时模拟霜层厚度与实验测得霜层厚度也非常接近.研究结果对于探讨分形理 关键词： 分形 相变动力学 结霜 模拟     

自然对流下含纳米SiO2涂层表面抑霜研究

本文用含有纳米SiO2的涂层作为亲水表面,并在其上进行结霜实验研究.用接触角测量仪测出涂层表面和紫铜板表面的接触角,在不同实验条件下测量了涂层表面霜层的厚度,并与紫铜表面的霜厚进行了对比.结果表明在环境相对湿度较小、冷壁温度不太低的条件下,这种涂层能够较好地抑制霜层的生长.通过使用红外成像仪对不同时刻霜层表面温度测量,结果表明,这种亲水涂层具有较小的传热热阻,与具有较大传热热阻的霜层相比几乎可以忽略.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.