深海大深度声传播特性及直达声区水下声源距离估计

深海大深度声传播特性对在深海近海底进行水声目标探测和定位具有重要意义。利用一次南海中南部深海不完全声道中的脉冲声传播实验数据,分析了海底附近大深度声传播损失及脉冲多途传播特性,并根据直达波和海底-海面反射波的时延差与收发距离的关系,提出一种利用深海直达声区脉冲多途到达时间进行水下声源距离估计的方法。结果表明:当接收器深度位于南海深海海底附近而声源深度较浅时,直达声区水平宽度可达30 km,传播损失相对影区来说较小,有利于水下声源探测;直达声区的直达波与海底-海面反射波的到达时延差随着收发距离的增大单调减小,可被用于水下声源距离估计。得到水下声源的距离估计结果与实验GPS测量结果较为一致,距离估计均方误差为0.28 km。      

利用深海回声多途结构匹配估计目标深度EI北大核心CSCD

提出一种利用深海目标回声多途亮点簇时延和幅度结构匹配估计目标深度的方法。目标回声结构是双程信道传递函数和目标声散射函数的卷积,在深海近海面或近海底条件下表现出回声亮点簇的特性,且亮点簇时延幅度结构与目标深度相关,可用于估计目标深度。建立了在深度-距离网格上利用非线性规划代价函数对目标深度进行匹配估计的方法。分别对簇间时延偏差和海水声速剖面(SVP)偏差对匹配估计的影响进行了仿真分析。一次南海冬季试验结果显示,在水深1 km、距离5~8 km条件下,水下40 m处的目标回声呈现出3个时延间隔约0.3 s的亮点簇结构,将其用于目标深度匹配估计的误差范围在0~65 m。     

深海海底声反射区多途时延差分析与近海面声源定位

深海海底反射声工作方式下的声场主要由4条一次海底反射声线路径构成。根据4条声线路径到达接收点的时间不同,可以得到6个不同的声线到达时延差值,当声源位于近海面时, 6条声线路径的时延差曲线随接收深度近似呈线性变化。本文基于虚源理论推导了海底声反射区的多途到达时延结构,给出了6条声线路径的时延差曲线随接收深度变化的近似表达式,通过分析时延差曲线与声源水平距离和深度之间的关系,提出了一种利用多途时延差估计深海海底声反射区近海面声源距离与深度的方法,仿真实验与影响因素分析验证了该原理的正确性。南海实验结果表明,当收发距离在10～33 km时,距离估计结果和深度估计结果都同实际声源距离和深度吻合较好,估计误差不超过15%,验证了该方法的有效性。     

深海声影区稀疏时延估计与声源测距

研究了深海声影区中经一次海底反射的多途声线到达垂直双水听器的时延差与声源位置的关系,提出了一种稀疏时延估计与声源测距方法。首先利用近海面布放的短间距垂直双水听器接收一定频带的声信号,然后计算接收信号的广义互相关函数,并利用频谱搬移和稀疏解卷积技术提取时延差,最后通过时延差匹配,估计水下声源的距离。仿真实验表明,在4300 m深海中,所提方法能够正确提取多途到达时延差,估计声影区内的声源距离。海试结果表明,当垂直接收孔径分别为21 m和30 m时,声源测距误差分别小于13.6%和8.1%。上述结果表明,所提出的时延估计方法可适应带宽较窄的接收信号,多途到达时延估计参数可用于实现声影区中的水下声源测距。      

利用多途时延的被动目标定位方法

本文研究了在海洋波导环境中利用多途时延信息进行水下目标被动定位的方法。理论分析了在等声速理想海洋波导环境中,多途时延信息随时间变化的规律及其与目标运动状态之间的联系。分析结果表明,不需要已知声线类型而仅利用多途时延信息即可实现浅海波导环境中水下目标的被动定位。利用多途时延信息,当有两条声线到达时可以估计运动目标的归一化径向速度;当有三条声线到达时,可实现水下运动目标距离、径向速度的估计。最后利用仿真和实验数据对上述结论进行了验证。     

利用宽带声场频率-掠射角干涉结构的深海直达声区目标深度估计方法

针对典型深海环境中宽带声源的深度分辨问题,通过研究深海声场随频率起伏的干涉结构与垂直线阵频域波束输出图中的干涉结构,给出一种直达声区内可区分多水下目标的宽带声源深度估计方法。该方法以近水面目标的射线声场模型为基础,推导出近海面宽带声源接收声场的波束输出表达式,阐明了频域波束输出图中干涉结构与声源深度的对应关系。然后利用改进的傅里叶变换方法将二维频域波束输出图映射到声源深度-掠射角度域,可实现声源深度信息的有效分离。最后开展了深海实验验证,利用垂直阵接收拖曳声源发射的宽带白噪声信号,拖曳声源深度计算结果与实测声源深度基本一致。数值仿真与实验结果均表明该方法可以在多目标复杂环境下准确估计出水下宽带声源的深度。      

深海会聚区声场多途时延差分析及声源距离估计*

深海会聚区声道由于具有传播距离远、传播损失低等优势,对实现声呐远程探测具有十分重要的意义。本文基于虚源理论推导了深海会聚区的多途到达时延结构,给出了会聚区内不同声线路径的时延差曲线随接收深度变化的近似表达式,通过分析时延差曲线与声源水平距离之间的关系,提出了一种利用多途时延差估计深海会聚区近海面声源距离的方法,仿真实验验证了该方法原理的正确性。南海实验结果表明,当收发距离在42km~52 km时,会聚区爆炸声源距离估计结果同实际爆炸距离吻合较好,估计误差为0.6%~6.1％,验证了该方法的有效性。     

阵不变量匹配主动声呐目标深度辨识

水面/水下目标深度辨识可以在主动声呐探测过程中快速筛选感兴趣目标。根据目标多径返回信号到达时间与目标深度的关联性,该文提出了基于水平线阵的主动脉冲响应匹配目标深度辨识方法,该方法利用主动信号传播特性结合阵不变量理论提取脉冲响应,并与拷贝声场匹配实现目标深度估计。在校正了目标多径回波的方位变化后,该方法提取的时域特征较为稳定,并且只在时延估计距离处进行深度搜索。通过水平阵收集的宽带实验数据,在连续的多次回波中实现了对水面/水下目标92%的辨识成功率,验证了该方法在浅海环境下的目标深度估计能力。     

深海脉冲信号簇到达结构特征及其在水下声源定位中的应用

为了实现对深海水下声源的定位,对典型深海环境中的脉冲信号到达结构特征进行了理论分析,给出了声源和接收位置位于近海面时到达信号的簇信号形式近似表达式。当声源和接收位置处于近海面深度时,接收到的信号呈簇状结构形式。在提取到达信号中各簇信号到达时间、幅值等特征参数的基础上,提出了一种通过对到达信号中簇信号特征参数匹配搜索进行水下脉冲信号定位的方法,仿真分析了不同距离和不同深度处的簇信号特征,并利用一次南海海域爆炸声源的声传播实验数据进行了实验验证。结果表明:各簇信号对应的到达时间、幅值等特征参数可用于对声源位置的匹配定位;海上实验中利用单水听器得到的水下声源的距离估计结果与实测距离结果较为一致,对实验中2.0 km至90.4 km内声源的距离估计误差不大于8%。      

深海远程正交频分复用水声通信块间迭代稀疏信道估计方法

在深海远程正交频分复用(OFDM)水声通信中,信道时延长、频率选择性衰落严重,传统的块独立压缩感知稀疏估计需要较高导频插入密度才能保证一定的估计性能,通信频谱利用率较低。提出了一种基于信道稀疏时变建模的块间迭代信道估计方法,利用深海信道在两个相邻OFDM数据块之间的时间相关性建立块间信道稀疏多途结构的时变关系,在此基础上,对传统稀疏信道估计算法中的候选字典矩阵的字典原子进行删减并改进优化方程,实现了对前一数据块所估信道信息的有效利用,显著降低了信道估计所需的导频插入密度。在深海不同接收深度、不同距离条件下开展了海试验证,实验结果表明,与传统稀疏信道估计方法相比,本方法在导频插入密度减半的条件下可达到优于传统方法的估计性能。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.