一种基于模态域波束形成的水平阵被动目标深度估计

水面水下目标分辨与识别一直是被动声呐探测领域的难题.利用一种水平阵模态域波束形成算法获得己知方位目标声源的各阶模态强度,将其与不同深度的各阶参考模态强度进行匹配,最终实现了对声源的深度估计.仿真结果表明,该算法可以在信噪比为-10 dB的情况下,用300Hz带宽的信号样本,实现对声源深度的有效估计.系统分析了不同参数和不同波导条件对该方法目标深度估计性能的影响.其中,阵元数越多,模态样本数越多,计算频段越宽,方位估计精度越高,有效阵长越长,深度估计的性能越好.阵元间距和波导深度的变化不会影响该方法的深度估计性能,并且该方法的深度估计性能在声速剖面、海底参数等波导条件存在扰动时具有鲁棒性.     

利用宽带声场频率-掠射角干涉结构的深海直达声区目标深度估计方法

针对典型深海环境中宽带声源的深度分辨问题,通过研究深海声场随频率起伏的干涉结构与垂直线阵频域波束输出图中的干涉结构,给出一种直达声区内可区分多水下目标的宽带声源深度估计方法。该方法以近水面目标的射线声场模型为基础,推导出近海面宽带声源接收声场的波束输出表达式,阐明了频域波束输出图中干涉结构与声源深度的对应关系。然后利用改进的傅里叶变换方法将二维频域波束输出图映射到声源深度-掠射角度域,可实现声源深度信息的有效分离。最后开展了深海实验验证,利用垂直阵接收拖曳声源发射的宽带白噪声信号,拖曳声源深度计算结果与实测声源深度基本一致。数值仿真与实验结果均表明该方法可以在多目标复杂环境下准确估计出水下宽带声源的深度。      

利用频率波数谱能量扩展差异的水面水下目标分辨

提出基于波数能量频域扩展特征的水面水下目标分辨方法,通过模态域波束形成计算频率波数谱,并根据环境信息建立目标深度与波数扩展差异间的映射关系,并以此作为判决模型实现目标深度辨识。仿真结果表明所提方法在目标方位预估不准时依然稳健。通过SWellEx-96数据和大连海域实测数据验证了本文所提方法的有效性,海上试验数据处理结果表明该方法在132 m水平阵纵向有效孔径、100～800 Hz处理频段条件下,初步具备了水面水下目标分辨能力,且水面目标波数扩展特征高出水下目标10°左右,两类目标差异明显。从声传播特性的角度,所提方法为解决目标深度辨识难题提供了新的思路。     

用极点方法识别水下目标

本文中研究一种水下目标识别方法并介绍一组材料、大小、厚度不同的中空圆柱形水下目标的识别实验。我们分三步提取水下目标特征量。第一步是在频域上用短脉冲作为入射信号辨识脉冲响应函数。第二步用“卷积-修正递推最小二乘”法估计目标ARMA模型参数。第三步计算频域上的极点。我们用极点作为水下目标的特征量,并认为它是一个不变量。计算机模拟结果表明,同以AR参数作为特征量的方法相比较,极点法的抗噪声干扰能力改善12dB。我们采用匹配滤波分类器对水下目标进行分类。实验结果表明,在无噪声情况下,正确识别率可达100％。信噪比 关键词：     

进行子阵加权波束形成的波达方向估计

针对水声信道的多径效应以及海底散射信号信噪比低导致方位估计性能较差的问题,提出了一种基于子阵加权波束形成的UESPRIT算法(Weighted Beamspace UESPRIT Based on Subarrays,BS-BUESPRIT)。首先利用密集波束域转换矩阵估计回波信号的方位谱,进而估计同一时刻到达阵列的回波数目;之后将均匀线阵分为多个尺寸相同、相互重叠的子阵,利用加权波束形成对各子阵接收信号做指定方向的空域滤波;最后基于各子阵波束形成后的输出结果,利用UESPRIT算法实现回波方向的估计。仿真和湖试、海试试验结果表明,与UESPRIT算法相比,BS-BUESPRIT算法提高了信号波达方向估计性能,在多径和较低信噪比条件下有着更高的估计精度,应用于高分辨率测深侧扫声呐时有效地提高了声呐的测深性能。      

利用简正模态相位关系的浅海声源深度分辨方法

针对浅海波导声源深度分辨问题,本文提出了一种利用简正波的相位关系进行声源深度分辨的方法。该方法通过对垂直阵接收到的信号进行简正波分解,得到简正波系数,在已知声源距离的情况下通过对简正波系数项的处理得到各阶简正波的相位关系,根据相位关系估计声源的深度区间。该方法在阵元数较少时依然可以分辨声源深度,而且对宽带信号、窄带信号、连续信号和脉冲信号均适用。理论分析和数值仿真的结果说明:只有近水面处声源激发的简正波满足相位一致的特性,利用此特性可分辨水面水下目标。仿真和海试结果证明:在海水声速随深度不变或缓变的水文环境下,该方法可以准确的分辨声源深度区间,并且在深度采样不充分的情况下仍然适用。      

利用水平阵模态域波束形成判别声源深度*

针对近水面声源和水下声源的深度判别问题,根据近水面声源难以激发低阶模态的物理现象,研究利用声源波数谱结构和波数位置的不同来分辨近水面声源和水下声源。通过采用MVDR的谱估计方法进行模态域波束形成,补偿水平阵各阵元之间各号简正波的相位差,获得主瓣窄、旁瓣低的声源信号波数谱。波数谱的波数位置与频率呈近似线性关系,水中声速剖面、海底参数、海深都会影响波数谱的具体结构和位置。此外,声源信号的到达角估计误差同样也会影响波数谱主瓣的位置估计。数值仿真结果表明,在浅海负跃层声速剖面条件下,可利用水平阵模态域波束形成判别声源深度,区分近水面声源和水下声源。     

水下目标回波盲分离性能的瞬时频率特征评价方法

在水下主动声呐目标回波与混响盲分离中,针对分离结果顺序不确定性以及缺乏分离有效性衡量手段的问题,提出了以信号瞬时频率特征为指标的盲分离性能评价方法。推导了目标回波与混响的时频分布特性,理论表明目标回波在瞬时频率序列的中心偏离程度以及整体随机程度上低于混响,据此提取信号的瞬时频率方差与瞬时频率熵两种信号特征,并将二者作为从盲分离结果中识别目标回波的依据。海试数据结果表明,在盲分离得到的所有分离信号中,目标回波具有最小的瞬时频率特征值,并且该特征值越小,目标回波与混响的盲分离程度就越高。      

水下目标回波盲分离性能的瞬时频率特征评价方法

在水下主动声呐目标回波与混响盲分离中,针对分离结果顺序不确定性以及缺乏分离有效性衡量手段的问题,提出了以信号瞬时频率特征为指标的盲分离性能评价方法。推导了目标回波与混响的时频分布特性,理论表明目标回波在瞬时频率序列的中心偏离程度以及整体随机程度上低于混响,据此提取信号的瞬时频率方差与瞬时频率熵两种信号特征,并将二者作为从盲分离结果中识别目标回波的依据。海试数据结果表明,在盲分离得到的所有分离信号中,目标回波具有最小的瞬时频率特征值,并且该特征值越小,目标回波与混响的盲分离程度就越高。     

水下连续波有源探测的回波检测算法

研究线性调频连续波在水下探测中的信号模型、回波信号的检测和目标参数估计方法,通过分析回波信号与发射信号间的差拍信号,提出差拍-分数阶傅里叶变换结构的处理算法。为了减少分数阶傅里叶变换二维搜索时的计算量,首先使用Radon-Ambiguity变换估计差拍信号的调频斜率,再做相应阶次的分数阶傅里叶变换。数值仿真说明提出的算法能够有效消除线性调频连续波的距离-速度耦合现象,准确估计目标参数。通过湖上试验比较线性调频脉冲信号和线性调频连续波的处理增益,提出的算法处理的连续波比匹配滤波方法处理的脉冲信号处理增益大13 dB。研究结果表明该算法在连续波水下探测中可行有效,不仅能够准确估计目标参数,还具有良好的检测性能。      

Matched-field depth estimation for active sonar

This work concerns the problem of estimating the depth of a submerged scatterer in a shallow-water ocean by using an active sonar and a horizontal receiver array. As in passive matched-field processing (MFP) techniques, numerical modeling of multipath propagation is used to facilitate localization. However, unlike passive MFP methods where estimation of source range is critically dependent on relative modal phase modeling, in active sonar source range is approximately known from travel-time measurements. Thus the proposed matched-field depth estimation (MFDE) method does not require knowledge of the complex relative multipath amplitudes which also depend on the unknown scatterer characteristics. Depth localization is achieved by modeling depth-dependent relative delays and elevation angle spreads between multipaths. A maximum likelihood depth estimate is derived under the assumption that returns from a sequence of pings are uncorrelated and the scatterer is at constant depth. The Cramér-Rao lower bound on depth estimation mean-square-error is computed and compared with Monte Carlo simulation results for a typical range-dependent, shallow-water Mediterranean environment. Depth estimation performance to within 10% of the water column depth is predicted at signal-to-noise ratios of greater than 10 dB. Real data results are reported for depth estimation of an echo repeater to within 10-m accuracy in this same shallow water environment.     

Source motion detection, estimation, and compensation for underwater acoustics inversion by wideband ambiguity lag-Doppler filtering

Acoustic channel properties in a shallow water environment with moving source and receiver are difficult to investigate. In fact, when the source-receiver relative position changes, the underwater environment causes multipath and Doppler scale changes on the transmitted signal over low-to-medium frequencies (300 Hz-20 kHz). This is the result of a combination of multiple paths propagation, source and receiver motions, as well as sea surface motion or water column fast changes. This paper investigates underwater acoustic channel properties in a shallow water (up to 150 m depth) and moving source-receiver conditions using extracted time-scale features of the propagation channel model for low-to-medium frequencies. An average impulse response of one transmission is estimated using the physical characteristics of propagation and the wideband ambiguity plane. Since a different Doppler scale should be considered for each propagating signal, a time-warping filtering method is proposed to estimate the channel time delay and Doppler scale attributes for each propagating path. The proposed method enables the estimation of motion-compensated impulse responses, where different Doppler scaling factors are considered for the different time delays. It was validated for channel profiles using real data from the BASE'07 experiment conducted by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Undersea Research Center in the shallow water environment of the Malta Plateau, South Sicily. This paper provides a contribution to many field applications including passive ocean tomography with unknown natural sources position and movement. Another example is active ocean tomography where sources motion enables to rapidly cover one operational area for rapid environmental assessment and hydrophones may be drifting in order to avoid additional flow noise.     

Bearing splitting and near-surface source ranging in the direct zone of deep water

Sound multipath propagation is very important for target localization and identification in different acoustical zones of deep water. In order to distinguish the multipath characteristics in deep water, the Northwest Pacific Acoustic Experiment was conducted in 2015. A low-frequency horizontal line array towed at the depth of around 150 m on a receiving ship was used to receive the noise radiated by the source ship. During this experiment, a bearing-splitting phenomenon in the direct zone was observed through conventional beamforming of the horizontal line array within the frequency band 160 Hz–360 Hz. In this paper, this phenomenon is explained based on ray theory. In principle, the received signal in the direct zone of deep water arrives from two general paths including a direct one and bottom bounced one, which vary considerably in arrival angles. The split bearings correspond to the contributions of these two paths. The bearing-splitting phenomenon is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the bearing-time records and experimental results, and they are well consistent with each other. Then a near-surface source ranging approach based on the arrival angles of direct path and bottom bounced path in the direct zone is presented as an application of bearing splitting and is verified by experimental results. Finally,the applicability of the proposed ranging approach for an underwater source within several hundred meters in depth in the direct zone is also analyzed and demonstrated by simulations.     

Adaptive Signal Processing in Antenna Arrays with Allowance for the Rank of the Impulse-Response Matrix of a Multipath Channel

We consider adaptive spatial signal processing in antenna arrays under conditions of multipath propagation. It is shown that estimation of the elements of the matrix of multichannel impulse response (MCIR) in the receiving channels of antenna arrays is not sufficient for performing such a processing, and we should also determine the MCIR-matrix rank, which is equal to the minimum number of adaptive spatial channels for reception of a multipath signal. We propose a threshold method for estimating the rank of the MCIR matrix on the basis of the statistical properties of maximum-likelihood estimation of the elements of this matrix and a priori information on the properties of internal noise in the receiving channels of the system. The weight vectors of the beamformer processor ensuring adaptive spatial signal processing are estimated.     

Blind deconvolution for robust signal estimation and approximate source localization

Synthetic time reversal (STR) is a technique for blind deconvolution in an unknown multipath environment that relies on generic features (rays or modes) of multipath sound propagation. This paper describes how ray-based STR signal estimates may be improved and how ray-based STR sound-channel impulse-response estimates may be exploited for approximate source localization in underwater environments. Findings are based on simulations and underwater experiments involving source-array ranges from 100 m to 1 km in 60 -m-deep water and chirp signals with a bandwidth of 1.5-4.0 kHz. Signal estimation performance is quantified by the correlation coefficient between the source-broadcast and the STR-estimated signals for a variable number N of array elements, 2 ≤ N ≤ 32, and a range of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), -5 dB ≤ SNR ≤ 30 dB. At high SNR, STR-estimated signals are found to have cross-correlation coefficients of ～90% with as few as four array elements, and similar performance may be achieved at a SNR of nearly 0 dB with 32 array elements. When the broadband STR-estimated impulse response is used for source localization via a simple ray-based backpropagation scheme, the results are less ambiguous than those obtained from conventional broadband matched field processing.     

用于浅海有源声呐目标深度估计的匹配相位处理EI北大核心CSCD

针对浅海波导中有源声呐目标深度估计问题,提出了通过单个声源发射低频宽带信号,垂直双接收水听器接收目标回波,利用宽带目标回波比值的相位特征进行匹配相位处理的方法,不仅消除了目标散射特性对有源声呐目标深度估计的影响,而且仅需计算单程的信道传递函数,运算量小,有利于实时处理的实现需求。首先通过理论推导,定义了一个隐含目标深度、且与目标散射特性无关的声场特征——单程传播向量宽带干涉结构,在Pekeris波导条件下仿真分析了简正波阶数与单程传播向量宽带干涉结构的幅度和相位的关系,发现选取较多的简正波阶数贡献的单程传播向量宽带干涉结构进行匹配相位处理可以提高目标深度估计的性能。进一步仿真分析表明,在发射信号选取一定的时间长度和带宽的条件下,利用全部阶简正波且信噪比大于-10 dB时,方法的深度估计误差在5 m之内。最后分析了信号时间长度和处理带宽对有源声呐目标深度估计性能的影响,以及海底声速、海深和声速剖面失配时方法的鲁棒性。     

浅海负跃层条件下的双基地有源探测实验及定位声速修正

为了研究浅海条件下海底固定水平阵和机动声源的双基地有源探测性能,建立了浅海双基地有源探测仿真模型,分析了实验海区负跃层条件下的传播损失和多途能量扩展损失,实现了双基地有源探测的性能预估。以模型仿真为基础,在南海北部海域开展了一次浅海双基地有源探测实验.针对定位中的声速与实验中目标回波的脉冲传播速度的偏差导致定位精度下降的问题,提出了一种目标回波脉冲传播速度近似估计方法。实验结果表明,双基地有源探测可在浅海负跃层条件下实现对水中目标的有效探测,多个实验站位的回波信噪比实测值与仿真预测值符合较好,定位声速近似估计方法可进一步提高定位精度。      

单声阵列的低空目标轨迹估计方法

针对低空飞行目标轨迹估计问题,提出了一种单传声器阵列的目标运动轨迹估计方法。该方法利用窄带信号的多普勒效应估计出匀速直线运动目标飞行参数,结合波达方向估计计算目标的轨迹方向、水平偏置和高度,依据几何模型确定其运动轨迹,并对信号传播时延造成的估计误差进行修正。仿真和实验结果验证了算法有效性,实现了小孔径单声阵列对目标轨迹的估计。      

含突发E层的电离层模型建立及其在测高中的应用

针对高频射线测高模型未考虑电离层突发E层(sporadic-E,Es层)的问题,从电离层物理结构特性入手,结合实测的电离层垂测数据,在多层准抛物模型的基础上研究了含Es层的电离层模型及其在目标高度测量中的应用.首先,利用反转抛物线特性模拟了含Es的电离层模型,并得到了等离子体频率与高度的关系;然后,利用该模型分析了射线的电离层传输路径与发射仰角/频率的关系以及高频射线微多径特征与目标高度的关系;最后,结合含Es的电离层模型与射线微多径特征,提出了基于分段爬山搜索的快速匹配域测高方法,该方法能大大减少搜索时间.研究结果表明:含Es的电离层模型和提出的测高方法能准确估计出目标高度,并具有较强的实时性.