碘酸盐-硫脲非缓冲体系的动力学行为与机理

研究了在非缓冲介质中碘酸盐氧化硫脲的复杂动力学行为, 结果发现在封闭条件下体系的pH, [I^−]及铂电极电位呈现单峰或准振荡现象. 当碘酸盐过量时, 体系的pH首先快速上升, 然后自催化下降, 最后上升趋向平缓, 体系碘钟产生的诱导期与体系初始pH成正比; 而当硫脲过量时, 体系的pH呈现单峰振荡行为并伴随着I₂瞬时产生与瞬时消耗的过程, [I₂]到达极值的诱导期与体系初始pH呈线性关系. 运用包含质子平衡反应、碘钟反应、碘-硫反应以及硫-硫反应的14步反应机理模拟出了封闭体系中pH, [I^−]以及[I₂]的单峰振荡或准振荡行为.     

La-Cu4FeAlCO3水滑石催化苯酚羟基化反应的动力学及反应机理

采用微波晶化法制取了La-Cu₄FeAlCO₃催化剂, 并通过XRD和IR手段对合成的化合物La-Cu₄FeAlCO₃进行了表征, 证明所得晶体为水滑石结构. 将催化剂La-Cu₄FeAlCO₃用于催化双氧水苯酚羟基化反应, 考察了反应时间、苯酚/双氧水摩尔比对苯酚羟基化的影响, 以及催化剂、苯酚、双氧水用量、反应温度与苯酚羟基化反应速率的关系. 结果表明: 在0.5 g苯酚、苯酚/双氧水(摩尔比)=1︰2, 0.025 g催化剂La-Cu₄FeAlCO₃、10 mL水为溶剂、反应温度为343 K, 反应120 min的反应条件下, 苯酚的转化率为50.09%. 且求出动力学方程为v=k[La-Cu₄FeAlCO₃] [C₆H₅OH][H₂O₂], 活化能E_a= 58.37 kJ/mol. 根据双氧水处理过的催化剂XPS表征结果, 得到了该反应机理为HO-Cu⁺-OH的过渡态自由基反应.     

Rh(PPh3)3Cl/有机融盐催化烯烃硅氢加成反应

研究了Rh(PPh₃)₃Cl/二烷基咪唑六氟磷酸盐或烷基吡啶六氟磷酸盐催化三乙基氢硅烷与烯烃的硅氢加成反应. 实验结果表明, 二烷基咪唑六氟磷酸盐或烷基吡啶六氟磷酸盐的存在既有利于提高加成反应的转化率和β加成物的选择性, 又有利于反应结束后产物与催化剂的分离. C₁₆PyPF₆作为催化剂的载体, Rh(PPh₃)₃Cl催化苯乙烯与三乙基氢硅烷加成反应的转化率为95.7%, β加成物的选择性为87.8%, α加成物的选择性为0.001%, 脱氢加成产物的选择性为9.2%. 同时, 此催化剂重复使用7次以后仍具有较高的活性.     

扬尘及其模拟氧化物与SO2的反应行为

利用原位FTIR, XRD, XPS和BET手段研究了SO₂与CaO、模拟氧化物、硅酸盐水泥及其建筑尘样品的反应行为, 确认了反应产物, 并对样品的晶化状态和比表面积等进行了考察. 结果表明, SO₂在有氧气存在的条件下, 在CaO, 模拟氧化物, 硅酸盐水泥及建筑尘样品上发生吸附和催化氧化反应, 生成SO₃^2−和SO₄^2−, 反应遵循一级反应动力学规律. 收集所得到的建筑尘样品成分主要是SiO₂, 硅酸盐水泥的主要成分是Ca₃SiO₅.     

Cr-Cu/SiO2催化剂上顺酐和1,4-丁二醇的耦合反应

研究了Cr-Cu/SiO₂催化剂上顺酐加氢反应和1,4-丁二醇脱氢反应耦合制备重要的精细化学品γ-丁内酯. 耦合反应显著提高了顺酐转化率和γ-丁内酯选择性. Cr修饰提高了催化剂的脱氢活性, 抑止了催化剂的过度加氢活性, 使1,4-丁二醇的转化率和γ-丁内酯选择性显著提高. Cr修饰量为w＝5%的Cr-Cu/SiO₂催化剂上耦合反应的原料转化率为100%, γ-丁内酯选择性达98.8%. XRD, XPS等研究表明, Cr修饰促进了催化剂上铜元素的分散, 氧化铬对氧化铜有给电子作用, Cr修饰的Cr-Cu/SiO₂催化剂还原后比Cu/SiO₂具有更多的Cu^＋, 这有利于催化剂脱氢活性和γ-丁内酯选择性的提高.      

绿色表面活性剂烷基聚葡糖苷的中相微乳液

研究了烷基聚葡糖苷(APG)/正丁醇/环己烷/H₂O四组分微乳液体系的相行为, 得到中相微乳液的“鱼状”相图. 恒定γ值增大δ时, 体系从下相微乳液(WinsorⅠ型)和剩余油相的两相平衡, 经中相微乳液(WinsorⅢ型)、剩余油相和水相的三相平衡, 转变为上相微乳液(WinsorⅡ型)和剩余水相的两相平衡. 从“鱼状”相图的位置和形状, 计算得到了中相微乳液达亲水-亲油平衡时, 体系的一些重要参数, 如O点(中相消失, 水油两相平衡)和E点(三相消失, 单相形成)的组成( γ_o, δ_o)和((γ_e, δ_e) , 界面膜中APG和正丁醇的质量分数 , S^δ₁,S^δ₂ APG单体分子和正丁醇在环己烷中的溶解度S₁ , S₂, 平衡界面膜中APG和正丁醇在总组分中所占的质量分数C₁和C₂等. 考察了不同醇类、不同水相和油相对相图、平衡界面膜组成及APG形成单相微乳液效能等的影响. 发现使用长碳链的醇、小体积的油分子或加入无机盐, 均有利于单相及中相微乳液的形成, 并对此进行了解释.     

氮掺杂二氧化钛粉体(TiO2-xNx)的制备与性能表征

采用硫酸法生产钛白粉的中间产物偏钛酸为原料, 利用盐酸溶解-氨水中和沉淀法制得前驱体水合二氧化钛, 再在氨氩气氛的管式炉中进行掺氮反应, 制备出了具有可见光活性的纳米TiO_2-xN_xx粉体. 重点讨论了反应温度与反应时间对纳米TiO_2-xN_xx粉体的粒径、晶型及掺氮量的影响, 并研究了TiO_2-xN_x粉体的吸光性能和光催化性能.     

色噪声作用下一氧化碳表面催化氧化反应体系的随机共振

研究了Pt(110)/CO+O₂表面催化氧化反应体系在一定温度条件下, 当CO气体偏压P_u在超临界Hopf分岔点附近被色噪声调制后的动力学行为. 通过计算机模拟观察到色噪声诱导的振荡和随机共振(stochastic resonance)现象, 探讨了色噪声强度和相关时间对随机共振行为的影响, 分析了体系对环境涨落的敏感性范围.     

SDS抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶反应的热动力学研究

在37 ℃, pH＝7.4的Tris-HCl缓冲体系中, 利用热焓放大技术和热动力学初始速率法研究了近生理条件下的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)催化溴化乙酰胆碱水解反应及十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对反应的抑制动力学. 通过测量实验条件下反应体系的总反应焓及相同条件下的Tris碱的质子化焓, 确定了酶反应的摩尔反应焓ΔH_m,1为0.63 kJ•mol^－1, 米氏常数K_m和底物抑制常数K_S分别为0.85～0.94 mmol•L^－1和0.74～0.83 mmol•L^－1. SDS能够显著地降低反应速率, 但对酶反应的生化常数的影响较小, SDS对AchE的抑制表现为不可逆抑制. 在一定浓度的SDS溶液中, AchE的失活符合一级反应动力学规律, 表观一级失活速率常数与作用时间及SDS浓度的四次方呈线性关系, 失活常数为(2.47～2.69)×10¹³ mol^－4•L⁴•min^－1.     

光/电/化学催化降解水中酸性大红3R染料的研究

以高纯石墨电极、TiO₂/Ti薄膜电极和甘汞电极, 分别为阴极、阳极和参比电极, 设计研制出了新型光-电-化学催化集成反应器. 在紫外光和外加电场的作用下, 不仅TiO₂/Ti薄膜电极能对阳极槽中的酸性大红3R进行光电催化降解脱色, 且在阴极上产生的过氧化氢及其与亚铁离子形成的H2O₂/Fe²⁺催化体系, 对阴极槽中的染料溶液也有良好的脱色降解作用. 该催化集成反应器充分利用了光生空穴和光生电子, 实现了在阳、阴两极同时对染料进行降解脱色处理, 达到了“双极双效”的目的. 实验表明, 当用0.02 mol·L^−1硫酸钠为支持电解质、初始pH = 3和阴极电位−E_c = 0.66V的条件下, 阴极槽和阳极槽对30 mg·L^−1酸性大红3R溶液的脱色降解率分别达到92%和60%, 与双极单效的光电催化相比, 效率显著提高.     

Esterification of Octanoic Acid with Octanol in Microemulsion and Emulsion System

The esterification of octanoic acid with octanol in microemulsion and emulsion system is studied. In the presence of 5–10% dodecylbenzene-sulfonic acid (DBSA), which is a surfactant-type catalyst, high conversion of esterification can be given both in microemulsion and in emulsion system. Compared with emulsion system, single-phase microemulsion is a more effective reaction system for esterification, with the advantages of comparatively little influence by the amount of water, no need of hard stirring, and stable state when laid long. The esterification of other fatty acids and alcohols in this reaction system were also accomplished in favorable conversion.     

反相微乳液中苯酚硝化反应选择性的研究

采用气相色谱内标法研究了苯酚在AOT/异辛烷/水、CTAB/正癸醇/异辛烷/水、DBSA/异辛烷/水3种反相微乳液中进行硝化反应的选择性;考察了表面活性剂种类、反应时间、反应温度以及反相微乳液的含水量等因素对反应选择性的影响.研究结果表明,苯酚在微乳液体系中的硝化反应具有明显的邻位选择性,阴离子表面活性剂DB-SA体系的邻位选择性最高,这与它同时具有微乳催化和酸催化作用有关.     

Kinetics,mass transfer,and thermodynamic and statistical modeling study for esterification of valeric acid with n‐butanol: Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

The esterification of valeric acid with n‐butanol was studied with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The activity and performance of homogeneous p‐toluenesulfonic acid and heterogeneous cation exchange resin catalysts Amberlyst 36, Indion 190, and Amberlite IRC‐50 were evaluated. The pseudo‐homogeneous kinetic model was used to investigate the kinetic parameters of homogeneous‐ and heterogeneous‐catalyzed esterification. The UNIFAC (universal functional activity coefficient) approach was used to study the nonideality of the esterification reaction. The reaction was statistically modeled and optimized by the application of response surface methodology. The effects of independent variables such as reaction temperature, initial molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the conversion of valeric acid were investigated. The optimized conditions for the esterification reaction catalyzed by Amberlyst‐36 were found as temperature 360.4 K, initial molar ratio 3.8, and catalyst loading 6.7 wt%. The predicted conversion (89%) at these optimized conditions is in good agreement with the experimental conversion (87.3 ± 1.6%).     

磁性纳米固体超强酸的合成、表征及性能

首次制备了SO₄^2-/Co_0.5Fe_2.5O₄-ZrO₂磁性固体超强酸,利用TEM,DTA,XRD和FTIR等手段研究了Co_0.5Fe_2.5O₄磁性基质对ZrO₂的粒子大小、晶化温度与结构的影响.考察了磁性固体超强酸的催化性能及催化剂的寿命、回收率和磁性.结果表明,引入Co_0.5Fe_2.5O₄磁性基质不但赋予催化剂以磁性,而且在固体超强酸形成过程中延迟了ZrO₂由四方晶相向单斜晶相的转变,有助于稳定样品表面的含硫物种,磁性固体超强酸对酯化反应具有较高的催化活性,可活化再生,并保持磁性.     

Production of Diethyl Terephthalate from Biomass‐Derived Muconic Acid

We report a cascade synthetic route to directly obtain diethyl terephthalate, a replacement for terephthalic acid, from biomass‐derived muconic acid, ethanol, and ethylene. The process involves two steps: First, a substituted cyclohexene system is built through esterification and Diels–Alder reaction; then, a dehydrogenation reaction provides diethyl terephthalate. The key esterification reaction leads to improved solubility and modulates the electronic properties of muconic acid, thus promoting the Diels–Alder reaction with ethylene. With silicotungstic acid as the catalyst, nearly 100 % conversion of muconic acid was achieved, and the cycloadducts were formed with more than 99.0 % selectivity. The palladium‐catalyzed dehydrogenation reaction preferentially occurs under neutral or mildly basic conditions. The total yield of diethyl terephthalate reached 80.6 % based on the amount of muconic acid used in the two‐step synthetic process.     

Preparation of hollow silica nanospheres in O/W microemulsion system by hydrothermal temperature changes

Hollow silica nanospheres with wrinkled or smooth surfaces were successfully fabricated through a hydrothermal method. In this method, oil-in-water microemulsion (composed of cyclohexane, water, ethanol, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were utilized as template and capping agent, respectively. In such a facile synthesis, we can well realize the morphological transformation of spheres with radially oriented mesochannels to hollow structures of silica nanoparticle only by regulating the hydrothermal temperature from 100 °C to 200 °C. Synthesized samples with different mesostructures were then used as supports to immobilize Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). The immobilized CRL was employed as a new biocatalyst for biodiesel production through the esterification of heptanoic acid with ethanol. The conversion ratio of heptanoic acid with ethanol catalyzed by the immobilized CRL was also evaluated. Results of this study suggest that the prepared samples have potential applications in biocatalysis.     

Prins Cyclization of Styrenes or Acetophenone Catalyzed by DBSA in Water

Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) was proved to be an efficient catalyst for Prins cyclization of styrenes and formaldehyde or acetaldehyde in water. A tandem dehydration/Prins cyclization reaction using a tertiary alcohol and formaldehyde as substrates proceeded very well by using DBSA as catalyst. Acetophenone, which is less reactive compared with styrene, can also react with formaldehyde when catalyzed by DBSA in water to afford 1,3-dioxan-5-ylphenylmethanone in good yield.     

脂肪酶直接与硅胶混合催化无溶剂酯化反应的研究

用硅胶作为载体，以癸酸与己醇的酯化反应作为模型，将脂肪酶和底物直接与硅胶混合，用于无溶剂体系催化酯化反应．结果表明体系中水的含量、底物用量比以及反应时间均对酯化反应有较大影响．在该体系中，脂肪酶催化酯合成反应的速度显著增加，反应2h后．转化率可以达到90％以上．而且沉积在硅胶上的脂肪酶可以反复使用多次．     

Enzymatic esterification and phase behavior in ionic microemulsions with different alcohols

The esterification of hexanoic acid and 1-pentanol catalyzed by the lipase fromChromobacterium viscosum was studied at 298.2 K using different Winsor systems as reaction medium. The microemulsion systems consisted of brine and alkane stabilized by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulphate and a short-chained alcohol. The alcohol acts both as a reactant and as a part of the reaction medium. Therefore, it is of great fundamental interest to know the phase behavior of the used microemulsion systems. Partial phase diagrams were determined and the efficiency of different alcohols on the transition from a Winsor I system to a Winsor III or a Winsor IV system with bicontinuous structure and further to a Winsor II system was investigated. The investigated alcohols were 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, 4-methyl-1-pentanol, and 1-hexanol. The aqueous medium consisted of 0.5 m NaCl(aq) or a phosphate buffer (pH=7) and the organic medium of octane or 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane. A long alkyl chain of the alcohol or a branching far from the hydroxyl group gives a more efficient cosurfactant and a transition from Winsor I to Winsor III or Winsor IV at lower alcohol contents. In the Winsor III system the yield of 1-pentyl hexanoate is twice as high as the yield in the bicontinuous Winsor IV system.