采用分离式差分标定靶的单摄像机标定方法

采用分离式差分标定方法实现对单摄像机的高精度标定。在摄像机的物面位置上放置多个小尺度的分离式标定靶,每个标定靶上有标准点阵列,对每个光点由高斯曲面拟合法得到其CCD像面上的位置,光点位置检测结果的稳定性(均方根)达到1μm(相当于CCD 0.0053 pixel)。利用同一标定靶上标准点之间的物面差分坐标,进行四次曲面拟合,建立摄像机的像面与物面之间的映射关系。该方法对各个标定靶之间的距离没有提出要求,采用多个小尺寸的差分标定靶代替整体式的大尺度标定靶,降低对大尺度标定靶的制作要求。实验表明,当各个标定靶之间的相对角度误差小于60″时,标定残差平均值可以达到4.8μm(相当于CCD 0.028 pixel)。     

A machine vision technique for subpixel estimation of three-dimensional profilometry

A quick and efficient technique for a charge-coupled device (CCD)-based profilometric measurement system is proposed and verified by experiment. When a laser stripe is projected onto an object, the deformed laser line image is detected by a CCD camera with subpixel resolution and is automatically transferred to its space position using a least-squares mapping algorithm. Measurements are executed on each separate surface of a three-dimensional object and the multi-surface data are integrated through a process of coordinate transformation. Large arrays of data points are acquired on each surface by means of a scanning mechanism. Because the measuring data from each laser stripe position can provide two-dimensional information concerning the surface contour, the laser stripe and the CCD camera are integrated into a measurement system for obtaining the entire three-dimensional information. Theoretical analysis shows that this technique can determine the three-dimensional profile of an object with an accuracy below 0.2 mm.     

航天CCD相机焦面位置地面标定方法研究

为了在地面试验阶段准确标定出航天CCD相机在轨成像时的像面位置,提出了一种基于自准直干涉测量原理和调制传递函数测量原理的航天CCD相机焦面位置的地面标定方法。介绍了该方法的原理和实施过程,并以口径1 m、焦距20 m的平行光管标定口径600 mm、焦距6 m的航天CCD相机为例,分析并计算了新标定方法和已有标定方法的标定精度。结果表明:新标定方法的标定精度优于0.006 mm,是已有标定方法标定精度的5倍至10倍,能够满足现阶段所有航天CCD相机的焦面位置的标定精度要求。     

Optical edge-projection method for three-dimensional profilometry

A novel optical edge-projection method is proposed for surface contouring of an object with low reflectivity. A structured light edge is projected onto a dark surface, and the image is captured by a CCD camera. The object contour is evaluated with an active triangular projection algorithm, and one obtains a whole-field three-dimensional contour of the object by scanning the optical edge over the entire object surface. The proposed method is applied to a black nonreflective object made from woven carbon fiber and is also applied to measure the profile of a small object (a coin). The results show that an accurate profile of the specimen can be obtained.     

Full field deformation measurement of centimeter sized objects using optical phase retrieval

Most papers in the field of optical phase retrieval either consider only the intensity (or amplitude) profile of the object under inspection (or scatterer location in the X-ray version), or a uniform tilt/rotation of the object beam. However, phase retrieval is able to recover the phase profile of the object (beam) as well, which theoretically makes the observable interference of phase retrieved object waves possible. In this paper we demonstrate this principle experimentally on centimeter sized deformable reflective objects (as large as 40 mm by 40 mm) and corresponding simulations are also presented. When the CCD camera is moved along the optical axis in the Fresnel region, the interference fringes of the displacement field have low contrast. On the other hand, when an imaging setup is built, and the camera moves near the image plane, high fringe contrast can be obtained. These fringes however suffer from some phase error. In our work the iterative modulus projection algorithm was used as a simply implementable phase retrieval method.     

3D laser scanner system using high dynamic range imaging

Because of its high measuring speed, moderate accuracy, low cost and robustness in the industrial field, 3D laser scanning has been widely used in a variety of applications. However, the measurement of a 3D profile of a high dynamic range (HDR) brightness surface such as a partially highlighted object or a partial specular reflection remains one of the most challenging problems. This difficulty has limited the adoption of such scanner systems. In this paper, an optical imaging system based on a high-resolution liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) device and an image sensor (CCD or CMOS) was built to adjust the image's brightness pixel by pixel as required. The radiance value of the image captured by the image sensor is constrained to lie within the dynamic range of the sensor after an adaptive algorithm of pixel mapping between the LCoS mask plane and image plane through the HDR imaging system is added. Thus, an HDR image was reconstructed by the LCoS mask and the CCD image on this system. The significant difference between the proposed system and a traditional 3D laser scanner system is that the HDR image was used to calibrate and calculate the 3D profile coordinate. Experimental results show that HDR imaging can enhance 3D laser scanner system environmental adaptability and improve the accuracy of 3D profile measurement.     

Line-scan CCD camera calibration in 2D coordinate measurement

We present a line-scan camera calibration method in a plane not perpendicular to but parallel to the optical axis, without requiring the camera motion or a complex calibration pattern. A random 2D reference coordinate system in the calibration plane can be used, images of a rod perpendicular to the calibration plane at known coordinates are captured by the camera, the relation between the given coordinates and the rod image centroid position are analyzed based on a reduced pinhole model and image processing, and then the camera parameters and distortion factors are all estimated. These distortion factors build a sample relation only between the image position in theory and in practice, and they do not change with object position. Two wide-angle line-scan cameras that are used in a 2D-coordinate measurement system are calibrated by this method; the application results illustrate the effectiveness and convenience of this method.     

面向大视场视觉测量的摄像机标定技术

提出了一种面向大视场高精度视觉测量的摄像机标定新方法,该方法采用亮度自适应的单个红外发光二极管(IR-LED)作为目标靶点,将该靶点固定在三坐标测量机的测头上,并依次精确移动至预先设定的空间位置,每次靶点到达设定的空间位置时,摄像机对靶点进行图像采集。利用三坐标测量机的精确位移,在三维空间构成一个虚拟立体靶标。针对虚拟立体靶标在大视场摄像机标定中只能覆盖一小部分标定空间的问题,通过自由移动摄像机在多个方位对虚拟立体靶标进行拍摄,使得多个虚拟立体靶标分布于整个标定空间。摄像机在每个方位对虚拟立体靶标的拍摄都标定出一组摄像机的内、外参数,然后以摄像机内参数和摄像机在各个方位下拍摄的虚拟立体靶标在摄像机坐标系下的位置及姿态参数为优化变量,建立以所有三维靶点位置重投影误差平方和为最小的目标函数,采用非线性优化方法求解摄像机标定参数的最优解。该方法较好地解决了大视场视觉测量中大尺寸靶标加工困难、摄像机标定精度难以保证的问题。仿真和实际标定实验均证明此方法可以有效提高大视场摄像机的标定精度。     

自调心伪双CCD光切360°三维轮廓测量系统

针对双 CCD三角测量系统的调心问题,提出一种利用单 CCD辅以可控机械回转臂实现光切 360°三维轮廓测量的新方案,给出了测量原理及系统结构,并详细介绍了映射函数法标定系统的原理及其具体实现.实物测量结果表明,该方法除具有双 CCD光切测量系统的全部优点外,测量系统可实现自动定心,后序数据融合简单,测量精度高,系统造价较低.     

基于图像处理技术的航空相机镜头焦面自准直定位研究

提出基于图像处理技术的航空相机镜头焦面定位的方法,利用光电自准直原理进行焦面定位,并选用两种图像清晰度评价函数实时提取图像清晰度特征,采用优化的爬山算法进行快速检焦。仿真实验结果表明:利用本系统对焦距为750 mm,F数为6.3,CCD像元尺寸为6.8 m6.8 m,成像光谱为500 nm~800 nm的航空相机进行焦面定位精度测定,得到相机的半焦深为0.040 mm,可用于航空CCD相机的焦面检定及航空CCD相机的自动调焦系统。     

基于在轨成像物理机理的立体测绘相机建模与仿真

基于在轨成像物理机理的立体测绘相机成像建模与仿真综合考虑了大气辐射传输、卫星运行平台、光学系统成像、相机辐射响应等各个环节,采用数值模拟技术进行精确建模,可用于进行成像过程端到端的完整分析,评估成像系统设计可行性及成像质量。本文以可见光立体测绘相机为例,采用高精度高、分辨率地表物理模型作为输入源,首先结合立体测绘相机内外方位元素计算正视相机和前视相机CCD光敏面各亚像元区域中心的观测向量,然后根据目标相机的成像参数得到地面目标在相机入瞳处的辐亮度,最后通过光线追迹算法和光学系统点扩散函数模型计算探测器靶面的辐通量,经由探测器辐射响应模型得到数字影像。实验结果表明,正视相机几何物理模型定位精度达124 m,前视相机定位精度达193 m,能够较为可靠地模拟出立体影像,模拟方法可行。     

高分辨率空间相机共轴三反光学系统实现形式研究

为了设计出高分辨率空间相机的光学系统,研究了反射式光学系统中存在次镜对主镜的中心遮拦等问题.通过对共轴三反射光学系统结构参数和最终视场在像面上的分布情况的分析,提出了半视场、全视场和环形视场3种光学形式,设计了焦距为3000mm、F数为10的3种形式的共轴三反光学系统.设计结果表明:3种共轴三反光学系统在有效视场角内成像质量均接近衍射极限,可以满足高分辨率空间相机不同的使用要求,指出半视场共轴三反光学系统适合于线阵CCD推扫成像,全视场共轴三反光学系统可用于面阵CCD凝视成像,环形视场共轴三反光学系统可实现一台相机上全色和多光谱成像的要求.     

Profile measurement of a moving object using an improved projection grating phase-shifting profilometry

3-D profile measurement of a moving object using a novel phase-shifting technique is introduced. Digital gratings with two steps phase-shifting are projected periodically onto a measured object surface. The deformed fringe patterns are captured by a frame CCD camera within a short exposure time. By synchronizing the projector and the CCD camera accurately, there is an overlapping part which is the same part of the object among three neighbouring frames. The length of an overlapping part can be controlled as one third of a frame length. Hence the intensity values at the same surface point modulated by three neighbouring gratings can be obtained, and its phase value can be computed by an improved phase-extracting algorithm. The profile of a specimen is detected by the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate that this method is effective for the profile measurement of a moving object.     

体视2D-3cPIV相机标定方法研究

基于针孔相机成像模型,利用共线方程建立了像平面坐标与粒子三维空间坐标之间的映射关系,在此基础上采用Tsai’s算法开展了相机内外参数标定方法的研究。使用微位移机构负载二维平面标定板完成了片光厚度内多个位置的单视场非共面标定。改进后的Wong-Trinder算子提高了标定板上目标像中心的定位精度。利用标准图像对其进行了仿真实验。结果表明,该标定方法具有标定速度快、精度高的特点,适合于多种流场的2D-3cPIV测量。     

Optical system calibration by the correlation method

A simple method for determining and subsequent eliminating geometrical distortions, including chromatic aberrations, introduced by an imaging system is described. A virtual calibration object is transferred onto a plane surface and is photographed using a tested optical system. The image is compared by the correlation method with digital original matched with camera angle using projective transformations.     

电子白板系统中参数标定方法的研究

为了避开复杂繁琐的摄像机标定过程,提出了一种基于CCD摄像机的电子白板系统参数标定新方法,实现了开机自动标定系统参数的功能。采用Harris角点检测算法成功提取了参考点的像素坐标,并直接运用射影变换交比不变性,推导出白板边框图像像素距离与实际物理距离的映射关系式,进而获得了摄像机的光心坐标。简要分析影响系统标定精度的因素,并设计出减小标定误差的方案,最后搭建实验平台标定系统参数。实验结果表明:该标定方法实现简单,应用方便,且对于单位长度为1 cm的标定块而言,标定误差小于0.04 cm。     

近景大视场角分区域标定方法研究

针对飞行试验测量视场大相机标定精度低的问题,提出一种高精度CCD相机分区域标定方法。该方法首先通过将标靶均匀布置在摄像机视场内,使得标靶尽可能均匀错落地充满整个视场范围,再结合人眼判读的方式求解靶标的像面位置,最终与全站仪三维坐标形成精确的空间标定点集。接着,将像平面按横向方向等间距分割成Ｎ个区域,并结合后方交会的方法分别对每个子区域进行相机参数的计算。实验结果表明：经过分区域标定,相机采集点的总误差比单区域标定法降低了4％(Ｎ＝3)。算法可实现指定区域的相机参数计算,基本满足中高等精度的工业测量要求。所本文研究可应用于位置相对固定不变的工业视觉测量,特别是大工件测量领域。     

三线阵CCD立体测绘相机的集成装调

考虑几何精度对三线阵CCD立体测绘相机测绘精度的影响,研究了测绘相机组合体的装调方法以建立和保证相机的空间几何关系。首先,介绍了测绘相机组合体的结构和坐标系的定义;其次,提出了各基准立方镜和相机的装调要求;最后,确定了多相机集成装调流程,重点介绍了测绘相机的装调步骤。装调结果表明：各相机的光学传递函数〉0.2,畸变〈0.03%,测绘相机的空间几何关系满足要求,提出的集成装调技术有效地保证了测绘相机的空间几何关系。     

基于光学测棒的立体视觉坐标测量系统的研究

提出了一种基丁测量与校准功能合一的光学测棒的立体视觉坐标测最系统.采用光学测棒作为成像目标,通过任意放置的两台摄像机获取测棒上的发光特征点的图像实现被测物体三维坐标的测量,同时利用测量数据定期对两台摄像机外部方位参数进行校准.深入研究了两台摄像机内部参数和外部方位参数校准过程中的校准件和校准算法的设计,以及系统测量建模等关键技术,提出了相应的解决方案,减小了摄像机内外参数校准及测量模型对测量结果的影响,提高系统的测量精度.实验结果表明.该系统的最大测量误差为0.11 mm.     

CCD摄像机TDI模式及实时显示技术研究

叙述了CCD摄像机作为微光夜视探测的TDI(时间延迟积分 )特性及实时显示多帧累积后目标图像的技术 ,利用CCD摄像机的外触发控制系统和EPLD可编程逻辑器件实现图像的TDI累积。可获得当CCD靶面照度为 3 7×10 -5lx下静态目标达到 3 0 0TVlines分辨率的图像。给出标准的视频信号输出及实时显示。