Robust geometric,phase and colour structured light projection system calibration

This paper introduces a new comprehensive procedure for both geometric and colour calibration of structured light system. In order to perform both geometric and colour calibration procedure, a new calibration artifact is proposed. The intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of projector and camera are estimated by using an extended pinhole camera model with a tangential and radial distortion. Camera image plane coordinates are obtained by extracting features from images of a calibration artifact. Projector image plane coordinates are calculated on the basis of continuous phase maps obtained from a fringe pattern phase reconstruction procedure. In order to stereo calibrate camera-projector system, pairs of corresponding image plane points are calculated with subpixel accuracy. In addition, one of three pattern views is used in colour calibration. RGB values of a colour field pattern detected by camera and their reference values are compared. This comparison leads to derivation of a colour transformation matrix. The performance of the proposed method is tested by measuring plane, sphere and distance reference. Also 360 degrees complex object 3D model from a set of measurements is obtained. Residual mean errors for all tests performed are calculated.     

采用分离式差分标定靶的单摄像机标定方法

采用分离式差分标定方法实现对单摄像机的高精度标定。在摄像机的物面位置上放置多个小尺度的分离式标定靶,每个标定靶上有标准点阵列,对每个光点由高斯曲面拟合法得到其CCD像面上的位置,光点位置检测结果的稳定性(均方根)达到1μm(相当于CCD 0.0053 pixel)。利用同一标定靶上标准点之间的物面差分坐标,进行四次曲面拟合,建立摄像机的像面与物面之间的映射关系。该方法对各个标定靶之间的距离没有提出要求,采用多个小尺寸的差分标定靶代替整体式的大尺度标定靶,降低对大尺度标定靶的制作要求。实验表明,当各个标定靶之间的相对角度误差小于60″时,标定残差平均值可以达到4.8μm(相当于CCD 0.028 pixel)。     

用于相机标定的球靶标投影误差分析与校正

由于球体具有轮廓连续性好等优点,在摄像机标定,尤其是多相机标定方面获得了广泛的应用。利用球作为标定靶标可以弥补平面靶标在多相机标定中出现视角过大时畸变太大甚至于观测不到的不足,但是空间球经透视投影后成像一般并非标准圆,而是一个椭圆。椭圆几何中心与球心真实成像中心并不一致,从而影响了标定精度。造成球心成像误差的因素主要有两个,即球的相对大小及相对于相机的位置。通过分析空间球成像模型,仿真研究了各因素对球心成像误差影响的大小,寻找球心的透视投影像点与其成像椭圆几何中心之间的误差变化规律,并建立了两者之间的误差校正模型,最后通过实验验证了该校正模型的可行性和有效性。通过校正,球心投影像点定位精度可达到亚像素级。     

基于天顶观测的光学系统精确标定方法

针对光学系统在实际应用中与载体坐标系协调的问题,将光学系统基准面放置于站心地平坐标系水平面上并摄取星图,对星图处理获取星像坐标,应用天体自动辨识技术和恒星视位置计算技术得到对应天体的赤道坐标,以天顶点为原点建立天球切平面基准坐标系,把星体赤道坐标转化为所对应的基准坐标,利用天顶点切平面与站心地平坐标系的对应关系,将天体基准坐标转换为站心像平面坐标,建立星体站心像平面坐标与星图像平面坐标的标定方程,解算光学系统综合标定参数。实验结果表明:标定精度达到角秒量级,实现光学系统像平面坐标系到载体坐标系的高精度转换。     

基于三线结构光的相机平面标定方法研究

相机标定技术是结构光三维视觉测量的关键技术之一,结构光系统的相机标定的精度对三维测量的精度有很大影响。首先对三线结构光系统图的相机标定方法进行了分析,简单介绍了工业相机成像的几何模型及标定的原理;其次利用Harris角点检测方法提取特征点坐标,并选用了BP神经网络来校正工业相机的畸变模型,以提高标定算法的优化速度和标定精度;最后采用张正友的平面标定法对校正后的摄像机模型进行标定实验,由实验结果知,该方法具有一定的准确性和有效性,在一定误差范围内,基于神经网络畸变校正的张正友相机标定能够有效提高视觉检测的精度。     

基于新型靶的CCD摄像系统畸变测量与校正

深入研究了测试图案对测量畸变的影响。提出"一靶测试法"进行畸变测量与校正,拍摄了自行设计、制作的"综合点阵靶板"的畸变图像,图像处理得到其畸变点位置,并与理想点位置进行对应比较。建立多项式模型确定畸变点与理想点的位置校正关系,理想点位置由理想成像得到,并运用最小二乘拟合算法求得多项式系数,标定整个CCD摄像系统的畸变。"综合点阵靶板"采用灰色圆点黑色间带图案,方便了点按序标记排列,从而确定畸变点与理想点的一一对应。对2.6 mm焦距的广角CCD镜头摄像系统进行了畸变测量与校正,其重复测量,校正精度达到0.3%。     

Accuracy evaluation of optical distortion calibration by digital image correlation

Due to its convenience of operation, the camera calibration algorithm, which is based on the plane template, is widely used in image measurement, computer vision and other fields. How to select a suitable distortion model is always a problem to be solved. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an experimental evaluation of the accuracy of camera distortion calibrations. This paper presents an experimental method for evaluating camera distortion calibration accuracy, which is easy to implement, has high precision, and is suitable for a variety of commonly used lens. First, we use the digital image correlation method to calculate the in-plane rigid body displacement field of an image displayed on a liquid crystal display before and after translation, as captured with a camera. Next, we use a calibration board to calibrate the camera to obtain calibration parameters which are used to correct calculation points of the image before and after deformation. The displacement field before and after correction is compared to analyze the distortion calibration results. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of two commonly used industrial camera lenses for four commonly used distortion models.     

近景大视场角分区域标定方法研究

针对飞行试验测量视场大相机标定精度低的问题,提出一种高精度CCD相机分区域标定方法。该方法首先通过将标靶均匀布置在摄像机视场内,使得标靶尽可能均匀错落地充满整个视场范围,再结合人眼判读的方式求解靶标的像面位置,最终与全站仪三维坐标形成精确的空间标定点集。接着,将像平面按横向方向等间距分割成Ｎ个区域,并结合后方交会的方法分别对每个子区域进行相机参数的计算。实验结果表明：经过分区域标定,相机采集点的总误差比单区域标定法降低了4％(Ｎ＝3)。算法可实现指定区域的相机参数计算,基本满足中高等精度的工业测量要求。所本文研究可应用于位置相对固定不变的工业视觉测量,特别是大工件测量领域。     

单摄像机单投影仪结构光三维测量系统标定方法

系统参数的标定是结构光三维测量系统工作的基础,且参数标定的精度直接影响测量的精度,其中投影仪目前还存在标定过程复杂、精度较低等问题。为解决该问题,通过投影一组圆阵图案到一块本身带有特征圆的平板上,并由摄像机拍摄;基于二维射影变换理论,通过误差补偿法建立投影仪图像坐标和摄像机图像坐标的对应关系,利用该对应关系计算获取标定点的投影仪图像坐标;以标定点的两组图像坐标和世界坐标为初始值,使用非线性算法对系统进行全参数整体优化,完成系统的标定。实验验证了系统标定误差最大值小于0.05 mm,误差均方根小于0.03 mm,结果表明该方法标定过程简单,能够有效地提高标定精度,具有较广的适用性。     

基于两个正交一维物体的单幅图像相机标定

提出了一种利用两个正交一维物体构成"T"型靶标进行摄像机标定的新方法。该方法只需对"T"型靶标上已知坐标的5点投影一幅图像,然后根据柔性靶标原理计算出由虚点和标记点组成的共直线的4点,由射影变换同素性、接合性以及交比不变性标定出镜头的一阶径向畸变参数。利用已知畸变参数对图像进行畸变校正,然后由基于两个正交一维物体坐标变换的方法即可标定出相机的内外参数。该方法线性求解镜头畸变参数,避免了传统方法非线性迭代优化过程中产生的参数耦合现象。实验表明,不进行镜头畸变校正则相机标定精度随着图像噪声的增加呈不稳定状态;进行畸变校正后对简单标定计算的初始值进行优化得到稳定的高精度标定结果。整个实验设备简单,操作方便,只需一幅图像即可实现镜头畸变和相机内外参数的标定,可以达到实时的效果。     

用于校准能见度仪的标准散射体定标系统中光学系统的误差分析

为了实现用于校准能见度仪的标准散射体的快速高精度定标,依据标准散射体校准前向散射式能见度仪的校准原理,建立定标系统中光学系统的误差分析方法.分析标准散射体定标系统的工作原理,结合其光学系统、机械结构的加工及装调偏差,建立了标准散射体定标系统的光学系统模型并设计实验证明其正确性.分析影响定标系统中光学系统精度的主要误差,得到标准散射体定标系统中光学系统的误差传递模型.通过对畸变偏差、像面位置偏差、主点位置偏差、像面倾斜偏差和焦距偏差的分析,提出了一种系统综合误差分析的方法并建立了综合偏差模型,对每个偏差单独分析,得出畸变偏差、像面位置偏差、主点位置偏差、像面倾斜偏差和焦距偏差的偏差范围依次为0.024 mm,0.399 mm,0.02 mm,0.28 rad和0.392 mm.该研究为提高用于校准能见度仪的标准散射体定标系统的精度以及校准时误差的来源分析与补偿提供理论依据.     

基于特征圆单目视觉的飞机舵面角位移标定技术

提出了一种基于特征圆单目视觉的非接触式飞机舵面角位移标定技术。用一台数码摄像机对固定在飞机舵面上的特征圆进行拍照,经数字图像处理后确定五个特征点的坐标,利用针孔成像和射影变换原理建立物像空间坐标解算模型,计算出特征圆的法线相对方向和圆心的相对位置,舵面角位移由该圆的法线方向确定。仿真结果表明,该方法具有标定过程简单、实时、快速和准确的特点,标定精度可达到0.1°。该技术也可用于航天器上实时测量交会对接时的相对位姿参数。     

A novel planar calibration method using the iterative correction of control points information

In the camera calibration using translational planar object instead of 3D target, the skew affected by the imprecision in installation causes the object to deviate from the designated position, which produces errors to the world coordinates of control points and reduces the calibration accuracy. In this paper, a skew correction model is established to correct this skew. We note and prove that the skew bias of control point which is close to the fix point is tiny. According to the projection regulation, the pixel distance between two adjacent control points which is close to the fix point in skewed situation is a value extremely approximate to that in the ideal situation. Based on this property, we utilize the pixel distance to assign the image coordinates based on the fix point. The assigned values are then employed to estimate the skew factors, by which the initial camera parameters are optimized and lens distortion in the calibration images are corrected. This process is then repeated until convergence. Experiments based on real images prove that this method is more accurate than other methods without correcting skew. The parameters obtained by our method can be applied to the 3D reconstruction directly and effectively.     

摄像机标定技术在活塞视觉检测与分选中的应用研究

在机器人视觉检测及自动化分捡中,准确地校正摄像机镜头畸变对获取物体精确图像及确定物体准确位置具有重要意义。采用了带有径向畸变的小孔摄像机模型及基于线段斜率的标定方法。在标定过程中,应用线性算法求解出了镜头的径向畸变系数。实验表明,采用的标定方法简捷有效,其标定结果能够满足研究需要。     

A novel optimization method of camera parameters used for vision measurement

Camera calibration plays an important role in the field of machine vision applications. During the process of camera calibration, nonlinear optimization technique is crucial to obtain the best performance of camera parameters. Currently, the existing optimization method aims at minimizing the distance error between the detected image point and the calculated back-projected image point, based on 2D image pixels coordinate. However, the vision measurement process is conducted in 3D space while the optimization method generally adopted is carried out in 2D image plane. Moreover, the error criterion with respect to optimization and measurement is different. In other words, the equal pixel distance error in 2D image plane leads to diverse 3D metric distance error at different position before the camera. All the reasons mentioned above will cause accuracy decrease for 3D vision measurement. To solve the problem, a novel optimization method of camera parameters used for vision measurement is proposed. The presented method is devoted to minimizing the metric distance error between the calculated point and the real point in 3D measurement coordinate system. Comparatively, the initial camera parameters acquired through linear calibration are optimized through two different methods: one is the conventional method and the other is the novel method presented by this paper. Also, the calibration accuracy and measurement accuracy of the parameters obtained by the two methods are thoroughly analyzed and the choice of a suitable accuracy evaluation method is discussed. Simulative and real experiments to estimate the performance of the proposed method on test data are reported, and the results show that the proposed 3D optimization method is quite efficient to improve measurement accuracy compared with traditional method. It can meet the practical requirement of high precision in 3D vision metrology engineering.     

一种红外与可见光融合的“双双目”立体视觉系统的标定方法研究

针对红外相机与可见光相机联合标定的问题,利用不同物体红外辐出度的差异,设计了可同时应用于红外相机与可见光相机标定的平面靶标。利用"最大稳定极值区域"(MSER)算法,检测靶标的镂空深色区域。为克服图像可能存在较大畸变的问题,通过相邻最大稳定极值区域质心的位置关系预估角点所在位置,在预估位置内进行角点检测,提取用于标定的亚像素角点位置。结果表明:新型靶标及相应的角点提取方法能够同时满足于红外相机与可见光相机内外参数标定的需要。通过红外与可见光"双双目"立体视觉系统的融合重构效果可看出,提供的标定数据能够满足系统需求。     

移动特征靶标的摄像机径向畸变标定

针对成像测量系统中镜头径向畸变影响测量精度的问题,提出了一种基于物面移动同心圆特征靶标的径向畸变标定方法。该方法先将固定在二维精密平台上的同心圆靶标置于垂直物面的特定位置,然后采集靶标图像,同时用最小二乘法以拟合得到的圆直径为条件,按一定方式移动特征靶标,直到拟合值达到极值或者在一定误差范围内。记录该幅图像,则其拟合得到的圆心坐标便是畸变中心,同时利用该幅图像,根据等差值半径和摄像机成像模型的半径的成像关系求出其畸变多项式系数。为提高特征靶标的移动效率,提出了坐标轮换最优化移动的方案。实验结果表明,该方法对畸变中心的标定精度可达0.6pixel,畸变多项式系数有效数字重复误差小于0.02,并可实现两者的一靶标定,且利用该法获得的参数能实现对畸变图像的准确校正。     

An absolute phase to world coordinates method for the defocusing structured light shape measurement system

This paper proposes a flexible calibration method for the defocusing structured light three-dimensional (3D) imaging system. Neither a high accuracy translation stage nor the parameters of the projector is required. Therefore the method is more flexible in many practical applications. World coordinates for calibration are obtained based on the method of coordinates from known plane. The monotonic nonlinear relationships between the absolute phase and each world coordinate have been investigated. Different from other methods, in our method, the 3D shape is directly recovered by the absolute phase to world coordinates method. Experimental results show that, when polynomial curve fitting methods are used, the root-mean-squared (RMS) error for the flat plate reconstruction is less than 0.12 mm, and the measurement error of 3D points is less than −0.34%. Furthermore, when comparing the measurement results of our method with the method of coordinates from known plane based on camera calibration, the relative error is less than −0.05%. Therefore, camera calibration is considered as the major error source.     

利用预失真条纹校正PMP系统投影仪畸变的研究

依据摄像机畸变模型提出了一种投影条纹相位畸变校正方法来简化相位-高度映射关系.该方法首先通过投两套互相垂直的相移正弦条纹,以相位值代替投影仪像素坐标,将投影仪当成摄像机看待,标定出投影仪的内参量.然后根据标定出的投影仪镜头畸变参量对理想相位施加反向的畸变,在投影时反向畸变的光栅通过镜头畸变,又成为理想的光栅,从而简化了相位-高度映射关系.实验中,虽然由于测量误差的影响,校正后的投影仪径向畸变系数还是比原来小了1个数量级.     

利用预失真条纹校正PMP系统投影仪畸变的研究*

依据摄像机畸变模型提出了一种投影条纹相位畸变校正方法来简化相位-高度映射关系.该方法首先通过投两套互相垂直的相移正弦条纹,以相位值代替投影仪像素坐标,将投影仪当成摄像机看待,标定出投影仪的内参量.然后根据标定出的投影仪镜头畸变参量对理想相位施加反向的畸变,在投影时反向畸变的光栅通过镜头畸变,又成为理想的光栅,从而简化了相位-高度映射关系.实验中,虽然由于测量误差的影响,校正后的投影仪径向畸变系数还是比原来小了1个数量级.